Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q
X
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
 
 
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013
 
 
OR
 
 
 
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
 
 
For the transition period from               to              

Commission file number: 1-7182

MERRILL LYNCH & CO., INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
13-2740599
(State or other jurisdiction of
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
incorporation or organization)
 
Bank of America Corporate Center
 
100 N. Tryon Street
Charlotte, North Carolina
28255
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
(704) 386-5681
Registrant's telephone number, including area code

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

X     YES     __    NO

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

X     YES      __   NO

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer __
Accelerated filer __
Non-accelerated filer X
Smaller reporting company __
 
 
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

__    YES     X    NO

As of the close of business on May 10, 2013, there were 1,000 shares of Common Stock outstanding, all of which were held by Bank of America Corporation.

The Registrant is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation and meets the conditions set forth in General Instructions  H(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-Q and is therefore filing this Form with the reduced disclosure format as permitted by Instruction H(2).

Table of Contents

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED MARCH 31, 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 EX-12
 EX-31.1
 EX-31.2
 EX-32.1
 EX-32.2
 EX-101


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PART I - Financial Information

Item 1.
Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss (Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Three Months Ended
 
(dollars in millions)
March 31, 2013
 
March 31, 2012
 
Revenues
 

 
 

 
Principal transactions
$
2,144

 
$
(166
)
 
Commissions
1,379

 
1,355

 
Managed account and other fee-based revenues
1,395

 
1,287

 
Investment banking
1,416

 
1,204

 
(Loss) earnings from equity method investments
(46
)
 
157

 
Intercompany service fee revenue from Bank of America
240

 
167

 
Other revenues
(382
)
 
779

 
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale debt securities:
 
 
 

 
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses
—

 
(2
)
 
Less: Portion of other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in
 
 
 

 
other comprehensive income
—

 
—

 
Subtotal
6,146

 
4,781

 
Interest and dividend revenues
1,714

 
1,891

 
Less interest expense
1,543

 
1,907

 
Net interest income (expense)
171

 
(16
)
 
Revenues, net of interest expense
6,317

 
4,765

 
 
 

 
 
 
Non-interest expenses
 
 
 

 
Compensation and benefits
4,529

 
4,514

 
Communications and technology
343

 
439

 
Occupancy and related depreciation
295

 
305

 
Brokerage, clearing, and exchange fees
304

 
282

 
Advertising and market development
117

 
108

 
Professional fees
225

 
195

 
Office supplies and postage
23

 
28

 
Provision for representations and warranties
15

 
11

 
Intercompany service fee expense from Bank of America
444

 
394

 
Other
358

 
306

 
Total non-interest expenses
6,653

 
6,582

 
Pre-tax loss
(336
)
 
(1,817
)
 
Income tax benefit
(129
)
 
(211
)
 
Net loss
$
(207
)
 
$
(1,606
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.



 
 
 
 
 
     



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Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Three Months Ended
(dollars in millions)
March 31, 2013
 
March 31, 2012
Net Loss
$
(207
)
 
$
(1,606
)
   Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
 

 
 

      Foreign currency translation adjustment
(26
)
 
14

      Net deferred gains on cash flow hedges
—

 
3

      Defined benefit pension and postretirement plans
36

 
35

        Total other comprehensive income, net of tax
10

 
52

Comprehensive Loss
$
(197
)
 
$
(1,554
)
 
 
 
 
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
(dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
9,177

 
$
12,911

Cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes or deposited with clearing organizations
16,032

 
14,031

Securities financing transactions
 

 
 

Receivables under resale agreements (includes $89,969 in 2013 and $93,715 in 2012 measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option election)
144,486

 
148,817

Receivables under securities borrowed transactions (includes $1,282 in 2013 and $961 in 2012 measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option election)
64,789

 
60,992

 
209,275

 
209,809

Trading assets, at fair value (includes securities pledged as collateral that can be sold or repledged of $58,059 in 2013 and $36,268 in 2012)
 

 
 

Derivative contracts
27,507

 
24,851

Equities and convertible debentures
39,806

 
40,618

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
35,253

 
30,123

Corporate debt and preferred stock
17,809

 
18,337

Mortgages, mortgage-backed, and asset-backed
10,565

 
10,613

U.S. Government and agencies
43,851

 
54,564

Municipals, money markets, physical commodities and other
11,774

 
12,480

 
186,565

 
191,586

Investment securities (includes $151 in 2013 and $162 in 2012 measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option election)
13,087

 
13,625

Securities received as collateral, at fair value
13,366

 
16,013

Receivables from Bank of America
37,539

 
45,830

Other receivables
 

 
 

Customers (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $2 in 2013 and $9 in 2012) (includes $273 in 2013 and $271 in 2012 measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option election)
19,420

 
20,265

Brokers and dealers
17,515

 
21,792

Interest and other
7,628

 
9,244

 
44,563

 
51,301

Loans, notes, and mortgages (net of allowances for loan losses of $57 in both 2013 and 2012) (includes $2,093 in 2013 and $3,077 in 2012 measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option election)
20,105

 
19,545

Equipment and facilities, net
980

 
1,031

Goodwill and intangible assets
9,662

 
9,782

Other assets
17,235

 
17,464

Total Assets
$
577,586

 
$
602,928

 
 
 
 
Assets of Consolidated VIEs Included in Total Assets Above (isolated to settle the liabilities of the VIEs)
 

 
 

Trading assets, excluding derivative contracts
$
8,893

 
$
7,847

Investment securities
38

 
41

Loans, notes, and mortgages (net)
20

 
206

Other assets
687

 
764

Total Assets of Consolidated VIEs
$
9,638

 
$
8,858

 
 
 
 
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
 
 

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Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
(dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES
 

 
 

Securities financing transactions
 

 
 

Payables under repurchase agreements (includes $47,842 in 2013 and $42,639 in 2012 measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option election)
$
185,648

 
$
219,710

Payables under securities loaned transactions
20,690

 
18,305

 
206,338

 
238,015

Short-term borrowings (includes $2,401 in 2013 and $3,283 in 2012 measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option election)
2,509

 
3,376

Deposits
11,802

 
12,873

Trading liabilities, at fair value
 

 
 

Derivative contracts
23,907

 
20,568

Equities and convertible debentures
20,703

 
18,957

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
28,892

 
19,707

Corporate debt and preferred stock
9,874

 
8,026

U.S. Government and agencies
18,835

 
20,186

Municipals, money markets and other
641

 
562

 
102,852

 
88,006

 
 
 
 
Obligation to return securities received as collateral, at fair value
13,366

 
16,013

Payables to Bank of America
10,042

 
8,752

Other payables
 

 
 

Customers
49,363

 
52,053

Brokers and dealers
5,519

 
4,748

Interest and other (includes $49 in 2013 and $57 in 2012 measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option election)
17,554

 
18,634

 
72,436

 
75,435

Long-term borrowings (includes $33,568 in 2013 and $30,875 in 2012 measured at fair value in accordance with the fair value option election)
90,106

 
92,249

Junior subordinated notes (related to trust preferred securities)
3,814

 
3,809

Total Liabilities
513,265

 
538,528

 
 
 
 
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES


 


 
 
 
 
STOCKHOLDER'S EQUITY
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
Common stock (par value $1.331/3 per share; authorized: 3,000,000,000 shares; issued: 2013 and 2012 — 1,000 shares)
—

 
—

Paid-in capital
56,245

 
56,127

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (net of tax)
(517
)
 
(527
)
Retained earnings
8,593

 
8,800

Total Stockholder's Equity
64,321

 
64,400

 
 
 
 
Total Liabilities and Stockholder's Equity
$
577,586

 
$
602,928

 
 
 
 
Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs Included in Total Liabilities Above
 

 
 

Short-term borrowings (includes $17 in 2013 and $81 in 2012 of non-recourse debt)
$
1,772

 
$
2,940

Derivative contracts
20

 
19

Payables to Bank of America
1,103

 
1,157

Long-term borrowings (includes $2,638 in 2013 and $2,335 in 2012 of non-recourse debt)
6,633

 
6,292

Other payables
11

 
14

Total Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs
$
9,539

 
$
10,422

 
 
 
 
See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Three Months Ended
 
(dollars in millions)
March 31, 2013
 
March 31, 2012
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
 

 
 

 
Net loss
$
(207
)
 
$
(1,606
)
 
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash (used for) provided by operating activities:
 

 
 

 
Provision for representations and warranties
15

 
11

 
Depreciation and amortization
130

 
156

 
Share-based compensation expense
754

 
744

 
Loss on sale of International Wealth Management business
80

 
—

 
Gains on repurchases of long-term borrowings
—

 
(328
)
 
Fair value adjustments on structured notes
34

 
2,147

 
Deferred taxes
(154
)
 
(518
)
 
Loss (earnings) from equity method investments
46

 
(157
)
 
Other
192

 
37

 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 

 
 

 
Trading assets
5,744

 
(21,897
)
 
Cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes or deposited with clearing organizations
(2,001
)
 
(2,696
)
 
Receivables from Bank of America
4,790

 
7,773

 
Receivables under resale agreements
4,331

 
(4,484
)
 
Receivables under securities borrowed transactions
(3,797
)
 
(9,258
)
 
Customer receivables
845

 
(2,054
)
 
Brokers and dealers receivables
4,276

 
(1,114
)
 
Proceeds from loans, notes, and mortgages held for sale
485

 
390

 
Other changes in loans, notes, and mortgages held for sale
(85
)
 
(42
)
 
Trading liabilities
14,843

 
8,208

 
Payables under repurchase agreements
(34,062
)
 
40,329

 
Payables under securities loaned transactions
2,385

 
3,999

 
Payables to Bank of America
1,290

 
(18,433
)
 
Customer payables
(2,690
)
 
3,209

 
Brokers and dealers payables
771

 
(579
)
 
Other, net
(735
)
 
657

 
Cash (used for) provided by operating activities
(2,720
)
 
4,494

 
Cash flows from investing activities:
 

 
 

 
Proceeds from (payments for):
 

 
 

 
Paydowns and maturities of available-for-sale securities
212

 
183

 
Sales of available-for-sale securities
—

 
3

 
Purchases of available-for-sale securities
(173
)
 
(163
)
 
Equipment and facilities, net
(3
)
 
(78
)
 
Loans, notes, and mortgages held for investment
1,111

 
(19
)
 
Other investments
580

 
417

 
Cash provided by investing activities
1,727

 
343

 
Cash flows from financing activities:
 

 
 

 
Proceeds from (payments for):
 

 
 

 
Short-term borrowings
(867
)
 
(133
)
 
Issuance and resale of long-term borrowings
4,671

 
2,415

 
Settlement and repurchases of long-term borrowings
(6,417
)
 
(10,480
)
 
Deposits
121

 
174

 
Derivative financing transactions
3

 
60

 
Cash used for financing activities
(2,489
)
 
(7,964
)
 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
(252
)
 
184

 
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents
(3,734
)
 
(2,943
)
 
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
12,911

 
13,733

 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
$
9,177

 
$
10,790

 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-cash financing activities:
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch acquired certain consumer mortgage loans from Bank of America totaling $3.5 billion in a non-cash transaction.

During the three months ended March 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch received a non-cash capital contribution of approximately $1.1 billion from Bank of America associated with certain employee stock awards.


See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
March 31, 2013

Note 1.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business

Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc. (“ML & Co.” and, together with its subsidiaries “Merrill Lynch”), provides investment, financing and other related services to individuals and institutions on a global basis through its broker, dealer, banking and other financial services subsidiaries. On January 1, 2009, Merrill Lynch was acquired by, and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of, Bank of America Corporation ("Bank of America").
Intragroup Reorganization
On November 1, 2012, in connection with an intragroup reorganization involving Bank of America and a number of its subsidiaries, Merrill Lynch acquired two affiliated companies and their respective subsidiaries from Bank of America. The acquisition was effected through a non-cash capital contribution from Bank of America. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations (“Business Combinations Accounting”), the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the historical results of the acquired affiliated companies and their subsidiaries as if the transaction had occurred on January 1, 2009, the date at which all the affected entities were first under the common control of Bank of America. Merrill Lynch has recorded the assets and liabilities acquired in connection with the transaction at their historical carrying values.

Basis of Presentation

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Merrill Lynch. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Intercompany transactions and balances within Merrill Lynch have been eliminated. Transactions and balances with Bank of America have not been eliminated. The interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are unaudited; however, all adjustments for a fair presentation of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been included.

These unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in Merrill Lynch's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 (the “2012 Annual Report”). The nature of Merrill Lynch's business is such that the results of any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation.

Consolidation Accounting

Merrill Lynch determines whether it is required to consolidate an entity by first evaluating whether the entity qualifies as a voting rights entity (“VRE”) or as a variable interest entity (“VIE”). The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Merrill Lynch, whose subsidiaries are generally controlled through a majority voting interest or a controlling financial interest.

VREs - VREs are defined to include entities that have both equity at risk that is sufficient to fund future operations and have equity investors that have a controlling financial interest in the entity through their equity investments. In accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation (“Consolidation Accounting”), Merrill Lynch generally consolidates those VREs where it has the majority of the voting rights. For investments in limited partnerships and certain limited liability corporations that Merrill Lynch does not control, Merrill Lynch applies ASC 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“Equity Method Accounting”), which requires use of the equity method of accounting for investors that have more than a minor influence, which is typically defined as an investment of greater than 3%

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to 5% of the outstanding equity in the entity. For more traditional corporate structures, in accordance with Equity Method Accounting, Merrill Lynch applies the equity method of accounting where it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financing decisions of the investee. Significant influence can be evidenced by a significant ownership interest (which is generally defined as a voting interest of 20% to 50%), significant board of director representation, or other contracts and arrangements.

VIEs - Those entities that do not meet the VRE criteria are generally analyzed for consolidation as VIEs. A VIE is an entity that lacks equity investors or whose equity investors do not have a controlling financial interest in the entity through their equity investments. Merrill Lynch consolidates those VIEs for which it is the primary beneficiary. In accordance with Consolidation Accounting guidance, Merrill Lynch is considered the primary beneficiary when it has a controlling financial interest in a VIE. Merrill Lynch has a controlling financial interest when it has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Merrill Lynch reassesses whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE on a quarterly basis. The quarterly reassessment process considers whether Merrill Lynch has acquired or divested the power to direct the activities of the VIE through changes in governing documents or other circumstances. The reassessment also considers whether Merrill Lynch has acquired or disposed of a financial interest that could be significant to the VIE, or whether an interest in the VIE has become significant or is no longer significant. The consolidation status of the VIEs with which Merrill Lynch is involved may change as a result of such reassessments.

Securitization Activities

In the normal course of business, Merrill Lynch has securitized commercial and residential mortgage loans; municipal, government, and corporate bonds; and other types of financial assets. Merrill Lynch may retain interests in the securitized financial assets by holding notes or other debt instruments issued by the securitization vehicle. In accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing (“Financial Transfers and Servicing Accounting”), Merrill Lynch recognizes transfers of financial assets where it relinquishes control as sales to the extent of cash and any other proceeds received.

Revenue Recognition

Principal transactions revenue includes both realized and unrealized gains and losses on trading assets and trading liabilities, investment securities classified as trading investments and fair value changes associated with certain structured debt. These instruments are recorded at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Gains and losses on sales are recognized on a trade date basis.

Commissions revenues include commissions, mutual fund distribution fees and contingent deferred sales charge revenue, which are all accrued as earned. Commissions revenues also include mutual fund redemption fees, which are recognized at the time of redemption. Commissions revenues earned from certain customer equity transactions are recorded net of related brokerage, clearing and exchange fees.

Managed account and other fee-based revenues primarily consist of asset-priced portfolio service fees earned from the administration of separately managed accounts and other investment accounts for retail investors, annual account fees, and certain other account-related fees.

Investment banking revenues primarily include fees for the underwriting and distribution of debt, equity and loan products and fees for advisory services, which are accrued when services for the transactions are substantially completed.

Earnings from equity method investments include Merrill Lynch's pro rata share of income and losses associated with investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting.


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Other revenues include gains (losses) on investment securities, including sales of available-for-sale securities, gains (losses) on private equity investments and other principal investments and gains (losses) on loans and other miscellaneous items.

Contractual interest received and paid, and dividends received on trading assets and trading liabilities, excluding derivatives, are recognized on an accrual basis as a component of interest and dividend revenues and interest expense. Interest and dividends on investment securities are recognized on an accrual basis as a component of interest and dividend revenues. Interest related to loans, notes, and mortgages, securities financing activities and certain short- and long-term borrowings are recorded on an accrual basis as interest revenue or interest expense, as applicable.

Use of Estimates

In presenting the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, management makes estimates including the following:
•
Valuations of assets and liabilities requiring fair value estimates;
•
The allowance for credit losses;
•
Determination of other-than-temporary impairments for available-for-sale investment securities;
•
The outcome of pending litigation;
•
Determination of the liability for representations and warranties made in connection with the sales of residential mortgage and home equity loans;
•
Determination of whether VIEs should be consolidated;
•
The ability to realize deferred tax assets and the recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions;
•
The carrying amount of goodwill and intangible assets;
•
The amortization period of intangible assets with definite lives;
•
Incentive-based compensation accruals and valuation of share-based payment compensation arrangements; and
•
Other matters that affect the reported amounts and disclosure of contingencies in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Estimates, by their nature, are based on judgment and available information. Therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates and could have a material impact on the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, and it is possible that such changes could occur in the near term. A discussion of certain areas in which estimates are a significant component of the amounts reported in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements follows:

Fair Value Measurement

Merrill Lynch accounts for a significant portion of its financial instruments at fair value or considers fair value in their measurement. Merrill Lynch accounts for certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value under various accounting literature, including ASC 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities (“Investment Accounting”), ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“Derivatives Accounting”), and the fair value option election in accordance with ASC 825-10-25, Financial Instruments - Recognition (the “fair value option election”). Merrill Lynch also accounts for certain assets at fair value under applicable industry guidance, namely ASC 940, Financial Services - Broker and Dealers (“Broker-Dealer Guide”) and ASC 946, Financial Services - Investment Companies (“Investment Company Guide”).

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“Fair Value Accounting”) defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements.


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Fair values for over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivative financial instruments, principally forwards, options, and swaps, represent the present value of amounts estimated to be received from or paid to a marketplace participant in settlement of these instruments (i.e., the amount Merrill Lynch would expect to receive in a derivative asset assignment or would expect to pay to have a derivative liability assumed). These derivatives are valued using pricing models based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows and directly observed prices from exchange-traded derivatives, other OTC trades, or external pricing services, while taking into account the counterparty's creditworthiness, or Merrill Lynch's own creditworthiness, as appropriate. When external pricing services are used, the methods and assumptions used are reviewed by Merrill Lynch. Determining the fair value for OTC derivative contracts can require a significant level of estimation and management judgment.

New and/or complex instruments may have immature or limited markets. As a result, the pricing models used for valuation often incorporate significant estimates and assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the instrument, which may impact the results of operations reported in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. For instance, on long-dated and illiquid contracts extrapolation methods are applied to observed market data in order to estimate inputs and assumptions that are not directly observable. This enables Merrill Lynch to mark to fair value all positions consistently when only a subset of prices are directly observable. Values for OTC derivatives are verified using observed information about the costs of hedging the risk and other trades in the market. As the markets for these products develop, Merrill Lynch continually refines its pricing models to correlate more closely to the market price of these instruments. The recognition of significant inception gains and losses that incorporate unobservable inputs is reviewed by management to ensure such gains and losses are derived from observable inputs and/or incorporate reasonable assumptions about the unobservable component, such as implied bid-offer adjustments.

Certain financial instruments recorded at fair value are initially measured using mid-market prices which results in gross long and short positions valued at the same pricing level prior to the application of position netting. The resulting net positions are then adjusted to fair value representing the exit price as defined in Fair Value Accounting. The significant adjustments include liquidity and counterparty credit risk.

Liquidity

Merrill Lynch makes adjustments to bring a position from a mid-market to a bid or offer price, depending upon the net open position. Merrill Lynch values net long positions at bid prices and net short positions at offer prices. These adjustments are based upon either observable or implied bid-offer prices.

Counterparty Credit Risk

In determining the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, Merrill Lynch considers the credit risk of its counterparties, as well as its own creditworthiness. Merrill Lynch attempts to mitigate credit risk to third parties by entering into netting and collateral arrangements. Net counterparty exposure (counterparty positions netted by offsetting transactions and both cash and securities collateral) is then valued for counterparty creditworthiness and the resultant counterparty credit valuation adjustment ("CVA") is incorporated into the fair value of the respective instruments.

Fair Value Accounting also requires that Merrill Lynch consider its own creditworthiness when determining the fair value of certain instruments, including OTC derivative instruments (i.e., debit valuation adjustment or "DVA") and certain structured notes carried at fair value under the fair value option election. Merrill Lynch's DVA is measured in the same manner as CVA. The impact of Merrill Lynch's DVA is incorporated into the fair value of OTC derivative contracts even when credit risk is not readily observable in the instrument. For additional information on calculating CVA and DVA, see Note 6.

Legal and Representations and Warranty Reserves

Merrill Lynch is a party in various actions, some of which involve claims for substantial amounts. Amounts are accrued for the financial resolution of claims that have either been asserted or are deemed probable of assertion if,

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in the opinion of management, it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In many cases, it is not possible to determine whether a liability has been incurred or to estimate the ultimate or minimum amount of that liability until the case is close to resolution, in which case no accrual is made until that time. Accruals are subject to significant estimation by management, with input from any outside counsel handling the matter.

In addition, Merrill Lynch and certain of its subsidiaries made various representations and warranties in connection with the sale of residential mortgage loans and home equity loans. Breaches of these representations and warranties may result in the requirement to repurchase mortgage loans or to otherwise make whole or provide other remedies. See Note 14 for further information.

Income Taxes

Merrill Lynch provides for income taxes on all transactions that have been recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“Income Tax Accounting”). Accordingly, deferred taxes are adjusted to reflect the tax rates at which future taxable amounts will likely be settled or realized. The effects of tax rate changes on deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, as well as other changes in income tax laws, are recognized in net earnings in the period during which such changes are enacted. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are more-likely-than-not to be realized. Pursuant to Income Tax Accounting, Merrill Lynch may consider various sources of evidence in assessing the necessity of valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts more-likely-than-not to be realized, including the following: 1) past and projected earnings, including losses, of Merrill Lynch and Bank of America, as certain tax attributes such as U.S. net operating losses (“NOLs”), U.S. capital loss carryforwards and foreign tax credit carryforwards can be utilized by Bank of America in certain income tax returns, 2) tax carryforward periods, and 3) tax planning strategies and other factors of the legal entities, such as the intercompany tax-allocation policy. Included within Merrill Lynch's net deferred tax assets are carryforward amounts generated in the U.S. and the U.K. that are deductible in the future as NOLs. Merrill Lynch has concluded that these deferred tax assets are more-likely-than-not to be fully utilized prior to expiration, based on the projected level of future taxable income of Merrill Lynch and Bank of America, which is relevant due to the intercompany tax-allocation policy. For this purpose, future taxable income was projected based on forecasts, historical earnings after adjusting for the past market disruptions and the anticipated impact of the differences between pre-tax earnings and taxable income.

Merrill Lynch recognizes and measures its unrecognized tax benefits in accordance with Income Tax Accounting. Merrill Lynch estimates the likelihood, based on their technical merits, that tax positions will be sustained upon examination considering the facts and circumstances and information available at the end of each period. Merrill Lynch adjusts the level of unrecognized tax benefits when there is more information available, or when an event occurs requiring a change. In accordance with Bank of America's policy, any new or subsequent change in an unrecognized tax benefit related to a Bank of America state consolidated, combined or unitary return in which Merrill Lynch is a member will generally not be reflected in Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Statement of Loss and Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. However, upon Bank of America's resolution of the item, any material impact determined to be attributable to Merrill Lynch will be reflected in Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Statement of Loss and Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Merrill Lynch accrues income-tax-related interest and penalties, if applicable, within income tax expense.

Merrill Lynch's results of operations are included in the U.S. federal income tax return and certain state income tax returns of Bank of America. The method of allocating income tax expense is determined under the intercompany tax allocation policy of Bank of America. This policy specifies that income tax expense will be computed for all Bank of America subsidiaries generally on a separate pro forma return basis, taking into account the tax position of the consolidated group and the pro forma Merrill Lynch group. Under this policy, tax benefits associated with NOLs (or other tax attributes) of Merrill Lynch are payable to Merrill Lynch generally upon utilization in Bank of America's tax returns.


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Securities Financing Transactions

Merrill Lynch enters into repurchase and resale agreements and securities borrowed and loaned transactions to accommodate customers and earn interest rate spreads (also referred to as “matched-book transactions”), obtain securities for settlement and finance inventory positions. Resale and repurchase agreements are generally accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and may be recorded at their contractual amounts plus accrued interest or at fair value under the fair value option election. In resale and repurchase agreements, typically the termination date of the agreements is before the maturity date of the underlying security. However, in certain situations, Merrill Lynch may enter into agreements where the termination date of the transaction is the same as the maturity date of the underlying security. These transactions are referred to as repo-to-maturity ("RTM") transactions. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, Merrill Lynch accounts for RTM transactions as sales and purchases when the transferred securities are highly liquid. In instances where securities are considered sold or purchased, Merrill Lynch removes or recognizes the securities from the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and, in the case of sales, recognizes a gain or loss in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Loss. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch had no outstanding RTM transactions that had been accounted for as sales and an immaterial amount of transactions that had been accounted for as purchases.

Resale and repurchase agreements recorded at fair value are generally valued based on pricing models that use inputs with observable levels of price transparency. Where the fair value option election has been made, changes in the fair value of resale and repurchase agreements are reflected in principal transactions revenues and the contractual interest coupon is recorded as interest revenue or interest expense, respectively. Resale and repurchase agreements are substantially collateralized and are not sensitive to credit risk. For further information, see Note 4.

Merrill Lynch may use securities received as collateral for resale agreements to satisfy regulatory requirements such as Rule 15c3-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Securities borrowed and loaned transactions may be recorded at the amount of cash collateral advanced or received plus accrued interest or at fair value under the fair value option election. Securities borrowed transactions require Merrill Lynch to provide the counterparty with collateral in the form of cash, letters of credit, or other securities. Merrill Lynch receives collateral in the form of cash or other securities for securities loaned transactions. For these transactions, the fees received or paid by Merrill Lynch are recorded as interest revenue or expense. Securities borrowed and loaned transactions are substantially collateralized and are not sensitive to credit risk.

For securities financing transactions, Merrill Lynch's policy is to obtain possession of collateral with a market value equal to or in excess of the principal amount loaned under the agreements. To ensure that the market value of the underlying collateral remains sufficient, collateral is generally valued daily and Merrill Lynch may require counterparties to deposit additional collateral or may return collateral pledged when appropriate. Securities financing agreements give rise to negligible credit risk as a result of these collateral provisions, and no allowance for loan losses is considered necessary.

Substantially all securities financing activities are transacted under master agreements that give Merrill Lynch the right, in the event of default, to liquidate collateral held and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. Merrill Lynch offsets certain securities financing transactions with the same counterparty on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets where it has such a master agreement, that agreement is legally enforceable and the transactions have the same stated maturity date. See Note 7 for further information.

All Merrill Lynch-owned securities pledged to counterparties where the counterparty has the right, by contract or custom, to sell or repledge the securities are disclosed parenthetically in trading assets or in investment securities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In transactions where Merrill Lynch acts as the lender in a securities lending agreement and receives securities that can be pledged or sold as collateral, it recognizes an asset on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets carried at fair value, representing the securities received (securities received as collateral), and a liability for the same amount,

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representing the obligation to return those securities (obligation to return securities received as collateral). The amounts on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets result from such non-cash transactions.

Trading Assets and Liabilities

Merrill Lynch's trading activities consist primarily of securities brokerage and trading; derivatives dealing and brokerage; commodities trading and futures brokerage; and securities financing transactions. Trading assets and trading liabilities consist of cash instruments (e.g., securities and loans) and derivative instruments. Trading assets also include commodities inventory. See Note 6 for additional information on derivative instruments.

Trading assets and liabilities are generally recorded on a trade date basis at fair value. Included in trading liabilities are securities that Merrill Lynch has sold but did not own and will therefore be obligated to purchase at a future date (“short sales”). Commodities inventory is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. Changes in fair value of trading assets and liabilities (i.e., unrealized gains and losses) are recognized as principal transactions revenues in the current period. Realized gains and losses and any related interest amounts are included in principal transactions revenues and interest revenues and expenses, depending on the nature of the instrument.

Derivatives

A derivative is an instrument whose value is derived from an underlying instrument or index, such as interest rates, equity security prices, currencies, commodity prices or credit spreads. Derivatives include futures, forwards, swaps, option contracts and other financial instruments with similar characteristics. Derivative contracts often involve future commitments to exchange interest payment streams or currencies based on a notional or contractual amount (e.g., interest rate swaps or currency forwards) or to purchase or sell other financial instruments at specified terms on a specified date (e.g., options to buy or sell securities or currencies). All derivatives are accounted for at fair value. See Note 6 for further information.

Investment Securities

Investment securities consist of marketable investment securities and non-qualifying investments. See Note 8 for further information.

Marketable Investment Securities

ML & Co. and certain of its non-broker-dealer subsidiaries follow the guidance within Investment Accounting for investments in debt and publicly traded equity securities. For Merrill Lynch, the trading classification under Investment Accounting generally includes those securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term, securities that are economically hedged, securities used for liquidity management purposes, or securities that may contain a bifurcatable embedded derivative as defined in Derivatives Accounting. Securities classified as trading are recorded at fair value; subsequent changes in fair value are recognized through earnings. All other qualifying securities are classified as available-for-sale ("AFS") and are held at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”).

Realized gains and losses on investment securities are included in current period earnings. For purposes of computing realized gains and losses, the cost basis of each investment sold is based on the specific identification method.

Merrill Lynch regularly (at least quarterly) evaluates each AFS security whose fair value has declined below amortized cost to assess whether the decline in fair value is other-than-temporary. A decline in a debt security's fair value is considered to be other-than-temporary if it is probable that all amounts contractually due will not be collected, Merrill Lynch either plans to sell the security or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost. For unrealized losses on AFS debt securities that are deemed other-than-temporary, the credit component of an other-than-temporary impairment is recognized in earnings and the non-

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credit component is recognized in OCI when Merrill Lynch does not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that Merrill Lynch will not be required to sell the security prior to recovery.

Non-Qualifying Investments

Non-qualifying investments are those investments that are not within the scope of Investment Accounting and primarily include private equity investments accounted for at fair value and other equity securities carried at cost or under the equity method of accounting.

Private equity investments that are held for capital appreciation and/or current income are accounted for under the Investment Company Guide and carried at fair value. Additionally, certain private equity investments that are not accounted for under the Investment Company Guide may be carried at fair value under the fair value option election.

Merrill Lynch has non-controlling investments in the common shares of corporations and in partnerships that do not fall within the scope of Investment Accounting or the Investment Company Guide. Merrill Lynch accounts for these investments using either the cost or the equity method of accounting based on management's ability to influence the investees, or Merrill Lynch may elect the fair value option. See the Consolidation Accounting section of this Note for more information.

For investments accounted for using the equity method, income is recognized based on Merrill Lynch's share of the earnings or losses of the investee. Dividend distributions are generally recorded as reductions in the investment balance. Impairment testing is based on the guidance provided in Equity Method Accounting, and the investment is reduced when an impairment is deemed other-than-temporary.

For investments accounted for at cost, income is recognized when dividends are received, and gains (losses) are recognized when the investment is sold. Instruments are periodically tested for impairment based on the guidance provided in Investment Accounting, and the cost basis is reduced when an impairment is deemed other-than-temporary.


Loans, Notes and Mortgages, Net

Merrill Lynch's lending and related activities include loan originations, syndications and securitizations. Loan originations include corporate and institutional loans, residential and commercial mortgages, asset-backed loans, and other loans to individuals and businesses. Merrill Lynch also engages in secondary market loan trading (see the Trading Assets and Liabilities section of this Note) and margin lending, which is included in customer receivables. Loans included in loans, notes, and mortgages are classified for accounting purposes as loans held for investment or loans held for sale.

Loans held for investment are generally carried at amortized cost, less an allowance for loan losses, which represents Merrill Lynch's estimate of probable losses inherent in its lending activities. The fair value option election has been made for certain held-for-investment loans, notes and mortgages. Merrill Lynch performs periodic and systematic detailed reviews of its lending portfolios to identify credit risks and to assess overall collectability. These reviews, which are updated on a quarterly basis, consider a variety of factors including, but not limited to, historical loss experience, estimated defaults, delinquencies, economic conditions, credit scores and the fair value of any underlying collateral. Provisions for loan losses are included in interest and dividend revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss.

Merrill Lynch's estimate of loan losses includes judgment about collectability based on available information at the balance sheet date, and the uncertainties inherent in those underlying assumptions. While management has based its estimates on the best information available, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary as a result of changes in the economic environment or variances between actual results and the original assumptions.


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In general, loans that are past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest, or where reasonable doubt exists as to timely collection, including loans that are individually identified as being impaired, are classified as non-performing unless well-secured and in the process of collection. Loans, primarily commercial, whose contractual terms have been restructured in a manner which grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties are considered troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") and are classified as non-performing until the loans have performed for an adequate period of time under the restructured agreement. Interest accrued but not collected is reversed when a commercial loan is considered non-performing. Interest collections on commercial loans for which the ultimate collectability of principal is uncertain are applied as principal reductions; otherwise, such collections are credited to income when received. Commercial loans may be restored to performing status when all principal and interest is current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected, or when the loan otherwise becomes well-secured and is in the process of collection.

Loans held for sale are carried at lower of cost or fair value. The fair value option election has been made for certain held-for-sale loans, notes and mortgages. Estimation is required in determining these fair values. The fair value of loans made in connection with commercial lending activity, consisting mainly of senior debt, is primarily estimated using the market value of publicly issued debt instruments when available or discounted cash flows.

Nonrefundable loan origination fees, loan commitment fees, and “draw down” fees received in conjunction with held for investment loans are generally deferred and recognized over the contractual life of the loan as an adjustment to the yield. If, at the outset, or any time during the term of the loan, it becomes probable that the repayment period will be extended, the amortization is recalculated using the expected remaining life of the loan. When the loan contract does not provide for a specific maturity date, management's best estimate of the repayment period is used. At repayment of the loan, any unrecognized deferred fee is immediately recognized in earnings. If the loan is accounted for as held for sale, the fees received are deferred and recognized as part of the gain or loss on sale in other revenues. If the loan is accounted for under the fair value option election, the fees are included in the determination of the fair value and included in other revenues.

Merrill Lynch purchases loans with and without evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination.  Evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the purchase date may include statistics such as past due status, refreshed borrower credit scores and refreshed loan-to-value ("LTV") ratios, some of which are not available as of the purchase date.  Purchased loans with evidence of credit quality deterioration, for which it is probable that Merrill Lynch will not receive all contractually required payments receivable, are accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-30, Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality ("Purchased Credit-Impaired Loan Accounting") as purchased credit impaired ("PCI") loans. The excess of the cash flows expected to be collected on PCI loans, measured as of the acquisition date, over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income over the remaining life of the loan using a level yield methodology. The difference between contractually required payments as of the acquisition date and the cash flows expected to be collected is referred to as the nonaccretable difference. PCI loans that have similar risk characteristics, primarily credit risk, collateral type and interest rate risk, are pooled and accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows. Once a pool is assembled, it is treated as if it were one loan for purposes of applying the accounting guidance for PCI loans. An individual loan is removed from a PCI loan pool if it is sold, foreclosed, forgiven or the expectation of any future proceeds is remote. When a loan is removed from a PCI loan pool and the foreclosure or recovery value of the loan is less than the loan's carrying value, the difference is first applied against the PCI pool's nonaccretable difference. If the nonaccretable difference has been fully utilized, only then is the PCI pool's basis applicable to that loan written-off against its valuation reserve; however, the integrity of the pool is maintained and it continues to be accounted for as if it were one loan.

Merrill Lynch continues to estimate cash flows expected to be collected over the life of the PCI loans using internal credit risk, interest rate and prepayment risk models that incorporate management's best estimate of current key assumptions such as default rates, loss severity and payment speeds. If, upon subsequent evaluation, Merrill Lynch determines it is probable that the present value of the expected cash flows has decreased, the PCI loan is considered to be further impaired resulting in a charge to the provision for loan losses and a corresponding increase to a

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valuation allowance included in the allowance for loan losses. If, upon subsequent evaluation, it is probable that there is an increase in the present value of the expected cash flows, Merrill Lynch reduces any remaining valuation allowance. If there is no remaining valuation allowance, Merrill Lynch recalculates the amount of accretable yield as the excess of the revised expected cash flows over the current carrying value resulting in a reclassification from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield. The present value of the expected cash flows is determined using the PCI loans' effective interest rate.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Effective January 1, 2013, Merrill Lynch retrospectively adopted new accounting guidance from the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") requiring additional disclosures on the effect of netting arrangements on an entity's financial position. The disclosures relate to derivatives and securities financing agreements that are either offset on the balance sheet under existing accounting guidance or are subject to a legally enforceable master netting or similar agreement. This new guidance addresses only disclosures, and accordingly, did not have any impact on Merrill Lynch's consolidated financial position or results of operations. For the related disclosures, see Note 6 and Note 7.

Effective January 1, 2013, Merrill Lynch adopted new accounting guidance on the presentation of comprehensive income that requires reporting the amounts reclassified out of each component of OCI based on its source and the income statement line items affected by the reclassifications. Merrill Lynch did not have any material reclassifications from OCI for all periods presented.

In December 2012, the FASB issued a proposed standard on accounting for expected credit losses. It would replace multiple existing impairment models, including an "incurred loss" model for loans, with an "expected credit loss" model. The FASB announced it would establish the effective date when it issues the final standard. Merrill Lynch cannot predict at this time whether or when a final standard will be issued, when it will be effective or what its final provisions will be. It is possible that the final standard could have a material adverse impact on Merrill Lynch's results of operations once it is issued and becomes effective.

Note 2.  
Transactions with Bank of America
Merrill Lynch has entered into various transactions with Bank of America, including transactions in connection with certain sales and trading and financing activities, as well as the allocation of certain shared services. Details on amounts receivable from and payable to Bank of America as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 are presented below.
Receivables from Bank of America are comprised of:
(dollars in millions)
 
March 31, 2013

December 31, 2012
Cash and cash equivalents
$
8,484

 
$
9,446

Cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes
5,020

 
5,257

Receivables under resale agreements
10,756

 
13,090

Trading assets
299

 
409

Net intercompany funding receivable
11,016

 
16,473

Other receivables
1,964

 
1,155

Total
$
37,539

 
$
45,830


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Payables to Bank of America are comprised of:
(dollars in millions)
 
March 31, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
Payables under repurchase agreements
$
335

 
$
556

Payables under securities loaned transactions
4,121

 
3,686

Short-term borrowings
865

 
925

Deposits
131

 
140

Trading liabilities
193

 
509

Other payables
3,296

 
1,780

Long-term borrowings
1,101

 
1,156

Total
$
10,042

 
$
8,752

 
 
 
 
Total net revenues and non-interest expenses related to transactions with Bank of America for the three months ended March 31, 2013 were $305 million and $562 million, respectively. Total net revenues and non-interest expenses related to transactions with Bank of America for the three months ended March 31, 2012 were $270 million and $426 million, respectively.
Total net revenues related to transactions with Bank of America for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012 included intercompany service fee revenues of $240 million and $167 million, respectively. Total non-interest expenses related to transactions with Bank of America for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012 included intercompany service fee expenses of $444 million and $394 million, respectively. Intercompany service fee revenue and service fee expense from Bank of America represents the allocations of certain centralized or shared business activities between Merrill Lynch and Bank of America. Such fees are generally determined in accordance with subsidiary transfer pricing agreements.

On January 6, 2013, Bank of America entered into an agreement with Fannie Mae ("FNMA") to resolve substantially all outstanding and potential repurchase and certain other claims relating to the origination, sale and delivery of certain residential mortgage loans. As part of the agreement, Bank of America repurchased for $6.6 billion certain residential mortgage loans that had previously been sold to FNMA, which Bank of America valued at less than the purchase price.  The majority of such loans are held by Merrill Lynch. See Note 10 for further information.
Bank of America and Merrill Lynch have entered into certain intercompany lending and borrowing arrangements to facilitate centralized liquidity management. Included in these arrangements is a $50 billion extendible one-year revolving credit facility that allows Bank of America to borrow funds from Merrill Lynch at a spread to the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") that is reset periodically and is consistent with other intercompany agreements. The credit facility matures on January 1, 2014 and will automatically be extended by one year to the succeeding January 1st unless Merrill Lynch provides written notice not to extend at least 45 days prior to the maturity date. There were no amounts outstanding at both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 under this credit facility. There is also a short-term revolving credit facility that allows Bank of America to borrow up to an additional $25 billion. Interest on borrowings under the credit facility is based on prevailing short-term market rates. The line of credit matures on February 11, 2014. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, approximately $10.7 billion and $16.2 billion, respectively, was outstanding under this line of credit. See Note 12 for further information on intercompany financing agreements with Bank of America. In addition, Bank of America has guaranteed the performance of Merrill Lynch on certain derivative transactions (see Note 6). Bank of America has also guaranteed certain debt securities, warrants and/or other certificates and obligations of certain subsidiaries of ML & Co. (see Note 12) and in certain instances the return of collateral posted by counterparties.

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Note 3.  
Segment and Geographic Information

Segment Information
Pursuant to ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments represent components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker in determining how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The business activities of Merrill Lynch are included within certain of the operating segments of Bank of America. Detailed financial information of the nature that could be used to allocate resources and assess the performance and operations for components of Merrill Lynch, however, is not provided to Merrill Lynch's chief operating decision maker. As a result, Merrill Lynch does not contain any identifiable operating segments under Segment Reporting, and therefore the financial information of Merrill Lynch is presented as a single segment.
Geographic Information
Merrill Lynch conducts its business activities through offices in the following five regions:
•
United States;
•
Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”);
•
Pacific Rim;
•
Latin America; and
•
Canada.
The principal methodologies used in preparing the geographic information below are as follows:
•
Revenues are generally recorded based on the location of the employee generating the revenue; and
•
Intercompany transfers are based primarily on service agreements.
The information that follows, in management’s judgment, provides a reasonable representation of each region’s contribution to the consolidated net revenues:
(dollars in millions)
 
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
 
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
 
Revenues, net of interest expense
 

 
 

 
Europe, Middle East, and Africa
$
1,366

 
$
1,453

 
Pacific Rim
688

 
720

 
Latin America
319

 
262

 
Canada
78

 
106

 
Total Non-U.S. 
2,451

 
2,541

 
United States(1)(2)
3,866

 
2,224

 
Total revenues, net of interest expense
$
6,317

 
$
4,765

 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) 
U.S. results for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012 included net losses of $34 million and $2.1 billion, respectively, due to the impact of changes in Merrill Lynch's credit spreads on the carrying values of certain long-term borrowings, primarily structured notes.
(2) 
Corporate net revenues and adjustments are reflected in the U.S. region.

Note 4.  
Fair Value Disclosures

Fair Value Accounting

Fair Value Hierarchy

In accordance with Fair Value Accounting, Merrill Lynch has categorized its financial instruments, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy.

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The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).

Financial assets and liabilities recorded on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1.   Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that Merrill Lynch has the ability to access (examples include active exchange-traded equity securities, exchange-traded derivatives, U.S. Government securities, and certain other Non-U.S. government obligations).

Level 2.   Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or model inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include the following:

a)  Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets (examples include restricted stock and U.S. agency securities);

b)  Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets (examples include corporate and municipal bonds, which can trade infrequently);

c)  Pricing models whose inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability (examples include most over-the-counter derivatives, including interest rate and currency swaps); and

d)  Pricing models whose inputs are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data through correlation or other means for substantially the full term of the asset or liability (examples include certain residential and commercial mortgage-related assets, including loans, securities and derivatives).

Level 3.   Financial assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management's view about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability (examples include certain private equity investments, certain residential and commercial mortgage-related assets and long-dated or complex derivatives).

As required by Fair Value Accounting, when the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. For example, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Level 1 and 2) and unobservable (Level 3). Therefore gains and losses for such assets and liabilities categorized within the Level 3 reconciliation below may include changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) and unobservable inputs (Level 3). Further, the following reconciliations do not take into consideration the offsetting effect of Level 1 and 2 financial instruments entered into by Merrill Lynch that economically hedge certain exposures to the Level 3 positions.

A review of fair value hierarchy classifications is conducted on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification for certain financial assets or liabilities. Reclassifications are reported as transfers in or transfers out of the Level as of the beginning of the quarter in which the reclassifications occur. Therefore, Level 3 gains and losses represent amounts recognized during the period in which the instrument was classified as Level 3. See the recurring and non-recurring sections within this Note for further information on transfers between levels.


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Valuation Processes and Techniques

Merrill Lynch has various processes and controls in place to ensure that its fair value measurements are reasonably estimated. A model validation policy governs the use and control of valuation models used to estimate fair value. This policy requires review and approval of models by personnel who are independent of the front office and periodic re-assessments to ensure that models are continuing to perform as designed. In addition, detailed reviews of trading gains and losses are analyzed on a daily basis by personnel who are independent of the front office. A price verification group, which is also independent of the front office, utilizes available market information including executed trades, market prices and market observable valuation model inputs to ensure that fair values are reasonably estimated. Merrill Lynch executes due diligence procedures over third party pricing service providers in order to support their use in the valuation process. Where market information is not available to support internal valuations, independent reviews of the valuations are performed and any material exposures are escalated through a management review process.

While Merrill Lynch believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

During the first quarter of 2013, there were no changes to Merrill Lynch's valuation techniques that had or are expected to have, a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The following outlines the valuation methodologies for Merrill Lynch's material categories of assets and liabilities:

U.S. Government and agencies

U.S. Treasury securities U.S. Treasury securities are valued using quoted market prices and are generally classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

U.S. agency securities U.S. agency securities are comprised of two main categories consisting of agency issued debt and mortgage pass-throughs. The fair value of agency issued debt securities is derived using market prices and recent trade activity gathered from independent dealer pricing services or brokers. Generally, the fair value of mortgage pass-throughs is based on market prices of comparable securities. Agency issued debt securities and mortgage pass-throughs are generally classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Non-U.S. governments and agencies

Non-U.S. government obligations Non-U.S. government obligations are valued using quoted prices in active markets when available. To the extent quoted prices are not available, fair value is determined based on reference to recent trading activity and quoted prices of similar securities. These securities are generally classified in Level 1 or Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, primarily based on the issuing country.

Municipal debt

Municipal bonds The fair value of municipal bonds is calculated using recent trade activity, market price quotations and new issuance levels. In the absence of this information, fair value is calculated using comparable bond credit spreads. Current interest rates, credit events, and individual bond characteristics such as coupon, call features, maturity, and revenue purpose are considered in the valuation process. The majority of these bonds are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Auction Rate Securities (“ARS”) Merrill Lynch holds investments in certain ARS, including student loan and municipal ARS. Student loan ARS are comprised of various pools of student loans. Municipal ARS are issued by states and municipalities for a wide variety of purposes, including but not limited to healthcare, industrial development, education and transportation infrastructure. The fair value of the student loan ARS is calculated based upon a number of assumptions including weighted average life, coupon, discount margin and liquidity discounts. The fair value of the municipal ARS is calculated based upon projected refinancing and spread assumptions. In both

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cases, recent trades and issuer tenders are considered in the valuations. Student loan ARS and municipal ARS are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Corporate and other debt

Corporate bonds Corporate bonds are valued based on either the most recent observable trade and/or external quotes, depending on availability. The most recent observable trade price is given highest priority as the valuation benchmark based on an evaluation of transaction date, size, frequency, and bid-offer. This price may be adjusted by bond or credit default swap spread movement. When credit default swap spreads are referenced, cash-to-synthetic basis magnitude and movement as well as maturity matching are incorporated into the value. When neither external quotes nor a recent trade is available, the bonds are valued using a discounted cash flow approach based on risk parameters of comparable securities. In such cases, the potential pricing difference in spread and/or price terms with the traded comparable is considered. Corporate bonds are generally classified as Level 2 or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Commercial loans and commitments The fair values of commercial loans and loan commitments are based on market prices and most recent transactions when available. When not available, a discounted cash flow valuation approach is applied using market-based credit spreads of comparable debt instruments, recent new issuance activity or relevant credit derivatives with appropriate cash-to-synthetic basis adjustments. Commercial loans and commitments are generally classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Certain commercial loans, particularly those related to emerging market, leveraged and distressed companies have limited price transparency. These loans are generally classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (“RMBS”), Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (“CMBS”), and other Asset-Backed Securities (“ABS”) RMBS, CMBS and other ABS are valued based on observable price or credit spreads for the particular security, or when price or credit spreads are not observable, the valuation is based on prices of comparable bonds or the present value of expected future cash flows. Valuation levels of RMBS and CMBS indices are used as an additional data point for benchmarking purposes or to price outright index positions.

When estimating the fair value based upon the present value of expected future cash flows, Merrill Lynch uses its best estimate of the key assumptions, including forecasted credit losses, prepayment rates, forward yield curves and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved, while also taking into account performance of the underlying collateral.

RMBS, CMBS and other ABS are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy if external prices or credit spreads are unobservable or if comparable trades/assets involve significant subjectivity related to property type differences, cash flows, performance and other inputs; otherwise, they are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Collateralized loan obligations ("CLO") are valued based upon the present value of expected future cash flows, utilizing yields that are derived from those of comparable securities. CLOs are generally classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Equities

Exchange-Traded Equity Securities Exchange-traded equity securities are generally valued based on quoted prices from the exchange. These securities are classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, primarily based on the exchange on which they are traded.

Convertible debentures Convertible debentures are valued based on observable trades and/or external quotes, depending on availability. When neither observable trades nor external quotes are available, the instruments are valued using a discounted cash flow approach based on risk parameters of comparable securities. In such cases, the

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potential pricing difference in spread and/or price terms with the traded comparable is considered. Convertible debentures are generally classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative contracts

Listed Derivative Contracts Listed derivatives that are actively traded are generally valued based on quoted prices from the exchange and are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Listed derivatives that are not actively traded are valued using the same approaches as those applied to OTC derivatives; they are generally classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

OTC Derivative Contracts OTC derivative contracts include forwards, swaps and options related to interest rate, foreign currency, credit, equity or commodity underlyings.

The fair value of OTC derivatives is derived using market prices and other market based pricing parameters such as interest rates, currency rates and volatilities that are observed directly in the market or gathered from independent sources such as dealer consensus pricing services or brokers. Where models are used, they are used consistently and reflect the contractual terms of and specific risks inherent in the contracts. Generally, the models do not require a high level of subjectivity since the valuation techniques used in the models do not require significant judgment and inputs to the models are readily observable in active markets. When appropriate, valuations are adjusted for various factors such as liquidity and credit considerations based on available market evidence. In addition, for most collateralized interest rate and currency derivatives the requirement to pay interest on the collateral may be considered in the valuation. The majority of OTC derivative contracts are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

OTC derivative contracts that do not have readily observable market based pricing parameters are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Examples of derivative contracts classified within Level 3 include contractual obligations that have tenures that extend beyond periods in which inputs to the model would be observable, exotic derivatives with significant inputs into a valuation model that are less transparent in the market and certain credit default swaps (“CDS”) referenced to mortgage-backed securities. For example, derivative instruments, such as certain CDS referenced to RMBS, CMBS, other ABS and collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”), may be valued based on the underlying mortgage risk where these instruments are not actively quoted. Inputs to the valuation will include available information on similar underlying loans or securities in the cash market. The prepayments and loss assumptions on the underlying loans or securities are estimated using a combination of historical data, prices on recent market transactions, relevant observable market indices such as the Asset Backed Securities Index (“ABX”) or Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities Index (“CMBX”) and prepayment and default scenarios and analyses.

CDOs The fair value of CDOs is derived from a referenced basket of CDS, the CDO's capital structure, and the default correlation, which is an input to a proprietary CDO valuation model. The underlying CDO portfolios typically contain investment grade as well as non-investment grade obligors. After adjusting for differences in risk profile, the correlation parameter for an actual transaction is estimated by benchmarking against observable standardized index tranches and other comparable transactions. CDOs are classified as either Level 2 or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.


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Table of Contents

Investment securities non-qualifying

Investments in Private Equity, Real Estate and Hedge Funds Merrill Lynch has investments in numerous asset classes, including: direct private equity, private equity funds, hedge funds and real estate funds. Valuing these investments requires significant management judgment due to the nature of the assets and the lack of quoted market prices and liquidity in these assets. Initially, the transaction price of the investment is generally considered to be the best indicator of fair value. Thereafter, valuation of direct investments is based on an assessment of each individual investment using various methodologies, which include publicly traded comparables derived by multiplying a key performance metric (e.g., earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA")) of the portfolio company by the relevant valuation multiple observed for comparable companies, acquisition comparables, entry level multiples and discounted cash flows. These valuations are subject to appropriate discounts for lack of liquidity. Certain factors which may influence changes to fair value include but are not limited to, recapitalizations, subsequent rounds of financing, and offerings in the equity or debt capital markets. For fund investments, Merrill Lynch generally records the fair value of its proportionate interest in the fund's capital as reported by the fund's respective managers.

Investment securities non-qualifying include equity securities that have recently gone through initial public offerings or secondary sales of public positions. These investments are primarily classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Level 2 classifications generally include those publicly traded equity investments that have a legal or contractual transfer restriction. All other investments in private equity, real estate and hedge funds are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy due to infrequent trading and/or unobservable market prices.

Resale and repurchase agreements

Merrill Lynch elected the fair value option for certain resale and repurchase agreements. For such agreements, the fair value is estimated using a discounted cash flow model which incorporates inputs such as interest rate yield curves and option volatility. Resale and repurchase agreements for which the fair value option has been elected are generally classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Long-term and short-term borrowings

Merrill Lynch and its consolidated VIEs issue structured notes that have coupons or repayment terms linked to the performance of debt or equity securities, indices, currencies or commodities. The fair value of structured notes is estimated using valuation models for the combined derivative and debt portions of the notes when the fair value option has been elected. These models incorporate observable, and in some instances unobservable, inputs including security prices, interest rate yield curves, option volatility, currency, commodity or equity rates and correlations between these inputs. The impact of Merrill Lynch's own credit spreads is also included based on Merrill Lynch's observed secondary bond market spreads. Structured notes are classified as either Level 2 or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Recurring Fair Value
The following tables present Merrill Lynch’s fair value hierarchy for those assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.

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(dollars in millions)
 
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
 
as of March 31, 2013
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Netting
Adj(1)
 
Total
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes or deposited with clearing organizations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-U.S. governments and agencies
$
—

 
$
2,680

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2,680

U.S. Government and agencies
4,425

 
250

 
—

 
—

 
4,675

Total securities segregated for regulatory purposes or deposited with clearing organizations
4,425

 
2,930

 
—

 
—

 
7,355

Receivables under resale agreements
—

 
89,969

 
—

 
—

 
89,969

Receivables under securities borrowed transactions
—

 
1,282

 
—

 
—

 
1,282

Trading assets, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
24,421

 
11,298

 
175

 
—

 
35,894

Convertible debentures
—

 
3,898

 
14

 
—

 
3,912

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
31,441

 
3,395

 
417

 
—

 
35,253

Corporate debt
—

 
15,592

 
1,840

 
—

 
17,432

Preferred stock
—

 
169

 
208

 
—

 
377

Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
—

 
6,197

 
4,368

 
—

 
10,565

U.S. Government and agencies
20,258

 
23,593

 
—

 
—

 
43,851

Municipals and money markets
1,580

 
8,468

 
1,079

 
—

 
11,127

Physical commodities and other
—

 
647

 
—

 
—

 
647

Total trading assets, excluding derivative contracts
77,700

 
73,257

 
8,101

 
—

 
159,058

Derivative contracts(2)
5,043

 
576,851

 
5,437

 
(559,824
)
 
27,507

Investment securities available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Government and agencies
403

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
403

Securities, mortgage-backed and asset backed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     Non-agency MBS
—

 
37

 
—

 
—

 
37

     Corporate ABS
—

 
167

 
8

 
—

 
175

Total investment securities available-for-sale
403

 
204

 
8

 
—

 
615

Other debt securities carried at fair value (3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    Non-U.S. governments and agencies
7,202

 
300

 
—

 
—

 
7,502

    Corporate debt
—

 
10

 
—

 
—

 
10

Total other debt securities carried at fair value
7,202

 
310

 
—

 
—

 
7,512

Investment securities non-qualifying
1,777

 
1,320

 
288

 
—

 
3,385

Total investment securities
9,382

 
1,834

 
296

 
—

 
11,512

Securities received as collateral
12,016

 
1,350

 
—

 
—

 
13,366

Loans, notes and mortgages
—

 
657

 
1,436

 
—

 
2,093

   Other
—

 
—

 
1,086

 
—

 
1,086

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Payables under repurchase agreements
—

 
47,842

 
—

 
—

 
47,842

Short-term borrowings
—

 
2,401

 
—

 
—

 
2,401

Trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
17,799

 
2,747

 
—

 
—

 
20,546

Convertible debentures
—

 
157

 
—

 
—

 
157

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
27,483

 
1,409

 
—

 
—

 
28,892

Corporate debt
—

 
9,642

 
16

 
—

 
9,658


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Preferred stock
—

 
216

 
—

 
—

 
216

U.S. Government and agencies
18,388

 
447

 
—

 
—

 
18,835

Municipals, money markets and other
574

 
25

 
42

 
—

 
641

Total trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts
64,244

 
14,643

 
58

 
—

 
78,945

 Derivative contracts(2)
3,834

 
577,207

 
4,255

 
(561,389
)
 
23,907

Obligation to return securities received as collateral
12,016

 
1,350

 
—

 
—

 
13,366

Other payables — interest and other
—

 
45

 
4

 
—

 
49

Long-term borrowings
—

 
32,283

 
1,285

 
—

 
33,568

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) 
Represents counterparty and cash collateral netting.
(2) 
See Note 6 for product level detail.
(3) 
Certain assets that are used for liquidity management purposes were reclassified from Trading assets to Other debt securities carried at fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2013. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation.

During the three months ended March 31, 2013, approximately $500 million of assets were transferred from Level 1 to Level 2, primarily due to a restriction that became effective for a non-qualifying investment security.

(dollars in millions)
 
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
 
as of December 31, 2012
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Netting
Adj(1)
 
Total
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities segregated for regulatory purposes or deposited with clearing organizations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-U.S. governments and agencies
$
—

 
$
1,833

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,833

U.S. Government and agencies
3,558

 
250

 
—

 
—

 
3,808

Total securities segregated for regulatory purposes or deposited with clearing organizations
3,558

 
2,083

 
—

 
—

 
5,641

Receivables under resale agreements
—

 
93,715

 
—

 
—

 
93,715

Receivables under securities borrowed transactions
—

 
961

 
—

 
—

 
961

Trading assets, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
23,813

 
12,340

 
178

 
—

 
36,331

Convertible debentures
—

 
4,272

 
15

 
—

 
4,287

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
26,834

 
2,936

 
353

 
—

 
30,123

Corporate debt
—

 
16,068

 
1,900

 
—

 
17,968

Preferred stock
—

 
116

 
253

 
—

 
369

Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
—

 
5,799

 
4,814

 
—

 
10,613

U.S. Government and agencies
26,201

 
28,363

 
—

 
—

 
54,564

Municipals and money markets
1,292

 
9,201

 
1,295

 
—

 
11,788

Physical commodities and other
—

 
692

 
—

 
—

 
692

 Total trading assets, excluding derivative contracts
78,140

 
79,787

 
8,808

 
—

 
166,735

  Derivative contracts(2)
2,691

 
657,621

 
5,677

 
(641,138
)
 
24,851

Investment securities available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Government and agencies
390

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
390

Securities, mortgage-backed and asset backed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     Non-agency MBS
—

 
40

 
—

 
—

 
40

     Corporate ABS
—

 
218

 
8

 
—

 
226

Total investment securities available-for-sale
390

 
258

 
8

 
—

 
656

Other debt securities carried at fair value (3)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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    Non-U.S. governments and agencies
7,422

 
300

 
—

 
—

 
7,722

Total other debt securities carried at fair value
7,422

 
300

 
—

 
—

 
7,722

Investment securities non-qualifying
2,254

 
1,056

 
287

 
—

 
3,597

Total investment securities
10,066

 
1,614

 
295

 
—

 
11,975

Securities received as collateral
15,426

 
587

 
—

 
—

 
16,013

Loans, notes and mortgages
—

 
1,396

 
1,681

 
—

 
3,077

Other
—

 
12

 
1,534

 
—

 
1,546

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Payables under repurchase agreements
—

 
42,639

 
—

 
—

 
42,639

Short-term borrowings
—

 
3,283

 
—

 
—

 
3,283

Trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
16,225

 
2,557

 
—

 
—

 
18,782

Convertible debentures
—

 
175

 
—

 
—

 
175

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
18,382

 
1,325

 
—

 
—

 
19,707

Corporate debt
—

 
7,912

 
31

 
—

 
7,943

Preferred stock
—

 
83

 
—

 
—

 
83

U.S. Government and agencies
19,276

 
910

 
—

 
—

 
20,186

Municipals, money markets and other
487

 
43

 
32

 
—

 
562

Total trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts
54,370

 
13,005

 
63

 
—

 
67,438

Derivative contracts(2)
2,449

 
659,271

 
4,133

 
(645,285
)
 
20,568

Obligation to return securities received as collateral
15,426

 
587

 
—

 
—

 
16,013

Other payables — interest and other
—

 
50

 
7

 
—

 
57

Long-term borrowings
—

 
29,559

 
1,316

 
—

 
30,875

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) 
Represents counterparty and cash collateral netting.
(2) 
See Note 6 for product level detail.
(3) 
Certain assets that are used for liquidity management purposes were reclassified from Trading assets to Other debt securities carried at fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2013. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation.

During the year ended December 31, 2012, $2,040 million and $350 million of assets and liabilities, respectively, were transferred from Level 1 to Level 2, and $785 million and $40 million of assets and liabilities, respectively, were transferred from Level 2 to Level 1.  Of the asset transfer from Level 1 to Level 2, $940 million was due to restrictions that became effective for non-qualifying investment securities during 2012, while $535 million of the asset transfer from Level 2 to Level 1 was due to the lapse of such restrictions during 2012.  The remaining transfers were the result of additional information associated with certain equities, derivative contracts and investment securities non-qualifying.

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Level 3 Financial Instruments
The following tables provide a summary of changes in Merrill Lynch’s Level 3 financial assets and liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012.

(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Level 3 Financial Assets and Liabilities
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
 
 
 
Total Realized and Unrealized
Gains or (Losses) included in Income
 
Total Realized
and Unrealized Gains
or (Losses)
included in Income
 
Unrealized
Gains or (Losses) to
OCI
 
Sales
 
Purchases
 
Issuances
 
Settlements
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning
Balance
 
Principal
Transactions
 
Other
Revenue
 
Interest
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers
In
 
Transfers
Out
 
Ending
Balance
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading assets, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
$
178

 
$
20

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
20

 
$
—

 
(50
)
 
23

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
7

 
$
(3
)
 
$
175

Convertible debentures
15

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2

 
(1
)
 
14

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
353

 
51

 
—

 
—

 
51

 
—

 
(1
)
 
15

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
417

Corporate debt
1,900

 
54

 
—

 
—

 
54

 
—

 
(235
)
 
187

 
—

 
(121
)
 
158

 
(103
)
 
1,840

Preferred stock
253

 
22

 
—

 
—

 
22

 
—

 
(59
)
 
6

 
—

 
—

 
1

 
(15
)
 
208

Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
4,814

 
162

 
—

 
—

 
162

 
—

 
(635
)
 
653

 
—

 
(629
)
 
3

 
—

 
4,368

Municipals and money markets
1,295

 
25

 
—

 
—

 
25

 
—

 
(651
)
 
355

 
—

 
(1
)
 
56

 
—

 
1,079

Total trading assets, excluding derivative contracts
8,808

 
334

 
—

 
—

 
334

 
—

 
(1,633
)
 
1,239

 
—

 
(751
)
 
227

 
(123
)
 
8,101

Derivative contracts, net
1,544

 
(186
)
 
—

 
—

 
(186
)
 
—

 
(226
)
 
92

 
—

 
(91
)
 
76

 
(27
)
 
1,182

Investment securities available-for-sale :
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate ABS
8

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
8

Total investment securities available-for-sale
8

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
8

Investment securities non-qualifying
287

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
(7
)
 
11

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
288

Total investment securities
295

 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

 
(7
)
 
11

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
296

Loans, notes and mortgages
1,681

 
—

 
(52
)
 
7

 
(45
)
 
—

 
(186
)
 
—

 
—

 
(14
)
 
—

 
—

 
1,436

Other
1,534

 
—

 
(448
)
 
—

 
(448
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,086

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate debt
31

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2

 
(5
)
 
—

 
—

 
8

 
(20
)
 
16

Municipals, money markets and other
32

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
11

 
(2
)
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
42

Total trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts
63

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
13

 
(7
)
 
1

 
—

 
8

 
(20
)
 
58

Other payables - interest and other
7

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
(1
)
 
4

Long-term borrowings
1,316

 
22

 
(4
)
 
—

 
18

 
—

 
4

 
(69
)
 
36

 
(47
)
 
185

 
(122
)
 
1,285

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Transfers in and out for corporate debt primarily relate to changes in market liquidity for certain corporate loans and securities. Transfers in and out related to long-term borrowings are primarily due to changes in the impact of unobservable inputs on the value of certain equity-linked structured notes.
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 




27
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(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Level 3 Financial Assets and Liabilities
Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
 
 
 
Total Realized and Unrealized
Gains or (Losses) included in Income
 
Total Realized
and Unrealized Gains
or (Losses)
included in Income
 
Unrealized
Gains or (Losses) to
OCI
 
Sales
 
Purchases
 
Issuances
 
Settlements
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning
Balance
 
Principal
Transactions
 
Other
Revenue
 
Interest
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers
In
 
Transfers
Out
 
Ending
Balance
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading assets, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
$
179

 
$
1

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1

 
$
—

 
$
(39
)
 
$
41

 
$
—

 
$
(9
)
 
$
7

 
$
(2
)
 
$
178

Convertible debentures
99

 
2

 
—

 
—

 
2

 
—

 
(53
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5

 
(10
)
 
43

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
342

 
24

 
—

 
—

 
24

 
—

 
(81
)
 
273

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(12
)
 
546

Corporate debt
3,962

 
85

 
—

 
—

 
85

 
—

 
(523
)
 
368

 
—

 
(154
)
 
56

 
(376
)
 
3,418

Preferred stock
227

 
12

 
—

 
—

 
12

 
—

 
(70
)
 
38

 
—

 
(1
)
 
1

 
—

 
207

Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
3,199

 
90

 
—

 
—

 
90

 
—

 
(230
)
 
166

 
—

 
(80
)
 
736

 
(113
)
 
3,768

Municipals and money markets
2,047

 
(6
)
 
—

 
—

 
(6
)
 
—

 
(132
)
 
134

 
—

 
(11
)
 
—

 
(23
)
 
2,009

Total trading assets, excluding derivative contracts
10,055

 
208

 
—

 
—

 
208

 
—

 
(1,128
)
 
1,020

 
—

 
(255
)
 
805

 
(536
)
 
10,169

Derivative contracts, net
4,495

 
(701
)
 
—

 
—

 
(701
)
 
—

 
(258
)
 
353

 
—

 
(375
)
 
59

 
(366
)
 
3,207

Investment securities available-for-sale :
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate ABS
47

 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
45

Total investment securities available-for-sale
47

 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
45

Investment securities non-qualifying
574

 
—

 
(7
)
 
—

 
(7
)
 
—

 
(13
)
 
9

 
—

 
(142
)
 
—

 
—

 
421

Total investment securities
621

 
—

 
(9
)
 
—

 
(9
)
 
—

 
(13
)
 
9

 
—

 
(142
)
 
—

 
—

 
466

Loans, notes and mortgages
1,726

 
—

 
95

 
7

 
102

 
—

 
—

 
4

 
—

 
(23
)
 
—

 
—

 
1,809

    Other assets
1,349

 
—

 
(47
)
 
—

 
(47
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,302

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate debt
52

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
19

 
(38
)
 
—

 
—

 
1

 
(34
)
 
—

Preferred stock
16

 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

 
(4
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
14

Municipals, money markets and other
45

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
6

 
(6
)
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
45

Total trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts
113

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
25

 
(48
)
 
1

 
—

 
1

 
(34
)
 
59

Other payables - interest and other
10

 
—

 
3

 
—

 
3

 
—

 
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3
)
 
3

Long-term borrowings
2,186

 
(139
)
 
(44
)
 
—

 
(183
)
 
—

 
33

 
(68
)
 
28

 
(377
)
 
222

 
(464
)
 
1,743

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Transfers out for corporate debt primarily relates to increased market liquidity for certain corporate loans. Transfers in for mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed is primarily the result of additional information related to certain CLOs. Transfers out for mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed relates to increased market activity (i.e., executed trades) for certain loans backed by commercial real estate. Transfers out for derivative contracts, net primarily relates to increased price observability (i.e., market comparables) for certain total return swaps ("TRS") and foreign exchange swaps. Transfers in and out related to long-term borrowings are primarily due to changes in the impact of unobservable inputs on the value of certain equity-linked structured notes.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 







28
Table of Contents

The following tables provide the portion of gains or losses included in income for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012 attributable to unrealized gains or losses relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities held at March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, respectively.
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized Gains or (Losses) for Level 3
Assets and Liabilities Still Held
 
 
Three Months ended March 31, 2013
 
 
Principal
Transactions
 
Other
Revenue
 
Total
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading assets, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
 
$
21

 
$
—

 
$
21

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
 
51

 
—

 
51

Corporate debt
 
38

 
—

 
38

Preferred stock
 
12

 
—

 
12

Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
 
89

 
—

 
89

Municipals and money markets
 
8

 
—

 
8

Total trading assets, excluding derivative contracts
 
219

 
—

 
219

Derivative contracts, net
 
(245
)
 
—

 
(245
)
Investment securities non-qualifying
 
—

 
(3
)
 
(3
)
Loans, notes and mortgages
 
—

 
(53
)
 
(53
)
Other
 
—

 
(448
)
 
(448
)
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term borrowings
 
21

 
(4
)
 
17


29
Table of Contents



(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized Gains or (Losses) for Level 3
Assets and Liabilities Still Held
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
 
 
Principal
Transactions
 
Other
Revenue
 
Total
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading assets, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equities
 
$
6

 
$
—

 
$
6

Convertible debentures
 
2

 
—

 
2

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
 
13

 
—

 
13

Corporate debt
 
62

 
—

 
62

Preferred stock
 
3

 
—

 
3

Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
 
50

 
—

 
50

Municipals and money markets
 
(8
)
 
—

 
(8
)
Total trading assets, excluding derivative contracts
 
128

 
—

 
128

Derivative contracts, net
 
(613
)
 
—

 
(613
)
Investment securities non-qualifying
 
—

 
(10
)
 
(10
)
Total investment securities
 
—

 
(10
)
 
(10
)
Loans, notes and mortgages
 
—

 
96

 
96

Other assets
 
—

 
(47
)
 
(47
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred Stock
 
(2
)
 
—

 
(2
)
Municipals, money markets and other
 
1

 
—

 
1

Total trading liabilities, excluding derivative contracts
 
(1
)
 
—

 
(1
)
Other payables — interest and other
 
—

 
3

 
3

Long-term borrowings
 
(129
)
 
(44
)
 
(173
)










30
Table of Contents

Level 3 Significant Inputs
The following tables present information about significant unobservable inputs related to material components of Merrill Lynch's Level 3 financial assets and liabilities at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2013
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
Financial Instrument
Fair Value
Valuation Techniques
Significant Unobservable Inputs
Ranges of Inputs
Weighted Average
Loans and Securities
 
 
 
 
 
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets
$
1,337

Discounted Cash Flow
Yield
2% to 25%
7
%
Loans, notes and mortgages
972

Prepayment Speeds (CPR)
6% to 8%
7
%
Trading assets - Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
365

Default Rates (CDR)
1% to 3%
2
%
 


Loss Severities
35% to 45%
41
%
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets


Discounted Cash Flow
Yield
5%
5
%
Other
$
1,086

Loss Severities
51% to 100%
80
%
Commercial loans, debt securities and other
$
6,307

Discounted Cash Flow, Market Comparables
Yield
0% to 33%
5
%
Loans, notes and mortgages
464

Enterprise Value/EBITDA multiple
2x to 17x
6
x
Trading assets - Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
4,003

Prepayment Speed
5% to 40%
20
%
Trading assets - Corporate debt
1,840

Default Rates
1% to 5%
4
%
 


Loss Severity
25% to 40%
35
%
Auction Rate Securities


Market Comparables




Trading assets - Municipals and money markets
$
1,079

Projected tender price / re-financing level
50% to 100%
92
%
Long-term borrowings
$
1,285

Industry Standard Derivative Pricing (1)
Equity Correlation
30% to 97%
73
%
 


Long- Dated Volatilities
15% to 115%
26
%
(1) Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.

CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate











31
Table of Contents

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at March 31, 2013
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
Financial Instrument
Fair Value
Valuation Techniques
Significant Unobservable Inputs
Ranges of Inputs
Weighted Average
Net Derivative Contracts
 
 


 
   Credit derivatives
$
1,448

Discounted Cash Flow, Stochastic Recovery Correlation Model
Yield
2% to 25%
13
%
 


Credit spreads
37bps to 346bps
200 bps

 


Upfront points
12 to 100 points
64 points

 


Spread to index
-1,657 bps to 1,988bps
421 bps

 


Credit correlation
21% to 75%
41
%
 


Prepayment speed (CPR)
4% to 30%
8
%
 


Default rates (CDR)
1% to 5%
4
%
 


Loss severity
25% to 40%
35
%
   Equity derivatives
$
(880
)
Industry Standard Derivative Pricing (1)
Equity Correlation
30% to 97%
73
%
 


Long-Dated Volatilities
15% to 115%
26
%
   Commodity derivatives
$
(4
)
Discounted Cash Flow
Natural gas forward price
$3/MMBtu to $12/MMBtu
$7/MMBtu

   Interest rate derivatives
$
618

Industry Standard Derivative Pricing (1)
Correlation (IR/IR)
19% to 99%
62
%
 


Correlation (FX/IR)
-65% to 50%
2
%
 


Long-Dated Inflation Rates
2% to 3%
2
%
 


Long-Dated Inflation Volatilities
0% to 2%
1
%
Total net derivative contracts
$
1,182

 
 
 
 
(1) 
Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.

IR = Interest Rate
FX = Foreign Exchange
CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate
MMBtu = Million British thermal units









32
Table of Contents

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2012
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
Financial Instrument
Fair Value
Valuation Techniques
Significant Unobservable Inputs
Ranges of Inputs
Weighted Average
Loans and Securities
 
 
 
 
 
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets
$
1,608

Discounted Cash Flow
Yield
4% to 25%
7
%
Loans, notes and mortgages
1,231

Prepayment Speeds (CPR)
3% to 10%
7
%
Trading assets - Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
377

Default Rates (CDR)
1% to 3%
2
%
 
 
Loss Severities
35% to 45%
41
%
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets

Discounted Cash Flow
Yield
5%
5
%
Other
$
1,534

Loss Severities
51% to 100%
88
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial loans, debt securities and other
$
6,787

Discounted Cash Flow, Market Comparables
Yield
0% to 25%
5
%
Loans, notes and mortgages
450

Enterprise Value/EBITDA multiple
2x to 11x
6
x
Trading assets - Mortgages, mortgage-backed and asset-backed
4,437

Prepayment Speed
5% to 30%
20
%
Trading assets - Corporate debt
1,900

Default Rates
1% to 5%
4
%
 
 
Loss Severity
25% to 40%
35
%
Auction Rate Securities
 
Market Comparables
 
 
 
Trading assets - Municipals and money markets
$
1,295

Projected tender price / re-financing level
50% to 100%
90
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term borrowings
$
1,316

Industry Standard Derivative Pricing (1)
Equity Correlation
30% to 97%
(2) 

 
 
Long- Dated Volatilities
20% to 70%
(2) 

(1) Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.
(2) For further information on the ranges of inputs for equity correlation and long-dated volatilities, see the qualitative equity derivatives disclosure below.

CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate











33
Table of Contents

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2012
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
Financial Instrument
Fair Value
Valuation Techniques
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
Ranges of Inputs
Net Derivative Contracts
 
 
 
 
   Credit derivatives
$1,632
Discounted Cash Flow, Stochastic Recovery Correlation Model
Yield
2% to 25%
 
 
Credit spreads
58bps to 615bps
 
 
Upfront points
25 to 99 points
 
 
Spread to index
-2,080bps to 1,972bps
 
 
Credit correlation
19% to 75%
 
 
Prepayment speed (CPR)
3% to 30%
 
 
Default rates (CDR)
1% to 5%
 
 
Loss severity
25% to 40%
   Equity derivatives
$
(814
)
Industry Standard Derivative Pricing (1)
Equity Correlation
30% to 97%
 
 
Long-Dated Volatilities
20% to 70%
   Commodity derivatives
$
(5
)
Discounted Cash Flow
Natural gas forward price
$3/MMBtu to $12/MMBtu
   Interest rate derivatives
$
731

Industry Standard Derivative Pricing (1)
Correlation (IR/IR)
15% to 99%
 
 
Correlation (FX/IR)
-65% to 50%
 
 
Long-Dated Inflation Rates
2% to 3%
 
 
Long-Dated Inflation Volatilities
0% to 1%
 
 
Long-Dated Volatilities (FX)
5% to 36%
 
 
Long-Dated Swap Rates
8% to 10%
Total net derivative contracts
$
1,544

 
 
 
(1) 
Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.

IR = Interest Rate
FX = Foreign Exchange
CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate
MMBtu = Million British thermal units

In the tables above, instruments backed by residential and commercial real estate assets include RMBS, CMBS, whole loans, mortgage CDOs and net monoline exposure. Commercial loans, debt securities and other include corporate CLOs and CDOs, commercial loans and bonds, and securities backed by non-real estate assets. Structured notes primarily include equity-linked notes that are accounted for under the fair value option.

In addition to the instruments disclosed in the tables above, Merrill Lynch holds $288 million and $287 million of Investment securities non-qualifying as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, that are primarily comprised of certain direct private equity investments and private equity funds that are classified as Level 3.  Valuations of direct private equity investments are prepared internally based on the most recent portfolio company financial information. Inputs generally include market and acquisition comparables, entry level multiples, as well

34
Table of Contents

as other variables.  Merrill Lynch selects a valuation methodology (e.g., market comparables) for each investment and, in certain instances, multiple inputs are weighted to derive the most representative value.  Discounts are applied as appropriate to consider the lack of liquidity and marketability versus publicly traded companies.  For private equity funds, fair value is generally determined using the net asset value as provided by the individual fund's general partner.
Merrill Lynch uses multiple market approaches in valuing certain of its Level 3 financial instruments. For example, market comparables and discounted cash flows are used together. For a given product, such as corporate debt securities, market comparables may be used to estimate some of the unobservable inputs and then these inputs are incorporated into a discounted cash flow model. Therefore, the balances disclosed encompass both of these techniques.

The level of aggregation and diversity within the products disclosed in the tables above result in certain ranges of inputs being wide and unevenly distributed across asset and liability categories. Weighted averages have been provided for all ranges of inputs as of March 31, 2013. At December 31, 2012, weighted averages were provided for all ranges of inputs except for those related to long-term borrowings and derivative contracts, for which a qualitative discussion is presented below.

For credit derivatives at December 31, 2012, the range of credit spreads represented positions with varying levels of default risk to the underlying instruments. The lower end of the credit spread range typically represented shorter-dated instruments and those with better perceived credit risk. The higher end of the range comprised longer-dated instruments and those referencing debt issuances which were more likely to be impaired or non-performing. At December 31, 2012, the majority of inputs were concentrated in the lower end of the range. Similarly, the spread to index could vary significantly based on the risk of the instrument. The spread was positive for instruments that had a higher risk of default than the index (which was based on a weighted average of its components) and negative for instruments that had a lower risk of default than the index. At December 31, 2012, inputs were distributed evenly throughout the range for spread to index. In addition, for yield and credit correlation, the majority of the inputs were concentrated in the center of the range. Inputs were concentrated in the middle to lower end of the range for upfront points. The range for loss severity reflected exposures that were concentrated in the middle to upper end of the range, while the ranges for prepayment speed and default rates reflected exposures that were concentrated in the lower end of the range.

For equity derivatives at December 31, 2012, including those embedded in long-term debt, the range for equity correlation represented exposure primarily concentrated toward the upper end of the range. The range for long-dated volatilities represented exposure primarily concentrated toward the lower end of the range.

For interest rate derivatives at December 31, 2012, the diversity in the portfolio was reflected in wide ranges of inputs because the variety of currencies and tenors of the transactions required the use of numerous foreign exchange and interest rate curves. Since foreign exchange and interest rate correlations were measured between curves and across the various tenors on the same curve, the range of potential values could include both negative and positive values. For the correlation (IR/IR) range, the exposure represented the valuation of interest rate correlations on less liquid pairings and was concentrated at the upper end of the range at December 31, 2012. For the correlation (FX/IR) range, the exposure was the sensitivity to a broad mix of interest rate and foreign exchange correlations and was distributed evenly throughout the range as of December 31, 2012. For long-dated inflation rates and volatilities as well as long-dated volatilities (FX), the inputs were concentrated in the middle of the range.


35
Table of Contents

Sensitivity of Fair Value Measurements to Changes in Unobservable Inputs

Loans and Securities

For instruments backed by residential real estate assets, commercial real estate assets, and commercial loans, debt securities and other, a significant increase in market yields, default rates or loss severities would result in a significantly lower fair value for long positions. Short positions would be impacted in a directionally opposite way. The impact of changes in prepayment speeds would have differing impacts depending on the seniority of the instrument and, in the case of CLOs, whether prepayments can be reinvested.

For student loan and municipal auction rate securities, a significant increase in projected tender price/refinancing levels would result in a significantly higher fair value.

Structured Notes and Derivatives

For credit derivatives, a significant increase in market yield, including spreads to indices, upfront points (i.e., a single upfront payment made by a protection buyer at inception) or credit spreads, default rates or loss severities would result in a significantly lower fair value for protection sellers and higher fair value for protection buyers. The impact of changes in prepayment speeds would have differing impacts depending on the seniority of the instrument and, in the case of CLOs, whether prepayments can be reinvested.

Structured credit derivatives, which include tranched portfolio CDS and derivatives with derivative product company ("DPC") and monoline counterparties, are impacted by credit correlation, including default and wrong way correlation. Default correlation is a parameter that describes the degree of dependence between credit default rates within a credit portfolio that underlies a credit derivative instrument. The sensitivity of this input on the fair value varies depending on the level of subordination of the tranche. For senior tranches that are net purchases of protection, a significant increase in default correlation would result in a significantly higher fair value. Net short protection positions would be impacted in a directionally opposite way. Wrong-way correlation is a parameter that describes the probability that as exposure to a counterparty increases, the credit quality of the counterparty decreases. A significantly higher degree of wrong-way correlation between a DPC counterparty and underlying derivative exposure would result in a significantly lower fair value.

For equity derivatives, equity-linked long-term debt (structured notes) and interest rate derivatives, a significant change in long-dated rates and volatilities and correlation inputs (e.g., the degree of correlation between an equity security to an index, between two different interest rates, or between interest rates and foreign exchange rates) would result in a significant impact to the fair value. However, the magnitude and direction of the impact depends on whether Merrill Lynch is long or short the exposure.

Non-recurring Fair Value
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and are not included in the tables above. The tables below show the fair value hierarchy for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.


36
Table of Contents

(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
Non-Recurring Basis
 
Gains/(Losses)
 
Gains/(Losses)
 
as of March 31, 2013
 
Three Months Ended
 
Three Months Ended
 
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
March 31, 2013
 
March 31, 2012
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans, notes and mortgages
 
$
—

 
$
144

 
$
144

 
$
(82
)
 
$
12

Other
 
—

 
2

 
2

 
—

 
—


(dollars in millions)
 
Non-Recurring Basis
 
as of December 31, 2012
 
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
Assets:
 
 

 
 

 
 

Loans, notes and mortgages
 
$
1

 
$
221

 
$
222

Other
 
—

 
2

 
2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Loans, notes and mortgages includes held for sale loans that are carried at the lower of cost or fair value and for which the fair value was below the cost basis at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. It also includes certain impaired held for investment loans where an allowance for loan losses has been calculated based upon the fair value of the loans or collateral. Level 3 assets as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 primarily relate to commercial real estate loans that are classified as held for sale where there continues to be significant illiquidity in the loan trading and securitization markets.

Fair Value Option Election
The fair value option election allows companies to irrevocably elect fair value as the initial and subsequent measurement attribute for certain financial assets and liabilities. Changes in fair value for assets and liabilities for which the election is made will be recognized in earnings as they occur. The fair value option election is permitted on an instrument by instrument basis at initial recognition of an asset or liability or upon an event that gives rise to a new basis of accounting for that instrument. As discussed above, certain of Merrill Lynch’s financial instruments are required to be accounted for at fair value under Investment Accounting and Derivatives Accounting, as well as industry level guidance. For certain financial instruments that are not accounted for at fair value under other applicable accounting guidance, the fair value option election has been made.
The following tables provide information about the line items in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss where changes in fair values of assets and liabilities, for which the fair value option election has been made, are included for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012.


37
Table of Contents

(dollars in millions)
 
Changes in Fair Value For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013, for Items Measured at Fair Value Pursuant to the Fair Value Option Election
 
 
Changes in Fair Value For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2012, for Items Measured at Fair Value Pursuant to the Fair Value Option Election
 
Gains
(Losses)
Principal
Transactions
 
Gains
(Losses)
Other
Revenues
 
Total
Changes
in Fair
Value
 
 
Gains
(Losses)
Principal
Transactions
 
Gains
(Losses)
Other
Revenues
 
Total
Changes
in Fair
Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

Receivables under resale agreements
$
38

 
$
—

 
$
38

 
 
$
(34
)
 
$
—

 
$
(34
)
Investment securities
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
—

 
5

 
5

Loans
15

 
(56
)
 
(41
)
 
 
26

 
92

 
118

Other
—

 
3

 
3

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Payables under repurchase agreements
(20
)
 
—

 
(20
)
 
 
(34
)
 
—

 
(34
)
Short-term borrowings
(39
)
 
—

 
(39
)
 
 
7

 
—

 
7

Other payables — interest and other
—

 
13

 
13

 
 
—

 
49

 
49

Long-term borrowings
(932
)
 
—

 
(932
)
 
 
(2,433
)
 
—

 
(2,433
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The following describes the rationale for electing to account for certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value, as well as the impact of instrument-specific credit risk on the fair value.
Resale and repurchase agreements
Merrill Lynch elected the fair value option for certain resale and repurchase agreements and, to a lesser extent, securities borrowing agreements. The fair value option election was made based on the tenor of the agreements, which reflect the magnitude of the interest rate risk. The majority of resale and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Government securities was excluded from the fair value option election as these contracts are generally short-dated and therefore the interest rate risk is not considered significant. Amounts loaned under resale agreements require collateral with a market value equal to or in excess of the principal amount loaned, resulting in minimal credit risk for such transactions.
Loans and loan commitments

Merrill Lynch elected the fair value option for certain loans that are risk managed on a fair value basis. Upon the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America, Merrill Lynch also elected the fair value option for certain mortgage, commercial, and leveraged loans and loan commitments. The changes in the fair value of loans and loan commitments, for which the fair value option was elected, that were attributable to changes in borrower-specific credit risk were not material for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012.
As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the aggregate fair value of loans for which the fair value option election has been made that were 90 days or more past due was $19 million and $115 million, respectively, and the aggregate fair value of loans that were in non-accrual status was $26 million and $25 million at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the unpaid principal amount due exceeded the aggregate fair value of such loans that are 90 days or more past due and/or in non-accrual status by $49 million and $153 million, respectively.
Short-term and long-term borrowings

Merrill Lynch elected the fair value option for certain short-term and long-term borrowings that are risk managed on a fair value basis (e.g., structured notes) and/or for which hedge accounting under Derivatives Accounting had been difficult to obtain. The majority of the fair value changes on long-term borrowings are from structured notes with coupon or repayment terms that are linked to the performance of debt and equity securities, indices, currencies or commodities. Excluding gains (losses) related to changes in Merrill Lynch's credit spreads, the majority of the gains (losses) for the respective periods are offset by gains (losses) on derivatives and securities that economically

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hedge these borrowings and that are accounted for at fair value. The changes in the fair value of liabilities for which the fair value option election was made that were attributable to changes in Merrill Lynch's credit spreads were net losses of approximately $34.0 million and $2.1 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, respectively. Changes in Merrill Lynch specific credit risk are derived by isolating fair value changes due to changes in Merrill Lynch's credit spreads as observed in the secondary cash market.

The fair value option election was also made for certain non-recourse long-term borrowings and secured borrowings issued by consolidated VIEs. The fair value of these borrowings is not materially affected by changes in Merrill Lynch's creditworthiness.

The following tables present the difference between fair values and the aggregate contractual principal amounts of receivables under resale agreements, receivables under securities borrowed transactions, loans and long-term borrowings for which the fair value option election has been made as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.

(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair Value at
 
Principal
Amount
Due Upon
Maturity
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
 
 
Difference
Assets:
 

 
 

 
 

Receivables under resale agreements
$
89,969

 
$
89,608

 
$
361

Receivables under securities borrowed transactions
1,282

 
1,272

 
10

Loans (1)
3,108

 
3,802

 
(694
)
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term borrowings (2)
33,568

 
34,023

 
(455
)
(1) 
Includes trading loans with a fair value of $742 million and margin loans with a fair value of $273 million.
(2) 
The majority of the difference between the fair value and principal amount due upon maturity at March 31, 2013 relates to the impact of changes in Merrill Lynch's credit spreads, as well as the fair value of the embedded derivative, where applicable.
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair Value at
 
Principal
Amount
Due Upon
Maturity
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 
 
Difference
Assets:
 

 
 

 
 

Receivables under resale agreements
$
93,715

 
$
93,433

 
$
282

Receivables under securities borrowed transactions
961

 
892

 
69

Loans (1)
4,063

 
4,835

 
(772
)
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term borrowings(2)
30,875

 
32,151

 
(1,276
)
(1) 
Includes trading loans with a fair value of $715 million and margin loans with a fair value of $271 million.
(2) 
The difference between the fair value and principal amount due upon maturity at December 31, 2012 relates to the impact of changes in Merrill Lynch's credit spreads, as well as the fair value of the embedded derivative, where applicable.

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Table of Contents

Note 5.  
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The fair values of financial instruments have been derived, in part, by management’s assumptions, the estimated amount and timing of future cash flows and estimated discount rates. Different assumptions could significantly affect these estimated fair values. Accordingly, the net realizable values could be materially different from the estimates presented below. In addition, the estimates are only indicative of the value of individual financial instruments and should not be considered an indication of the fair value of Merrill Lynch.
The classifications of financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy have been derived using methodologies described in Note 4.
The following disclosures relate to financial instruments for which the ending balances at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 are not carried at fair value in their entirety on Merrill Lynch’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Short-term Financial Instruments
The carrying value of short-term financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes or deposited with clearing organizations, certain securities financing transactions, customer and broker-dealer receivables and payables, and commercial paper and other short-term borrowings, approximates the fair value of these instruments. These financial instruments generally expose Merrill Lynch to limited credit risk and have no stated maturities or have short-term maturities and carry interest rates that approximate market interest rates.
For purposes of the fair value hierarchy, cash is classified as Level 1. Cash equivalents (including time deposits placed and other short-term investments) and securities segregated for regulatory purposes or deposited with clearing organizations are classified as Level 1 and Level 2. Securities financing transactions are classified as Level 2. Customer receivables and payables are primarily classified as Level 2. Broker-dealer receivables and payables, and commercial paper and other short-term borrowings are classified as Level 2.
Loans, Notes and Mortgages
The fair values for commercial and consumer loans are generally determined by discounting both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected using a discount rate for similar instruments with adjustments that Merrill Lynch believes a market participant would consider in determining fair value. Merrill Lynch estimates the cash flows expected to be collected using internal credit risk, interest rate and prepayment risk models that incorporate its best estimate of current key assumptions, such as default rates, loss severity and prepayment speeds for the life of the loan. Merrill Lynch elected the fair value option for certain loans and loan commitments. See Note 4 for additional information.
Deposits
The fair value for certain deposits with stated maturities was determined by discounting contractual cash flows using current market rates for instruments with similar maturities. For deposits with no stated maturities, the carrying amount was considered to approximate fair value and does not take into account the significant value of the cost advantage and stability of Merrill Lynch’s long-term relationships with depositors.
Long-term Borrowings
Merrill Lynch uses quoted market prices, when available, to estimate the fair value of its long-term borrowings. When quoted market prices are not available, fair value is estimated based on current market interest rates and credit spreads for debt with similar terms and maturities. Merrill Lynch elected the fair value option for certain long-term borrowings, including structured notes. See Note 4 for additional information.

The following table presents the carrying value and fair value, by fair value hierarchy, of Merrill Lynch's loans, notes and mortgages, deposits and long-term borrowings at March 31, 2013. See Note 4 for further information regarding the fair value hierarchy:

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Table of Contents

(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair Value Measurement
 
 
 
As of March 31, 2013
 
Carrying Value
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
Financial assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans, notes and mortgages (1)
$
20,105

 
$
514

 
$
19,673

 
$
20,187

Financial liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits
11,802

 
11,802

 
—

 
11,802

Long-term borrowings (2)
93,920

 
98,823

 
1,285

 
100,108

(1) 
Loans are presented net of the allowance for loan losses.
(2) 
Includes junior subordinated notes (related to trust preferred securities).

The following table presents the carrying value and fair value of loans, notes and mortgages, deposits and long-term borrowings at December 31, 2012:
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair Value Measurement
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2012
 
Carrying Value
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
Financial assets
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

Loans, notes and mortgages(1)
$
19,545

 
$
896

 
$
18,721

 
$
19,617

Financial liabilities
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

Deposits
12,873

 
12,873

 
—

 
12,873

Long-term borrowings (2)
96,058

 
99,528

 
1,316

 
100,844

(1) 
Loans are presented net of the allowance for loan losses.
(2) 
Includes junior subordinated notes (related to trust preferred securities).

Commercial Unfunded Lending Commitments

The carrying values and fair values of Merrill Lynch's commercial unfunded lending commitments were $46 million and $82 million, respectively, at March 31, 2013 and $60 million and $104 million, respectively, at December 31, 2012. Commercial unfunded lending commitments, which are included in Other payables - Interest and other on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, are primarily classified as Level 2 or Level 3.

Fair values were generally determined using a discounted cash flow valuation approach, which is applied using market-based CDS or internally-developed benchmark credit curves. The fair value option was elected for certain loan commitments. See Note 4 for additional information.

Merrill Lynch does not estimate the fair values of consumer unfunded lending commitments because, in many instances, Merrill Lynch can reduce or cancel these commitments by providing notice to the borrower. See Note 14 for additional information on commitments.

Note 6.
Derivatives

A derivative is an instrument whose value is derived from an underlying instrument or index, such as interest rates, equity security prices, currencies, commodity prices or credit spreads. Derivatives include futures, forwards, swaps, option contracts, and other financial instruments with similar characteristics. Derivative contracts often involve future commitments to exchange interest payment streams or currencies based on a notional or contractual amount (e.g., interest rate swaps or currency forwards) or to purchase or sell other financial instruments at specified terms on a specified date (e.g., options to buy or sell securities or currencies).

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Table of Contents


Derivatives Accounting establishes accounting and reporting standards for derivative instruments, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts (“embedded derivatives”) and for hedging activities. Derivatives Accounting requires that an entity recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities and measure those instruments at fair value. The fair value of all derivatives and associated cash collateral is recorded on a net-by-counterparty basis on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets where Merrill Lynch believes a legal right of offset exists under an enforceable netting agreement. All derivatives, including bifurcated embedded derivatives within structured notes, are reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as trading assets and liabilities.

The accounting for changes in fair value of a derivative instrument depends on its intended use and if it is designated and qualifies as an accounting hedging instrument under Derivatives Accounting.

Trading derivatives

Merrill Lynch enters into derivatives to facilitate client transactions, for trading and financing purposes, and to manage risk exposures arising from trading assets and liabilities. Changes in fair value for these derivatives are reported in current period earnings as principal transactions revenues.

Derivatives that contain a significant financing element

Merrill Lynch may enter into certain transactions that are documented as derivatives where a significant cash investment is made by one party. Certain derivative instruments that contain a significant financing element at inception and where Merrill Lynch is deemed to be the borrower are included in financing activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The cash flows from all other derivative transactions that do not contain a significant financing element at inception are included in operating activities.

Non-trading derivatives

Merrill Lynch also enters into derivatives in order to manage risk exposures arising from assets and liabilities not carried at fair value as follows:

1.
Merrill Lynch's debt was issued in a variety of maturities and currencies to achieve the lowest cost financing possible. Merrill Lynch enters into derivative transactions to hedge these liabilities. Derivatives used most frequently include swap agreements that:

•
Convert fixed-rate interest payments into variable-rate interest payments;

•
Change the underlying interest rate basis or reset frequency; and

•
Change the settlement currency of a debt instrument.

Changes in the fair value of these interest rate and foreign currency derivatives are reported in interest expense or other revenues.

2.
Merrill Lynch uses foreign-exchange forward contracts, foreign-exchange options, and currency swaps to hedge its net investments in foreign operations, as well as other foreign currency exposures (e.g., non-U.S. dollar denominated debt and expenses). These instruments are used to mitigate the impact of changes in exchange rates. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are reported in OCI and other revenues when net investment hedge accounting is applied; otherwise changes in fair value are reported in other revenues.

3.
Merrill Lynch enters into futures, swaps, options and forward contracts to manage the price risk of certain commodity inventory and forecasted commodity purchases and sales. Changes in fair value of these derivatives are reported in principal transactions revenues, unless cash flow hedge accounting is applied.


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Table of Contents

4.
Merrill Lynch enters into CDS to manage the credit risk on certain loans that are not part of trading activities. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives are reported in other revenues.

Certain derivatives, primarily entered into with an affiliate, qualify as accounting hedges under Derivatives Accounting. These derivatives are designated as one of the following:

1.  A hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (“fair value hedge”). Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges of interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and commodity price risk, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings as interest expense, other revenues, or principal transactions.

2.  A hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset, liability or forecasted transaction (“cash flow hedge”). Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges are recorded in OCI until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows of the hedged asset or liability or when the forecasted purchase or sale occurs. All cash flow hedges were de-designated in 2011. The amount remaining in OCI that is expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months is not material.

3.  A hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation (“net investment hedge”). Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation are recorded in the foreign currency translation adjustment account within OCI. Changes in the fair value of the hedging instruments that are associated with the difference between the spot rate and the contracted forward rate are recorded in current period earnings in other revenues.

Merrill Lynch formally assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether the hedging derivatives are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of hedged items. Merrill Lynch uses regression analysis at the hedge's inception and for each reporting period thereafter to assess whether the derivative used in its hedging transaction is expected to be and has been highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. When it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, Merrill Lynch discontinues hedge accounting.


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Table of Contents


Hedge accounting activity for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012 included the following:
Fair value hedges

The table below summarizes certain information related to fair value hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, including hedges of interest rate risk on long-term borrowings that were adjusted and redesignated as part of Bank of America's acquisition of Merrill Lynch. At redesignation, the fair value of the derivatives was negative. As the derivatives mature, their fair value will approach zero. As a result, ineffectiveness may occur and the fair value changes in the derivatives and the long-term borrowings being hedged may be directionally the same in certain scenarios. Based on a regression analysis, the derivatives continue to be highly effective at offsetting changes in the fair value of the long-term borrowings attributable to interest rate risk.

(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2013
 
2012
 
Derivative (1)
Hedged Item (1)(2)
Hedge Ineffectiveness (1)
 
Derivative (1)
Hedged Item (1)(2)
Hedge Ineffectiveness (1)
For the three months ended March 31:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate risk on USD denominated long-term borrowings
$
(349
)
$
247

$
(102
)
 
$
(411
)
$
274

$
(137
)
Interest rate risk on foreign currency denominated long-term borrowings
(521
)
472

(49
)
 
88

(115
)
(27
)
Commodity price risk on commodity inventory
(3
)
3

—

 
23

(23
)
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2013
 
 
2012
 
 
 Trading Assets
 Trading Liabilities
 
 
 Trading Assets
 Trading Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Carrying value of hedging derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term borrowings
$
5,133

$
934

 
 
$
5,706

$
664

 
Commodity inventory
24

—

 
 
48

2

 
Notional amount of hedging derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term borrowings
32,369

10,429

 
 
36,932

9,676

 
Commodity inventory
74

—

 
 
124

3

 
(1) 
Amounts are recorded in interest expense and other revenues for long-term borrowings and principal transactions for commodity inventory.
(2) 
Excludes the impact of the accretion of purchase accounting adjustments made to certain long-term borrowings in connection with the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America.


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Table of Contents

Net investment hedges of foreign operations
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2013
 
 
 
2012
 
 
Gains (losses) Recognized in Accumulated OCI
Gains (losses) in Income Reclassified from Accumulated OCI (1)
Hedge Ineffectiveness and Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing (1)
 
Gains (losses) Recognized in Accumulated OCI
Gains (losses) in Income Reclassified from Accumulated OCI (1)
Hedge Ineffectiveness and Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing (1)
For the three months ended March 31:
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
Foreign exchange risk
$
1,045

$
(94
)
$
(24
)
 
$
(445
)
$
41

$
2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2013
 
 
 
2012
 
As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Carrying value of hedging derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Trading assets
 
$
631

 
 
 
$
425

 
   Trading liabilities
 
372

 
 
 
618

 
Notional amount of hedging derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   in an asset position
 
20,467

 
 
 
5,140

 
   in a liability position
 
5,740

 
 
 
19,391

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) 
Amounts are recorded in other revenues and are attributable to certain legal entity liquidations.

Other Risk Management Derivatives

Other risk management derivatives are used by Merrill Lynch to reduce certain risk exposures. These derivatives are not qualifying accounting hedges because either they did not qualify for, or were not designated as, accounting hedges. The table below presents net gains (losses) on these derivatives for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012. These net gains (losses) are largely offset by the income or expense that is recorded on the hedged item.
Net gains (losses) on other risk management derivatives
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
2013(1)
 
2012(1)
For the three months ended March 31:
 
 
 
 
Interest rate risk
 
$
(8
)
 
$
(6
)
Foreign currency risk
 
(514
)
 
199

Credit risk
 
9

 
(49
)
(1) 
Amounts are recorded in other revenues and interest expense.

Interest rate risk primarily relates to derivatives used to economically hedge long-term borrowings. Foreign currency risk primarily relates to economic hedges of foreign currency denominated transactions that generate earnings upon remeasurement in accordance with ASC 830-20, Foreign Currency Transactions (“Foreign Currency Transactions”). As both the remeasurement of the foreign currency risk on the transaction and the changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded in earnings, hedge accounting is not applied. Credit risk relates to credit default swaps used to economically manage the credit risk on certain loans not included in trading activities.



45
Table of Contents

Derivative balances by primary risk

Derivative instruments contain numerous market risks. In particular, most derivatives have interest rate risk, as they contain an element of financing risk that is affected by changes in interest rates. Additionally, derivatives expose Merrill Lynch to counterparty credit risk, although this is generally mitigated by collateral margining and netting arrangements. For disclosure purposes below, the primary risk of a derivative is largely determined by the business that is engaging in the derivative activity. For instance, a derivative that is initiated by an equities derivative business will generally have equity price risk as its primary underlying market risk and is classified as such for the purposes of this disclosure, despite the fact that there may be other market risks that affect the value of the instrument.

The following tables identify the primary risk for derivative instruments, which includes trading, non-trading and bifurcated embedded derivatives, at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. The primary risk is provided on a gross basis, prior to the application of the impact of counterparty and cash collateral netting.

(dollars in millions)
 
As of March 31, 2013
 
Contract/
Notional
 
Trading Assets-
Derivative Contracts
 
Contract/
Notional
 
Trading Liabilities-
Derivative Contracts
Interest rate contracts
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Swaps
$
7,300,451

 
$
446,255

 
$
7,239,251

 
$
439,315

Futures and forwards
2,190,035

 
1,354

 
2,323,181

 
1,298

Written options
—

 
—

 
1,247,628

 
58,144

Purchased options
1,454,874

 
60,989

 
—

 
—

Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Swaps
734,919

 
24,508

 
770,498

 
29,670

Spot, futures and forwards
108,514

 
2,356

 
110,104

 
3,242

Written options
—

 
—

 
307,291

 
6,159

Purchased options
277,719

 
5,981

 
—

 
—

Equity contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Swaps
28,549

 
1,033

 
31,589

 
1,300

Futures and forwards
26,453

 
1,243

 
40,548

 
1,199

Written options
—

 
—

 
301,035

 
18,016

Purchased options
297,783

 
15,677

 
—

 
—

Commodity contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Swaps
56,534

 
2,863

 
9,931

 
4,174

Futures and forwards
288,858

 
5,498

 
265,975

 
3,502

Written options
—

 
—

 
199,932

 
7,143

Purchased options
206,594

 
7,069

 
—

 
—

Credit derivatives
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Purchased protection:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Credit default swaps
104,203

 
9,075

 
102,459

 
2,032

Total return swaps
10,395

 
561

 
4,426

 
1,278

Other credit derivatives
443

 
—

 
13

 
—

Written protection:
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
Credit default swaps
99,975

 
2,572

 
108,841

 
8,494

Total return swaps
5,210

 
297

 
18,028

 
327

Other credit derivatives
—

 
—

 
687

 
3

Gross derivative assets/liabilities
$
13,191,509

 
$
587,331

 
$
13,081,417

 
$
585,296

Less: Legally enforceable master netting
 
 
(532,279
)
 
 
 
(532,279
)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid
 

 
(27,545
)
 
 

 
(29,110
)
Total derivative assets and liabilities
 

 
$
27,507

 
 

 
$
23,907

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Table of Contents

(dollars in millions)
 
As of December 31, 2012
 
Contract/
Notional
 
Trading Assets-
Derivative Contracts
 
Contract/
Notional
 
Trading Liabilities-
Derivative Contracts
Interest rate contracts
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Swaps
$
7,887,346

 
$
519,123

 
$
7,963,410

 
$
514,689

Futures and forwards
2,245,535

 
1,661

 
2,257,693

 
1,423

Written options
—

 
—

 
1,333,460

 
64,295

Purchased options
1,271,613

 
67,251

 
—

 
—

Foreign exchange contracts
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Swaps
752,596

 
26,797

 
793,944

 
32,918

Spot, futures and forwards
124,702

 
2,740

 
131,334

 
3,272

Written options
—

 
—

 
211,069

 
5,154

Purchased options
194,435

 
4,770

 
—

 
—

Equity contracts
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Swaps
29,719

 
1,077

 
25,139

 
1,274

Futures and forwards
24,113

 
966

 
33,532

 
1,015

Written options
—

 
—

 
257,345

 
15,402

Purchased options
246,517

 
14,216

 
—

 
—

Commodity contracts
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Swaps
28,057

 
2,477

 
26,140

 
3,990

Futures and forwards
258,703

 
4,759

 
240,179

 
2,663

Written options
—

 
—

 
163,516

 
7,256

Purchased options
164,633

 
7,042

 
—

 
—

Credit derivatives
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Purchased protection:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Credit default swaps
103,042

 
9,644

 
103,839

 
2,120

Total return swaps
7,807

 
691

 
5,003

 
1,226

Other credit derivatives
215

 
1

 
13

 
—

Written protection:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Credit default swaps
102,888

 
2,640

 
103,988

 
8,947

Total return swaps
7,204

 
133

 
13,761

 
207

Other credit derivatives
—

 
1

 
212

 
2

Gross derivative assets/liabilities
$
13,449,125

 
$
665,989

 
$
13,663,577

 
$
665,853

Less: Legally enforceable master netting
 

 
(613,145
)
 
 

 
(613,145
)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid
 

 
(27,993
)
 
 

 
(32,140
)
Total derivative assets and liabilities
 

 
$
24,851

 
 

 
$
20,568

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Offsetting of Derivatives

Merrill Lynch enters into International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) master netting agreements or similar agreements with substantially all of its derivative counterparties. These legally enforceable master netting agreements give Merrill Lynch, in the event of default by the counterparty, the right to liquidate securities held as collateral and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. For purposes of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, Merrill Lynch offsets derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral held with the same counterparty where it has such a legally enforceable master netting agreement.

The following table presents derivative instruments included in derivative assets and liabilities on Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 by primary risk (e.g., interest rate risk) and the platform, where applicable, on which these derivatives are transacted. Exchange-traded derivatives include listed options transacted on an exchange. Over-the-counter derivatives include bilateral transactions between Merrill Lynch and a particular counterparty. Over-the-counter cleared derivatives include bilateral transactions between Merrill Lynch and a counterparty where the transaction is cleared through a

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clearinghouse. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting. Total gross derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and have been reduced by the cash collateral received or paid.

Other gross derivative assets and liabilities in the table represents derivatives entered into under master netting agreements where the enforceability of these agreements under bankruptcy laws in some countries or industries is not certain, and, accordingly, receivables and payables with counterparties in these countries or industries are reported on a gross basis.

Also included in the table is financial instrument collateral related to legally enforceable master netting agreements that represents securities collateral received or pledged and customer cash collateral held at third-party custodians. These amounts are not offset on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet but are shown as a reduction to total derivative assets and liabilities in the table to derive net derivative assets or liabilities.

For information on the offsetting of securities financing agreements, see Note 7.
Offsetting of Derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
(Dollars in millions)
Trading Assets -Derivative Contracts
 
Trading Liabilities- Derivative Contracts
 
Trading Assets -Derivative Contracts
 
Trading Liabilities- Derivative Contracts
Interest rate contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Over the counter
$
311,725

 
$
298,940

 
$
343,399

 
$
331,403

Over the counter cleared
194,868

 
197,788

 
244,464

 
247,894

Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Over the counter
31,904

 
37,578

 
33,348

 
39,803

Equity contracts
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
Over the counter
10,450

 
11,407

 
9,782

 
10,521

Exchange traded
5,535

 
6,191

 
4,776

 
4,682

Commodity contracts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Over the counter
7,918

 
8,503

 
6,798

 
7,684

Exchange traded
3,272

 
3,179

 
3,421

 
3,192

Credit contracts
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Over the counter
10,777

 
11,154

 
11,560

 
11,802

Over the counter cleared
380

 
336

 
294

 
226

Total gross derivative assets/liabilities, before netting
576,829

 
575,076

 
657,842

 
657,207

Less: Legally enforceable master netting
(532,279
)
 
(532,279
)
 
(613,145
)
 
(613,145
)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid
(27,545
)
 
(29,110
)
 
(27,993
)
 
(32,140
)
Derivative assets/liabilities, after netting
17,005

 
13,687

 
16,704

 
11,922

Other gross derivative assets/liabilities
10,502

 
10,220

 
8,147

 
8,646

Total derivative assets/liabilities
27,507

 
23,907

 
24,851

 
20,568

Less: Financial instruments collateral (1)
(2,837
)
 
(1,578
)
 
(2,832
)
 
(1,549
)
Total net derivative assets/liabilities
$
24,670

 
$
22,329

 
$
22,019

 
$
19,019

(1)
These amounts are limited to the derivative asset/liability balance and, accordingly, do not include excess collateral received/pledged.


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Trading revenues

Merrill Lynch enters into trading derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments to facilitate client transactions, for trading and financing purposes, and to manage risk exposures arising from trading assets and liabilities. The resulting risk from derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments is managed on a portfolio basis as part of Merrill Lynch's sales and trading activities and the related revenue is recorded on different income statement line items, including principal transactions, commissions, other revenues and net interest expense.

Sales and trading revenue includes changes in fair value and realized gains and losses on the sales of trading and other assets, which are included in principal transactions and other revenues, net interest expense, and commissions. Initial trading related revenue is generated by the difference in the client price for an instrument and the price at which the trading desk can execute the trade in the dealer market. That revenue is included within principal transactions on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss. For equity securities, commissions related to purchases and sales are recorded in commissions on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss. Changes in the fair value of these equity securities are included in principal transactions. These amounts are reflected in equity risk in the tables below. Revenue for debt securities, with the exception of interest, is typically included in principal transactions. Unlike commissions for equity securities, the initial revenue related to broker-dealer services for debt securities is included in the pricing of the instrument rather than charged through separate fee agreements. Therefore, this revenue is recorded in principal transactions as part of the initial mark to fair value. In transactions where Merrill Lynch acts as an agent, fees are earned and recorded in commissions. In the tables below, most government debt securities are reflected in interest rate risk. All other government debt securities (including, for example, municipal bonds and emerging markets government debt) and corporate debt securities are included in credit risk.

For derivatives, revenue is typically included in principal transactions. Similar to debt securities, the initial revenue related to dealer services is included in the initial pricing of the instrument rather than charged through separate fee agreements. Therefore, this revenue is recorded in principal transactions as part of the initial mark to fair value. In transactions where Merrill Lynch acts as agent, which includes exchange traded futures and options, fees are earned and recorded in commissions. Derivatives are included in the tables below based on their predominant risk (e.g., credit default swaps are included in credit risk).

Certain instruments, primarily available-for-sale securities and loans, are not considered trading assets or liabilities. Gains/losses on sales and changes in fair value of these instruments, where applicable (e.g., the fair value option has been elected), are recorded in other revenues. These instruments are typically reflected in credit risk.

Interest revenue for debt securities and loans is included in net interest expense.

The following tables identify the amounts in the income statement line items attributable to trading and non-trading activities, including both derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments categorized by primary risk for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012.

Non-trading related amounts include activities in connection with principal investment, wealth management, and certain lending activities; economic hedging activity discussed in the Non-trading derivatives section above; and the impact of changes in Merrill Lynch's own creditworthiness on borrowings accounted for at fair value.

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For The Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
(dollars in millions)
 
Principal
Transactions
 
Commissions
 
Other Revenues
 
Net Interest
(Expense) Income
 
Total
Interest rate risk
$
405

 
$
21

 
$
—

 
$
216

 
$
642

Foreign exchange risk
109

 
—

 
25

 
—

 
134

Equity risk
661

 
732

 
27

 
(24
)
 
1,396

Commodity risk
162

 
—

 
2

 
(22
)
 
142

Credit risk
804

 
—

 
(483
)
 
509

 
830

Total trading related
2,141

 
753

 
(429
)
 
679

 
3,144

Non-trading related
3

 
626

 
47

 
(508
)
 
168

Total
$
2,144

 
$
1,379

 
$
(382
)
 
$
171

 
$
3,312

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

For The Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
(dollars in millions)
 
Principal
Transactions
 
Commissions
 
Other Revenues(1)
 
Net Interest
(Expense) Income
 
Total
Interest rate risk
$
169

 
$
18

 
$
—

 
$
207

 
$
394

Foreign exchange risk
25

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
25

Equity risk
420

 
719

 
20

 
50

 
1,209

Commodity risk
260

 
—

 
—

 
(28
)
 
232

Credit risk
1,150

 
—

 
77

 
532

 
1,759

Total trading related
2,024

 
737

 
97

 
761

 
3,619

Non-trading related
(2,190
)
 
618

 
680

 
(777
)
 
(1,669
)
Total
$
(166
)
 
$
1,355

 
$
777

 
$
(16
)
 
$
1,950

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) 
Includes other income and other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale debt securities.
  

(1)
Includes other income and other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale debt securities.


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Credit Derivatives

Credit derivatives derive value based on an underlying third party referenced obligation or a portfolio of referenced obligations. Merrill Lynch is both a seller and a buyer of credit protection. A seller of credit protection is required to make payments to a buyer upon the occurrence of a predefined credit event. Such credit events generally include bankruptcy of the referenced credit entity and failure to pay under their credit obligations, as well as acceleration of indebtedness and payment repudiation or moratorium. For credit derivatives based on a portfolio of referenced credits or credit indices, Merrill Lynch as a seller of credit protection may not be required to make payment until a specified amount of loss has occurred and/or may only be required to make payment up to a specified amount.
Credit derivatives where Merrill Lynch is the seller of credit protection are summarized below:
(dollars in millions)
 
Maximum
Payout/
Notional
 
Less than
1 year
 
1 − 3 years
 
3 − 5 years
 
Over 5 years
 
Carrying
Value(1)
At March 31, 2013:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Derivative contracts:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Credit derivatives:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Investment grade(2)
$
162,488

 
$
32,689

 
$
41,548

 
$
73,589

 
$
14,662

 
$
1,823

Non-investment grade(2)
70,253

 
18,625

 
16,819

 
14,632

 
20,177

 
7,001

Total credit derivatives
232,741

 
51,314

 
58,367

 
88,221

 
34,839

 
8,824

Credit related notes:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Investment grade(2)
3,368

 
4

 
17

 
30

 
3,317

 
3,368

Non-investment grade(2)
1,493

 
103

 
155

 
262

 
973

 
1,493

Total credit related notes
4,861

 
107

 
172

 
292

 
4,290

 
4,861

Total derivative contracts
$
237,602

 
$
51,421

 
$
58,539

 
$
88,513

 
$
39,129

 
$
13,685

At December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Derivative contracts:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Credit derivatives:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Investment grade(2)
$
160,390

 
$
34,454

 
$
42,871

 
$
70,645

 
$
12,420

 
$
1,855

Non-investment grade(2)
67,663

 
10,753

 
19,962

 
17,911

 
19,037

 
7,301

Total credit derivatives
228,053

 
45,207

 
62,833

 
88,556

 
31,457

 
9,156

Credit related notes:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment grade(2)
3,201

 
4

 
7

 
163

 
3,027

 
3,201

Non-investment grade(2)
1,445

 
115

 
141

 
271

 
918

 
1,445

  Total credit related notes
4,646

 
119

 
148

 
434

 
3,945

 
4,646

Total derivative contracts
$
232,699

 
$
45,326

 
$
62,981

 
$
88,990

 
$
35,402

 
$
13,802

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) 
Derivative contracts are shown on a gross basis prior to counterparty or cash collateral netting.
(2) 
Refers to the creditworthiness of the underlying reference obligations.

For most credit derivatives, the notional value represents the maximum amount payable by Merrill Lynch as a seller of credit protection. However, Merrill Lynch does not exclusively monitor its exposure to credit derivatives based on notional value. Instead, a risk framework is used to define risk tolerances and establish limits to help to ensure that certain credit risk-related losses occur within acceptable, predefined limits. Merrill Lynch discloses internal categorizations (i.e., investment grade, non-investment grade) consistent with how risk is managed to evaluate the payment status of its freestanding credit derivative instruments.

Merrill Lynch economically hedges its exposure to credit derivatives by entering into a variety of offsetting derivative contracts and security positions. For example, in certain instances, Merrill Lynch purchases credit protection with identical underlying referenced names to offset its exposure. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the notional value and carrying value of credit protection purchased and credit protection sold by Merrill Lynch with identical underlying referenced names was:


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(dollars in millions)
 
Maximum
Payout/
Notional
 
Less than
1 year
 
1 − 3 years
 
3 − 5 years
 
Over 5 years
 
Carrying
Value(1)
At March 31, 2013:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Credit derivatives purchased
$
135,341

 
$
29,583

 
$
40,389

 
$
45,546

 
$
19,823

 
$
4,392

Credit derivatives sold
141,434

 
27,203

 
40,528

 
47,068

 
26,635

 
5,197

At December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Credit derivatives purchased
131,643

 
31,576

 
38,844

 
41,800

 
19,423

 
4,208

Credit derivatives sold
138,479

 
29,881

 
41,986

 
43,399

 
23,213

 
5,235

(1) 
Derivative contracts are shown on a gross basis prior to counterparty or cash collateral netting.

Credit related notes

Credit related notes in the table above include investments in securities issued by CDO, CLO and credit linked note vehicles. These instruments are classified as trading securities. Most of the entities that issue these instruments have either the ability to enter into, or have entered into, credit derivatives.

The carrying value of these instruments equals Merrill Lynch's maximum exposure to loss. Merrill Lynch is not obligated to make any payments to the entities under the terms of the securities owned. Merrill Lynch discloses internal categorizations (i.e., investment grade, non-investment grade) consistent with how risk is managed for these instruments.

Credit risk management of derivatives

Merrill Lynch defines counterparty credit risk as the potential for loss that can occur as a result of an individual, counterparty, or issuer being unable to honor its contractual obligations. Merrill Lynch mitigates its credit risk to counterparties through a variety of techniques, including, where appropriate, the right to require initial collateral or margin, the right to terminate transactions or to obtain collateral should unfavorable events occur, the right to call for collateral when certain exposure thresholds are exceeded, the right to call for third party guarantees, and the purchase of credit default protection.

Merrill Lynch enters into ISDA master netting agreements or similar agreements with substantially all of its derivative counterparties. Netting agreements are generally negotiated bilaterally and can require complex terms. While Merrill Lynch makes reasonable efforts to execute such agreements, it is possible that a counterparty may be unwilling to sign such an agreement and, as a result, would subject Merrill Lynch to additional credit risk.

At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, cash collateral received of $27.5 billion and $28.0 billion, respectively, and cash collateral paid of $29.1 billion and $32.1 billion, respectively, was netted against derivative assets and liabilities.

Monoline derivative credit exposure at March 31, 2013 had a notional value of $11.5 billion compared with $12.1 billion at December 31, 2012. The fair value of the monoline derivative credit exposure was $0.5 billion at March 31, 2013 compared with $0.9 billion at December 31, 2012. At March 31, 2013, the CVA related to monoline derivative trading instruments exposure was $63 million compared with $117 million at December 31, 2012, which reduced Merrill Lynch's net exposure to $0.5 billion at March 31, 2013. Monoline related activity for the three months ended March 31, 2013 resulted in gains of $39 million, which primarily consisted of CVA changes.

Bank of America has guaranteed the performance of Merrill Lynch on certain derivative transactions. The aggregate amount of such derivative liabilities was approximately $1.2 billion at March 31, 2013.

In addition, at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch had $813 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, of net monoline exposure with MBIA, Inc. and certain of its affiliates (“MBIA”), which is included

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within Interest and other receivables. These contracts are not considered to be derivative trading instruments because of the inherent default risk and they do not provide a hedge benefit. Of the approximately $450 million decrease in the MBIA receivable, $300 million of the decrease was attributable to increased risk of MBIA going into rehabilitation or liquidation proceedings in the near term, which was considered to be a subsequent event under the applicable accounting guidance. The approximately $450 million decrease in the receivable from MBIA was recorded as a reduction to Other revenues in the three months ended March 31, 2013.

On May 7, 2013, Bank of America entered into a comprehensive settlement (the “MBIA Settlement”) with MBIA to resolve all outstanding litigation between the parties, as well as other claims between the parties. Under the MBIA Settlement, all pending litigation between the parties will be dismissed and each party will receive a global release of those claims. In connection with the MBIA Settlement, the parties will also terminate various CDS transactions in connection with CMBS. In connection with the MBIA Settlement, MBIA will terminate its CDS with Merrill Lynch, and Bank of America will pay to Merrill Lynch the value of such terminated CDS.
Credit-risk related contingent features

Most of Merrill Lynch's derivative contracts contain credit-risk related contingent features, primarily in the form of ISDA master netting agreements and credit support documentation that enhance the creditworthiness of these instruments compared to other obligations of the respective counterparty with whom Merrill Lynch has transacted. These contingent features may be for the benefit of Merrill Lynch as well as its counterparties with respect to changes in Merrill Lynch's creditworthiness and the exposure under the derivative transactions. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch held cash and securities collateral of $37.8 billion and $38.2 billion and posted cash and securities collateral of $34.5 billion and $38.3 billion in the normal course of business under derivative agreements.

In connection with certain OTC derivative contracts and other trading agreements, Merrill Lynch can be required to provide additional collateral or to terminate transactions with certain counterparties in the event of a downgrade of the senior debt ratings of ML & Co. or certain subsidiaries. The amount of additional collateral required depends on the contract and is usually a fixed incremental amount and/or market value of the exposure.

At March 31, 2013, the amount of collateral, calculated based on the terms of the contracts that Merrill Lynch could be required to post to counterparties but had not yet posted to counterparties, was approximately $1.3 billion.

Some counterparties are currently able to unilaterally terminate certain contracts, or Merrill Lynch may be required to take other action such as find a suitable replacement or obtain a guarantee. At March 31, 2013, the current liability for these derivative contracts was $0.6 billion, against which Merrill Lynch had posted $0.5 billion of collateral.

At March 31, 2013, if the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for ML & Co. or certain subsidiaries by one incremental notch, the amount of additional collateral contractually required by derivative contracts and other trading agreements would have been approximately $0.4 billion. If the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for ML & Co. or certain subsidiaries by a second incremental notch, approximately $4.0 billion in additional incremental collateral would have been required.

Also, if the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for ML & Co. or certain subsidiaries by one incremental notch, the derivative liability that would be subject to unilateral termination by counterparties as of March 31, 2013 was $1.7 billion, against which $1.2 billion of collateral had been posted. Further, if the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term debt ratings for ML & Co. or certain subsidiaries by a second incremental notch, the derivative liability that would be subject to unilateral termination by counterparties as of March 31, 2013 was an incremental $1.2 billion, against which $0.7 billion of collateral had been posted.


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Valuation Adjustments on Derivatives

Merrill Lynch records credit risk valuation adjustments on derivatives in order to properly reflect the credit quality of the counterparties and its own credit quality on the value of the derivatives. Merrill Lynch calculates valuation adjustments on derivatives based on a modeled expected exposure that incorporates current market risk factors. The exposure also takes into consideration credit mitigants such as legally enforceable master netting arrangements and collateral. CDS spread data is used to estimate the default probabilities and severities that are applied to the exposures. Where no observable credit default data is available for counterparties, Merrill Lynch uses proxies and other market data to estimate default probabilities and severity.

Valuation adjustments on derivatives are affected by changes in market spreads, non-credit related market factors such as interest rate and currency changes that affect the expected exposure, and other factors such as changes in collateral arrangements and partial payments. Credit spreads and non-credit factors can move independently; for example, for an interest rate swap, changes in interest rates may increase the expected exposure, which would increase CVA. Independently, counterparty credit spreads may tighten, which would result in an offsetting decrease to CVA.

Merrill Lynch may enter into risk management activities to offset market driven exposures. Merrill Lynch often hedges the counterparty spread risk in CVA with CDS and often hedges the other market risks in both CVA and DVA primarily with currency and interest rate swaps. Since the components of the valuation adjustments on derivatives move independently and Merrill Lynch may not hedge all of the market driven exposures, the effect of a hedge may increase the gross valuation adjustments on derivatives or may result in a gross positive valuation adjustment on derivatives becoming a negative adjustment (or the reverse).

During the three months ended March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch refined its methodology for calculating CVA and DVA, on a prospective basis, to adjust the way it values mutual termination clauses in derivatives contracts and to more fully incorporate the potential for the counterparties to default prior to a change in their credit ratings. For the three months ended March 31, 2013, this change in estimate increased both CVA and DVA by approximately $206 million. The resulting net earnings impact for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was not material. The net CVA and DVA excluding the impact of these refinements was a gain of $104 million and a loss of $77 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2013. The effect of this change in estimate is reflected in the table below.

The Valuation Adjustments on Derivatives table below presents CVA gains (losses) and DVA gains (losses) for Merrill Lynch on a gross and net of hedges basis, which are recorded in principal transactions revenues.

Valuation Adjustments on Derivatives
 
Three Months Ended March 31
 
 
2013
 
2012
 
(dollars in millions)
Gross
Net
 
Gross
Net
 
Derivative assets (CVA) (1)
$
(76
)
$
(102
)
 
$
245

$
221

 
Derivative liabilities (DVA) (2)
124

129

 
(624
)
(696
)
 
(1) 
At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the cumulative counterparty credit risk valuation adjustment reduced the derivative assets balance by $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion.
(2) 
At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch's cumulative DVA reduced the derivative liabilities balance by $0.5 billion and $0.4 billion.

Note 7.  
Securities Financing Transactions
Merrill Lynch enters into secured borrowing and lending transactions in order to meet customers’ needs and earn residual interest rate spreads, obtain securities for settlement and finance trading inventory positions.

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Under these transactions, Merrill Lynch either receives or provides collateral, including U.S. Government and agency securities, asset-backed, corporate debt, equity, and non-U.S. government and agency securities. Merrill Lynch receives collateral in connection with resale agreements, securities borrowed transactions, customer margin loans and other loans. Under most agreements, Merrill Lynch is permitted to sell or repledge the securities received (e.g., use the securities to secure repurchase agreements, enter into securities lending transactions, or deliver to counterparties to cover short positions). At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the fair value of securities received as collateral where Merrill Lynch is permitted to sell or repledge the securities was $475 billion and $500 billion, respectively, and the fair value of the portion that had been sold or repledged was $376 billion and $405 billion, respectively. Merrill Lynch may use securities received as collateral for resale agreements to satisfy regulatory requirements such as Rule 15c3-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Merrill Lynch pledges assets to collateralize repurchase agreements and other secured financings. Pledged securities that can be sold or repledged by the secured party are parenthetically disclosed in trading assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The carrying value and classification of securities owned by Merrill Lynch that have been pledged to counterparties where those counterparties do not have the right to sell or repledge at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 are as follows:
(dollars in millions)
 
March 31, 2013
 
 
December 31, 2012
Trading asset category
 

 
 
 

Equities and convertible debentures
$
11,169

 
 
$
11,732

Corporate debt and preferred stock
5,867

 
 
8,368

U.S. Government and agencies
17,481

 
 
41,236

Non-U.S. governments and agencies
2,056

 
 
1,707

Mortgages, mortgage-backed, and asset-backed securities
2,190

 
 
4,547

Municipals and money markets
735

 
 
2,469

Total
$
39,498

 
 
$
70,059

In certain cases, Merrill Lynch has transferred assets to consolidated VIEs where those restricted assets serve as collateral for the interests issued by the VIEs. These assets, which are not included in the table above, are disclosed on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as Assets of Consolidated VIEs. These transactions are also described in Note 9.
Generally, when Merrill Lynch transfers financial instruments that are not recorded as sales (i.e., secured borrowing transactions), the liability is recorded as either payables under repurchase agreements or payables under securities loaned transactions; however, in instances where Merrill Lynch transfers financial assets to a consolidated VIE, the liabilities of the consolidated VIE will be reflected in long or short-term borrowings (see Note 9). In either case, at the time of transfer, the related liability is equal to the cash received in the transaction. In most cases the lenders in secured borrowing transactions have full recourse to Merrill Lynch (i.e., recourse beyond the assets pledged).

Offsetting of Securities Financing Agreements

Substantially all repurchase and resale activities are transacted under legally enforceable master repurchase agreements that give Merrill Lynch, in the event of default by the counterparty, the right to liquidate securities held and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. Merrill Lynch offsets repurchase and resale transactions with the same counterparty on Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet where it has such a legally enforceable master netting agreement and the transactions have the same maturity date.

Substantially all securities borrowing and lending activities are transacted under legally enforceable master securities lending agreements that give Merrill Lynch, in the event of default by the counterparty, the right to liquidate securities held and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. In certain instances, Merrill Lynch offsets securities borrowing and lending transactions with the same counterparty on Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet where it has such a legally enforceable master netting agreement and the transactions have the same maturity date.

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Table of Contents


The tables below present securities financing agreements included on Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty netting. Gross assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements. For information on the offsetting of derivatives, see Note 6.

The "Other" amount in the tables below relates to transactions where Merrill Lynch acts as the lender in a securities lending agreement and receives securities that can be pledged or sold as collateral. In these transactions, Merrill Lynch recognizes an asset on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value, representing the securities received, and a liability for the same amount, representing the obligation to return those securities. The "Other" amount is included on Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in securities received as collateral, at fair value and obligation to return securities received as collateral, at fair value.

The column entitled "Financial Instruments" in the tables below includes securities collateral purchased or sold and received or pledged where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement. These amounts are not offset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet but are shown as a reduction to the net balance sheet amount in the table to derive a net asset or liability.

Gross assets and liabilities include activity where the enforceability of certain master netting agreements under bankruptcy laws in some countries or industries is not certain and, accordingly, are reported on a gross basis.


Offsetting of Securities Financing Agreements
 
Assets
 
March 31, 2013
(dollars in millions)
Gross Assets
 
Amounts Offset
 
Net Balance Sheet Amount
 
Financial Instruments
 
Net Asset
Receivables under resale agreements
$
253,755

 
$
(109,269
)
 
$
144,486

 
$
(138,345
)
 
$
6,141

Receivables under securities borrowed transactions
80,810

 
(16,021
)
 
64,789

 
(44,647
)
 
20,142

Total
$
334,565

 
$
(125,290
)
 
$
209,275

 
$
(182,992
)
 
$
26,283

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 
Gross Assets
 
Amounts Offset
 
Net Balance Sheet Amount
 
Financial Instruments
 
Net Asset
Receivables under resale agreements
$
276,275

 
$
(127,458
)
 
$
148,817

 
$
(138,577
)
 
$
10,240

Receivables under securities borrowed transactions
71,309

 
(10,317
)
 
60,992

 
(43,714
)
 
17,278

Total
$
347,584

 
$
(137,775
)
 
$
209,809

 
$
(182,291
)
 
$
27,518



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Liabilities
 
March 31, 2013
(dollars in millions)
Gross Liabilities
 
Amounts Offset
 
Net Balance Sheet Amount
 
Financial Instruments
 
Net Liability
Payables under repurchase agreements
$
294,917

 
$
(109,269
)
 
$
185,648

 
$
(159,503
)
 
$
26,145

Payables under securities loaned transactions
36,711

 
(16,021
)
 
20,690

 
(15,808
)
 
4,882

Other
13,366

 
—

 
13,366

 
(13,356
)
 
10

Total
$
344,994

 
$
(125,290
)
 
$
219,704

 
$
(188,667
)
 
$
31,037

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 
Gross Liabilities
 
Amounts Offset
 
Net Balance Sheet Amount
 
Financial Instruments
 
Net Liability
Payables under repurchase agreements
$
347,168

 
$
(127,458
)
 
$
219,710

 
$
(183,140
)
 
$
36,570

Payables under securities loaned transactions
28,622

 
(10,317
)
 
18,305

 
(14,598
)
 
3,707

Other
16,013

 
—

 
16,013

 
(16,009
)
 
4

Total
$
391,803

 
$
(137,775
)
 
$
254,028

 
$
(213,747
)
 
$
40,281

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Note 8.
Investment Securities

Investment securities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets include:

•
Investments within the scope of Investment Accounting that are held by ML & Co. and certain of its non-broker-dealer subsidiaries consist of debt securities, which are classified as available-for-sale or as other debt securities carried at fair value, and are used for investment, liquidity management, and/or collateral management purposes.

•
Non-qualifying investments are those that are not within the scope of Investment Accounting and consist principally of equity investments, including investments in partnerships and joint ventures. Included in non-qualifying investments are investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting, which consist of investments in (i) partnerships and certain limited liability corporations where Merrill Lynch has more than a minor influence (generally defined as three to five percent interest) and (ii) corporate entities where Merrill Lynch has the ability to exercise significant influence over the investee (generally defined as ownership and voting interest of 20% to 50%). Also included in non-qualifying investments are private equity investments that Merrill Lynch holds for capital appreciation and/or current income and which are accounted for at fair value in accordance with the Investment Company Guide, as well as private equity investments accounted for at fair value under the fair value option election.

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Investment securities reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 are presented below.
(dollars in millions)
 
March 31, 2013
 
 
December 31, 2012
Investment securities
 

 
 
 

Available-for-sale
$
615

 
 
$
656

Other debt securities carried at fair value (1)
7,512

 
 
7,722

Non-qualifying
 

 
 
 

       Equity investments
2,080

 
 
2,627

       Other investments
2,880

 
 
2,620

Total
$
13,087

 
 
$
13,625

 
 
 
 
 
(1) Certain assets that are used for liquidity management purposes were reclassified from Trading assets to Other debt securities carried at fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2013. Prior period amounts have also been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation.
For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") losses related to non-agency mortgage-backed available-for-sale securities were $0 million and $2 million, respectively. Net impairment losses recognized in earnings represent the credit component of OTTI losses on available-for-sale debt securities and total OTTI losses for available-for-sale debt securities that Merrill Lynch does not intend to hold to recovery. Those amounts were $0 million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, respectively. See Note 1 for Merrill Lynch's accounting policy regarding OTTI of investment securities.
Information regarding investment securities subject to Investment Accounting follows.
(dollars in millions)
 
March 31, 2013
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
Available-for-Sale
 
 
 
Securities, mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
 
 
 
Corporate ABS
$
175

 
$
175

Non-agency mortgage backed securities
37

 
37

Subtotal
212

 
212

U.S. Government and agencies
403

 
403

Total available-for-sale securities
$
615

 
$
615

 
 
 
 

(dollars in millions)
 
December 31, 2012
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
Available-for-Sale
 

 
 

Securities, mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
 

 
 

Corporate ABS
$
226

 
$
226

Non-agency mortgage backed securities
40

 
40

Subtotal
266

 
266

U.S. Government and agencies
390

 
390

Total available-for-sale securities
$
656

 
$
656

 
 
 
 


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There were no material gross unrealized gains or losses associated with available-for-sale securities as of March 31, 2013 or December 31, 2012. Additionally, there were no individual securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for a year or more as of March 31, 2013 or December 31, 2012.

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities by expected maturity for mortgage-backed securities and contractual maturity for other debt securities at March 31, 2013 are as follows:
 
 
Available-for-Sale
 
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
 
Due in one year or less
$
411

 
$
411

 
Due after one year through five years
99

 
99

 
Due after five years through ten years
105

 
105

 
Total(1)
$
615

 
$
615

 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay their obligations with or without prepayment penalties.
The proceeds and gross realized gains (losses) from the sale of available-for-sale securities during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012 are as follows:
(dollars in millions)
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
Proceeds
$
—

 
$
3

Gross realized gains
—

 
—

Gross realized losses
—

 
—

 
 
 
 

Equity Method Investments

At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch held certain investments that were accounted for under the equity method of accounting, none of which were individually material.

Note 9.
Securitizations and Other Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”)

Merrill Lynch utilizes VIEs in the ordinary course of business to support its own and its customers' financing and investing needs. Merrill Lynch securitizes loans and debt securities using VIEs as a source of funding and as a means of transferring the economic risk of the loans or debt securities to third parties. The assets are transferred into a trust or other securitization vehicle such that the assets are legally isolated from the creditors of Merrill Lynch and are not available to satisfy its obligations. These assets can only be used to settle obligations of the trust or other securitization vehicle. Merrill Lynch also administers, structures or invests in other VIEs including municipal bond trusts, CDOs and other entities as described in more detail below.

The entity that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is referred to as the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE. Merrill Lynch is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and is the primary beneficiary of a VIE if it has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The tables below present the assets and liabilities of consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs if Merrill Lynch has continuing involvement with transferred assets or if Merrill Lynch otherwise has a variable interest in the VIE. For consolidated VIEs, these amounts are net of intercompany balances. The tables also present Merrill Lynch's

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maximum loss exposure resulting from its involvement with consolidated VIEs and unconsolidated VIEs in which Merrill Lynch holds a variable interest as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. Merrill Lynch's maximum loss exposure is based on the unlikely event that all of the assets in the VIEs become worthless and incorporates not only potential losses associated with assets recorded on Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet but also potential losses associated with off-balance sheet commitments such as unfunded liquidity commitments and other contractual arrangements. Merrill Lynch's maximum loss exposure does not include losses previously recognized.

Merrill Lynch invests in ABS issued by third party VIEs with which it has no other form of involvement. These securities are described in more detail in Note 7. In addition, Merrill Lynch uses VIEs such as trust preferred securities trusts in connection with its funding activities (see Note 12).

Except as described below, Merrill Lynch has not provided financial support to consolidated or unconsolidated VIEs that it was not contractually required to provide, nor does it intend to do so.

Loan VIEs

Merrill Lynch securitizes mortgage loans that it originates or purchases from third parties. In certain circumstances, Merrill Lynch has continuing involvement with the securitized loans as servicer of the loans. Merrill Lynch may also retain beneficial interests in the securitization vehicles including senior and subordinated securities, and the equity tranche. Except as described below, Merrill Lynch does not provide guarantees to the securitization vehicles and investors do not have recourse to Merrill Lynch other than through standard representations and warranties.

The following table summarizes certain information related to Loan VIEs in which Merrill Lynch is either the transferor, servicer or sponsor and holds a variable interest as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.


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(dollars in millions)
 
 
Non-Agency
 
 
Prime
 
Subprime
 
Commercial Mortgage
 
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
Unconsolidated VIEs:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Maximum loss exposure(1)
 
$
18

 
$
20

 
$
84

 
$
55

 
$
91

 
$
102

Senior securities held
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading assets
 
$
12

 
$
11

 
$
32

 
$
4

 
$
4

 
$
5

Investment securities
 
—

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Subordinated securities held
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading assets
 
—

 
—

 
9

 
3

 
2

 
2

Residual interests held
 
6

 
8

 
—

 
4

 
37

 
38

Total retained securities(2)
 
$
18

 
$
20

 
$
41

 
$
11

 
$
43

 
$
45

Principal balance outstanding(3)
 
$
651

 
$
457

 
$
5,815

 
$
6,455

 
$
16,888

 
$
17,258

Consolidated VIEs:
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Maximum loss exposure(1)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
9

 
$
—

 
$
—

Loans, notes and mortgages
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
185

 
—

 
—

Other assets
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
12

 
—

 
—

Total assets
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
197

 
$
—

 
$
—

Long-term borrowings
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
188

 
$
—

 
$
—

Total liabilities
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
188

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) 
Maximum loss exposure excludes liabilities for representations and warranties.
(2) 
Substantially all of the securities were in Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
(3) 
Principal balance outstanding includes those loans that Merrill Lynch transferred and with which it has continuing involvement.

In accordance with consolidation guidance, Merrill Lynch consolidates Loan VIEs in which it has a controlling financial interest. For loan securitizations, Merrill Lynch is considered to have a controlling financial interest (i.e., is the primary beneficiary) when it is the servicer of the loans and also holds a financial interest that could potentially be significant to the entity. If Merrill Lynch is not the servicer of an entity or does not hold a financial interest that could be significant to the entity, Merrill Lynch does not have a controlling financial interest and does not consolidate the entity. Merrill Lynch did not have a controlling financial interest in Loan VIEs at March 31, 2013.

Merrill Lynch sells mortgage loans to VIEs with various representations and warranties related to, among other things, the ownership of the loan, validity of the lien securing the loan, absence of delinquent taxes or liens against the property securing the loan, the process used in selecting the loans for inclusion in a transaction, the loan's compliance with any applicable loan criteria established by the buyer, and the loan's compliance with applicable local, state and federal laws. Under these representations and warranties, Merrill Lynch may be required to repurchase mortgage loans with the identified defects or indemnify or provide other recourse to the investor or insurer. In such cases, Merrill Lynch bears any subsequent credit loss on the mortgage loans. Merrill Lynch's

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representations and warranties are generally not subject to stated limits and extend over the life of the loans. See Note 14.
Municipal Bond Securitizations

Merrill Lynch sponsors municipal bond trusts that hold highly-rated, long-term, fixed-rate municipal bonds, some of which are callable prior to maturity. The trusts obtain financing by issuing floating-rate trust certificates that reprice on a frequent basis to third party investors. Merrill Lynch may transfer assets into the trusts and may also serve as remarketing agent and/or liquidity provider for the trusts. The floating-rate investors have the right to tender the certificates at specified dates. Should Merrill Lynch be unable to remarket the tendered certificates, it may be obligated to purchase them at par under standby liquidity facilities.

Merrill Lynch also provides default protection or credit enhancement to investors in certain municipal bond trusts whereby Merrill Lynch guarantees the payment of interest and principal on floating-rate certificates issued by these trusts in the event of default by the issuer of the underlying municipal bond. If an investor holds the residual interest, in a trust, Merrill Lynch typically has the ability to trigger the liquidation of that trust only if the market value of the bonds held in the trust declines below a specified threshold. The weighted average remaining life of bonds held in the trusts at March 31, 2013 was 11.4 years. Merrill Lynch's liquidity commitments to unconsolidated municipal bond trusts totaled $92 million and $106 million at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. There were no material write-downs or downgrades of assets or issuers during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.

The following table summarizes certain information related to municipal bond trusts in which Merrill Lynch holds a variable interest as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.

(dollars in millions)
 
March 31, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
 
Consolidated
 
Unconsolidated
 
Total
 
Consolidated
 
Unconsolidated
 
Total
Maximum Loss Exposure
$
778

 
$
187

 
$
965

 
$
1,348

 
$
106

 
$
1,454

On-balance sheet assets
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading assets
$
1,881

 
$
95

 
$
1,976

 
$
2,505

 
$
—

 
$
2,505

Total
$
1,881

 
$
95

 
$
1,976

 
$
2,505

 
$
—

 
$
2,505

On-balance sheet liabilities
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Short-term borrowings
$
1,755

 
$
—

 
$
1,755

 
$
2,859

 
$
—

 
$
2,859

Payables to Bank of America
1,103

 
—

 
1,103

 
1,157

 
—

 
1,157

Total
$
2,858

 
$
—

 
$
2,858

 
$
4,016

 
$
—

 
$
4,016

Total assets of VIEs
$
1,881

 
$
331

 
$
2,212

 
$
2,505

 
$
133

 
$
2,638

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Merrill Lynch consolidates municipal bond trusts when it has a controlling financial interest. As transferor of assets into a trust, Merrill Lynch has the power to determine which assets would be held in the trust and to structure the liquidity facilities, default protection and credit enhancement, if applicable. In some instances, Merrill Lynch retains a residual interest in such trusts and has loss exposure that could potentially be significant to the trust through the residual interest, liquidity facilities and other arrangements. Merrill Lynch is also the remarketing agent, through which it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact economic performance. Accordingly, Merrill Lynch is the primary beneficiary of and consolidates these trusts. In other instances, one or more third party investor(s) hold(s) the residual interest and, through that interest, has the unilateral right to liquidate the trust. Merrill Lynch does not consolidate these trusts.


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CDOs

CDO vehicles hold diversified pools of fixed income securities, typically corporate debt or asset-backed securities, which they fund by issuing multiple tranches of debt and equity securities. Synthetic CDOs enter into a portfolio of credit default swaps to synthetically create exposure to fixed income securities. CLOs are a subset of CDOs that hold pools of loans, typically corporate loans or commercial mortgages. CDOs are typically managed by third party portfolio managers. Merrill Lynch transfers assets to these CDOs, holds securities issued by the CDOs, and may be a derivative counterparty to the CDOs, including credit default swap counterparty for synthetic CDOs. Merrill Lynch has also entered into total return swaps with certain CDOs whereby Merrill Lynch will absorb the economic returns generated by specified assets held by the CDO. Merrill Lynch receives fees for structuring CDOs and providing liquidity support for super senior tranches of securities issued by certain CDOs.

The following table summarizes certain information related to CDO vehicles in which Merrill Lynch holds a variable interest as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.

(dollars in millions)
 
March 31, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
 
Consolidated
 
Unconsolidated
 
Total
 
Consolidated
 
Unconsolidated
 
Total
Maximum Loss Exposure
$
2,325

 
$
1,249

 
$
3,574

 
$
2,200

 
$
1,321

 
$
3,521

On-balance sheet assets
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading assets
$
2,325

 
$
277

 
$
2,602

 
$
2,200

 
$
227

 
$
2,427

Derivative contracts
—

 
233

 
233

 
—

 
301

 
301

Other assets
—

 
47

 
47

 
—

 
52

 
52

Total
$
2,325

 
$
557

 
$
2,882

 
$
2,200

 
$
580

 
$
2,780

On-balance sheet liabilities
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 


 


Derivative contracts
$
—

 
$
6

 
$
6

 
$
—

 
$
9

 
$
9

Long-term borrowings
2,861

 
—

 
2,861

 
2,805

 
—

 
2,805

Total
$
2,861

 
$
6

 
$
2,867

 
$
2,805

 
$
9

 
$
2,814

Total assets of VIEs
$
2,325

 
$
26,092

 
$
28,417

 
$
2,200

 
$
26,968

 
$
29,168

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Merrill Lynch's maximum loss exposure is significantly less than the total assets of unconsolidated CDO vehicles in the table above because Merrill Lynch typically has exposure to only a portion of the total assets.

At March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch had $1.4 billion of aggregate liquidity exposure to CDOs. This amount includes $98 million of commitments to CDOs to provide funding for super senior exposures and $1.3 billion notional amount of derivative contracts with unconsolidated VIEs, principally CDO vehicles, which hold non-super senior CDO debt securities or other debt securities on Merrill Lynch's behalf. See Note 14 for additional information. Merrill Lynch's liquidity exposure to CDOs at March 31, 2013 is included in the table above to the extent that Merrill Lynch sponsored the CDO vehicle or the liquidity exposure is more than insignificant compared to total assets of the CDO vehicle. Liquidity exposure included in the table is reported net of previously recorded losses.

Customer Vehicles

Customer vehicles include credit-linked and equity-linked note vehicles and repackaging vehicles, which are typically created on behalf of customers who wish to obtain exposure to a specific company or financial instrument. Credit-linked and equity-linked note vehicles issue notes which pay a return that is linked to the specific credit or equity risk. The vehicles purchase high-grade assets as collateral and enter into CDS or equity derivatives to synthetically create the credit or equity risk required to pay the specified return on the notes issued by the vehicles. Repackaging vehicles issue notes that are designed to incorporate risk characteristics desired by customers of Merrill Lynch. The vehicles hold debt instruments such as corporate bonds, convertible bonds or ABS with the

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desired credit risk profile. Merrill Lynch enters into derivatives with the vehicles to change the interest rate or currency profile of the debt instruments. If a vehicle holds convertible bonds and Merrill Lynch retains the conversion option, Merrill Lynch is deemed to have a controlling financial interest and consolidates the vehicle.

The following table summarizes certain information related to customer vehicles in which Merrill Lynch holds a variable interest as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
(dollars in millions)
 
March 31, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
 
Consolidated
 
Unconsolidated
 
Total
 
Consolidated
 
Unconsolidated
 
Total
Maximum Loss Exposure
$
1,446

 
$
1,289

 
$
2,735

 
$
1,512

 
$
1,395

 
$
2,907

On-balance sheet assets
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading assets
$
2,300

 
$
58

 
$
2,358

 
$
2,814

 
$
97

 
$
2,911

Derivative contracts
—

 
419

 
419

 
—

 
509

 
509

Other assets
673

 
—

 
673

 
725

 
—

 
725

Total
$
2,973

 
$
477

 
$
3,450

 
$
3,539

 
$
606

 
$
4,145

On-balance sheet liabilities
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Derivative contracts
$
20

 
$
7

 
$
27

 
$
19

 
$
7

 
$
26

Short-term borrowings
17

 
—

 
17

 
81

 
—

 
81

Long-term borrowings
2,644

 
—

 
2,644

 
3,096

 
—

 
3,096

Other liabilities
2

 
382

 
384

 
3

 
382

 
385

Total
$
2,683

 
$
389

 
$
3,072

 
$
3,199

 
$
389

 
$
3,588

Total assets of VIEs
$
2,973

 
$
4,025

 
$
6,998

 
$
3,539

 
$
4,046

 
$
7,585

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Merrill Lynch consolidates customer vehicles in which it has a controlling financial interest. Merrill Lynch typically has control over the initial design of the vehicle and may also have the ability to replace the collateral assets. Merrill Lynch consolidates these vehicles if it also absorbs potentially significant gains or losses through derivative contracts or investments. Merrill Lynch does not consolidate a vehicle if a single investor controlled the initial design of the vehicle or if Merrill Lynch does not have a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the vehicle.

Merrill Lynch is typically the counterparty for the credit and equity derivatives entered into by the customer vehicles, and it may invest in securities issued by the vehicles. Merrill Lynch may also enter into interest rate and foreign currency derivatives with the vehicles. Merrill Lynch had approximately $729 million and $742 million of other liquidity commitments, including written put options and collateral value guarantees, with unconsolidated credit-linked and equity-linked note vehicles at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.

Merrill Lynch's maximum loss exposure from customer vehicles includes the notional amount of the credit or equity derivatives to which it is counterparty, net of losses previously recorded, and Merrill Lynch's investment, if any, in securities issued by the vehicles. It has not been reduced to reflect the benefit of offsetting swaps with the customers or collateral arrangements.

Real Estate and other VIEs

Real Estate and other VIEs primarily includes a real estate investment fund that is a VIE, investments in VIEs that hold investment property, certain hedge fund investment entities, and residential agency resecuritizations.

The following table summarizes certain information related to Real Estate and other VIEs in which Merrill Lynch holds a variable interest as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.


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(dollars in millions)
 
March 31, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
 
Consolidated
 
Unconsolidated
 
Total
 
Consolidated
 
Unconsolidated
 
Total
Maximum Loss Exposure
$
1,331

 
$
2,093

 
$
3,424

 
$
215

 
$
2,258

 
$
2,473

On-balance sheet assets
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Trading assets
$
2,387

 
$
1,203

 
$
3,590

 
$
328

 
$
1,297

 
$
1,625

Derivative contracts
—

 
507

 
507

 
—

 
460

 
460

Investment securities
38

 
36

 
74

 
41

 
39

 
80

Loans, notes, and mortgages
20

 
102

 
122

 
21

 
189

 
210

Other assets
14

 
245

 
259

 
27

 
276

 
303

Total
$
2,459

 
$
2,093

 
$
4,552

 
$
417

 
$
2,261

 
$
2,678

On-balance sheet liabilities
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Long-term borrowings
$
1,128

 
$
—

 
$
1,128

 
$
203

 
$
—

 
$
203

Other liabilities
9

 
1

 
10

 
11

 
1

 
12

Total
$
1,137

 
$
1

 
$
1,138

 
$
214

 
$
1

 
$
215

Total assets of VIEs
$
2,459

 
$
16,120

 
$
18,579

 
$
417

 
$
18,060

 
$
18,477

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Merrill Lynch consolidates Real Estate and other VIEs in which it has a controlling financial interest. Merrill Lynch has established real estate investment funds designed to provide returns to clients through limited partnership holdings. Merrill Lynch invests in real estate lending vehicles and establishes vehicles to hold real estate investments. In certain instances these entities do not have sufficient equity to finance operations and are therefore considered VIEs. Merrill Lynch consolidates these vehicles when it has decision-making power over the property held by the vehicle and absorbs potentially significant gains or losses through its equity or loan investment.

Merrill Lynch transfers existing securities, typically MBS, into resecuritization vehicles at the request of customers seeking securities with specific characteristics. Generally, there are no significant ongoing activities performed in a resecuritization trust and no single investor has the unilateral ability to liquidate the trust.

Merrill Lynch resecuritized $6.9 billion and $9.9 billion of securities during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Merrill Lynch consolidates a resecuritization trust if it has sole discretion over the design of the trust, including the identification of securities to be transferred in and the structure of securities to be issued, and also retains a variable interest that could potentially be significant to the trust. If one or a limited number of third-party investors share responsibility for the design of the trust and purchase a significant portion of securities, including subordinated securities issued by non agency trusts, Merrill Lynch does not consolidate the trust.

Other Transactions

Merrill Lynch transferred pools of securities to certain independent third parties and provided financing for up to 75% of the purchase price under asset-backed financing arrangements. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch's maximum loss exposure under these financing arrangements was $2.0 billion and $2.5 billion, respectively, substantially all of which was recorded as loans, notes and mortgages on Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. All principal and interest payments have been received when due in accordance with their contractual terms. These arrangements are not included in the tables above because the purchasers are not VIEs.


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Note 10.
Loans, Notes and Mortgages
Loans, notes, mortgages and related commitments to extend credit include:
•
Consumer loans, which are substantially secured, including residential mortgages, home equity loans, and other loans to individuals for household, family, or other personal expenditures;
•
Commercial loans, including corporate and institutional loans (including corporate and financial sponsor, non-investment grade lending commitments), commercial mortgages, asset-backed loans, small- and middle-market business loans, and other loans to businesses; and
•
Other loans, which include securities-backed loans and loans classified as held for sale.
The table below presents information on Merrill Lynch’s loans outstanding at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
Age Analysis of Outstanding Loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(dollars in millions)
March 31, 2013
 
30-59 Days
60-89 Days
90 Days or more
Total Past
Total Current or Less Than
Nonperforming
Purchased Credit
Loans Measured at
Total
 
Past Due
Past Due
Past Due
Due
30 Days Past Due
Loans (1)
Impaired
Fair Value
Outstanding
Consumer loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Residential mortgage
$
14

$
5

$
—

$
19

$
591

$
28

$
3,250

$
—

$
3,888

 Home equity
—

—

—

—

83

5

—

—

88

       Total consumer
14

5

—

19

674

33

3,250

—

3,976

Commercial
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Commercial - U.S.
—

—

—

—

2,025

8

—

—

2,033

 Commercial real estate
—

—

—

—

200

33

—

—

233

 Commercial - non-U.S.
—

—

—

—

2,750

8

—

—

2,758

       Total commercial loans
—

—

—

—

4,975

49

—

—

5,024

 Commercial loans measured at fair value
—

—

—

—

—

—

—

800

800

     Total commercial
—

—

—

—

4,975

49

—

800

5,824

         Other (2)
—

—

—

—

9,069

—

—

1,293

10,362

     Total loans
$
14

$
5

$
—

$
19

$
14,718

$
82

$
3,250

$
2,093

$
20,162

Allowance for loan losses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(57
)
     Total loans, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
20,105


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Age Analysis of Outstanding Loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(dollars in millions)
December 31, 2012
 
30-59 Days
 
60-89 Days
 
90 Days or more
 
Total Past
 
Total Current or Less Than
 
Nonperforming
 
Loans Measured at
 
Total
 
Past Due
 
Past Due
 
Past Due
 
Due
 
30 Days Past Due
 
Loans (1)
 
Fair Value
 
Outstanding
Consumer loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Residential mortgage
$
10

 
$
4

 
$
—

 
$
14

 
$
412

 
$
24

 
$
—

 
$
450

 Home equity
1

 
—

 
—

 
1

 
93

 
3

 
—

 
97

             Total consumer
11

 
4

 
—

 
15

 
505

 
27

 
—

 
547

Commercial
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U.S. commercial
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,625

 
8

 
—

 
2,633

 Commercial real estate
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
204

 
37

 
—

 
241

 Non-U.S. commercial
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,007

 
44

 
—

 
3,051

             Total commercial loans
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,836

 
89

 
—

 
5,925

 Commercial loans measured at
     fair value
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,208

 
1,208

             Total commercial
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,836

 
89

 
1,208

 
7,133

         Other (3)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
10,053

 
—

 
1,869

 
11,922

             Total loans
$
11

 
$
4

 
$
—

 
$
15

 
$
16,394

 
$
116

 
$
3,077

 
$
19,602

 Allowance for loan losses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(57
)
             Total loans, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
19,545

(1) 
Excludes loans measured at fair value.
(2) 
Includes securities-backed loans and loans held for sale of $8.8 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively, as of March 31, 2013.
(3) 
Includes securities-backed loans and loans held for sale of $9.6 billion and $2.3 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2012.

Merrill Lynch monitors credit quality based on primary credit quality indicators. Within consumer loans, the primary credit quality indicators are the refreshed LTV ratios and the refreshed Fair Isaac Corporation ("FICO") score. Refreshed LTV measures the carrying value of the loan as a percentage of the value of property securing the loan, which is refreshed quarterly. Home equity loans are evaluated using the combined loan-to-value ratio ("CLTV"), which measures the carrying value of the combined loans that have liens against the property and the available line of credit as a percentage of the appraised value of the property securing the loan, which is refreshed quarterly. FICO score measures the creditworthiness of the borrower based on the financial obligations of the borrower and the borrower's credit history. At a minimum, FICO scores are refreshed quarterly, and in many cases, more frequently.

Merrill Lynch's commercial loans are evaluated using the internal classifications of pass rated or reservable criticized as the primary credit quality indicators. The term reservable criticized refers to those commercial loans that are internally classified or listed by Merrill Lynch as Special Mention, Substandard or Doubtful, which are asset categories defined by regulatory authorities. These assets have an elevated level of risk and may have a high probability of default or total loss. Pass rated refers to all loans not considered reservable criticized. In addition to these primary credit quality indicators, Merrill Lynch uses other credit quality indicators for certain types of loans.

.











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The tables below present credit quality indicators for Merrill Lynch's consumer and commercial loan portfolios, excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option, at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consumer - Credit Quality Indicators
 
 
 
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
(dollars in millions)
Residential Mortgages (1)
 
Home Equity (1)
 
PCI Loans
Refreshed LTV
 
 
 
 
 
   Less than 90 percent
$
417

 
$
79

 
$
2,201

   Greater than 90 percent but less than 100 percent
82

 
5

 
376

   Greater than 100 percent
139

 
4

 
673

          Total Consumer
$
638

 
$
88

 
$
3,250

Refreshed FICO Score
 
 
 
 
 
   Less than 620
$
54

 
$
7

 
$
2,571

   Greater than or equal to 620 and less than 680
136

 
5

 
500

   Greater than or equal to 680 and less than 740
177

 
20

 
155

   Greater than or equal to 740
271

 
56

 
24

          Total Consumer
$
638

 
$
88

 
$
3,250

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) Excludes PCI loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial - Credit Quality Indicators
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(dollars in millions)
March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
Commercial - U.S.
 
Commercial Real Estate
 
Commercial- non-U.S.
 
 
 
Risk Ratings
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Pass rated
$
1,950

 
$
104

 
$
2,660

 
 
 
  Reservable criticized
83

 
129

 
98

 
 
 
Total Commercial
$
2,033

 
$
233

 
$
2,758

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 




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Consumer - Credit Quality Indicators
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 
(dollars in millions)
Residential Mortgages
 
Home Equity
 
 
Refreshed LTV
 
 
 
 
 
   Less than 90 percent
$
295

 
$
87

 
 
   Greater than 90 percent but less than 100 percent
41

 
5

 
 
   Greater than 100 percent
114

 
5

 
 
          Total Consumer
$
450

 
$
97

 
 
Refreshed FICO Score
 
 
 
 
 
   Less than 620
$
21

 
$
5

 
 
   Greater than or equal to 620 and less than 680
44

 
7

 
 
   Greater than or equal to 680 and less than 740
116

 
25

 
 
   Greater than or equal to 740
269

 
60

 
 
          Total Consumer
$
450

 
$
97

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial - Credit Quality Indicators
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(dollars in millions)
December 31, 2012
 
 
 
 
Commercial - U.S.
 
Commercial Real Estate
 
Commercial- non-U.S.
 
 
 
     Risk Ratings
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pass rated
$
2,506

 
$
105

 
$
2,918

 
 
 
Reservable criticized
127

 
136

 
133

 
 
 
     Total Commercial
$
2,633

 
$
241

 
$
3,051

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Activity in the allowance for loan losses, which is primarily associated with commercial loans, is presented below:
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
For the Three Months Ended
March 31, 2013
 
For the Three Months Ended
March 31, 2012
Allowance for loan losses, at beginning of period
$
57

 
$
72

Provision for loan losses
(16
)
 
3

Charge-offs
(2
)
 
(3
)
Recoveries
18

 
3

Net charge-offs
16

 
—

Allowance for loan losses, at end of period
$
57

 
$
75

 
 
 
 

Consumer loans, substantially all of which are collateralized, consisted of approximately 36,000 individual loans at March 31, 2013. Commercial loans consisted of approximately 400 separate loans.
Merrill Lynch’s outstanding loans include $1.6 billion and $2.3 billion of loans held for sale at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. Loans held for sale are loans that Merrill Lynch expects to sell prior to maturity. At March 31, 2013, such loans consisted of $0.9 billion of consumer loans, primarily residential mortgages, and

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$0.7 billion of commercial loans. At December 31, 2012, such loans consisted of $1.4 billion of consumer loans, primarily residential mortgages, and $0.9 billion of commercial loans.
In some cases, Merrill Lynch enters into single name and index credit default swaps to mitigate credit exposure related to funded and unfunded commercial loans. The notional value of these swaps totaled $1.8 billion and $2.0 billion at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
The following tables provide information regarding Merrill Lynch’s net credit default protection associated with its funded and unfunded commercial loans as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:

Net Credit Default Protection by Maturity Profile
 
 
March 31,
2013
December 31,
2012
Less than or equal to one year
27
%
25
%
Greater than one year and less than or equal to five years
73

75

Total net credit default protection
100
%
100
%
 
 
 


Net Credit Default Protection by Credit Exposure Debt Rating

(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
Ratings(1)
Net
Notional
 
Percent
 
Net
Notional
 
Percent
AA
$
(238
)
 
12.9
%
 
$
(268
)
 
13.1
%
A
(983
)
 
53.5

 
(1,034
)
 
50.6

BBB
(434
)
 
23.6

 
(530
)
 
26.0

BB
(80
)
 
4.4

 
(86
)
 
4.2

B
(30
)
 
1.6

 
(30
)
 
1.5

CCC and below
(73
)
 
4.0

 
(93
)
 
4.6

Total net credit default protection
$
(1,838
)
 
100
%
 
$
(2,041
)
 
100.0
%

(1) Merrill Lynch considers ratings of BBB- or higher to meet the definition of investment grade.

Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans
On January 6, 2013, Bank of America repurchased certain residential mortgage loans that had previously been sold to FNMA. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch acquired certain of these loans from Bank of America, the majority of which are accounted for as PCI loans. Such loans had an unpaid principal balance of $3.9 billion and a carrying value of $3.3 billion at both the date of acquisition and as of March 31, 2013. The following table provides details of these loans:

(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
Contractually required payments including interest
 
$
5,460

Less: Nonaccretable difference
 
(1,440
)
      Cash flows expected to be collected (1)
 
4,020

Less: Accretable yield
 
 
(716
)
      Fair value of loans acquired
 
$
3,304

 
 
 
 

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(1) Represents undiscounted expected principal and interest cash flows.

The table below shows activity for the accretable yield on these loans. Reclassifications from nonaccretable difference primarily result when there is a change in expected cash flows due to various factors, including changes in interest rates on variable-rate loans and prepayment assumptions. Changes in the prepayment assumption affect the expected remaining life of the portfolio, which results in a change to the amount of future interest cash flows.

 
 
 
 
(dollars in millions)
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Accretable yield, January 1, 2013
 
$
—

      Acquisitions
 
716

      Accretions
 
(34
)
      Disposals/transfers
 
(5
)
Accretable yield, March 31, 2013
 
$
677

 
 
 
 


Note 11.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
Goodwill is the cost of an acquired company in excess of the fair value of identifiable net assets at the acquisition date. Goodwill is tested annually (or more frequently under certain conditions) for impairment at the reporting unit level in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other ("Goodwill and Intangible Assets Accounting.") If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, its goodwill is not deemed to be impaired. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, a further analysis is required to determine the amount of impairment, if any. Merrill Lynch's next annual impairment test will be performed during the third quarter of 2013, based on financial information as of June 30, 2013.

The carrying amount of goodwill was $6.4 billion at both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets with definite lives at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 consisted primarily of value assigned to customer relationships. Intangible assets with definite lives are tested for impairment in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment whenever certain conditions exist which would indicate the carrying amounts of such assets may not be recoverable. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives. Intangible assets with indefinite lives consist of value assigned to the Merrill Lynch brand and are tested for impairment in accordance with Goodwill and Intangible Assets Accounting. Merrill Lynch's next annual impairment test will be performed during the third quarter of 2013, based on financial information as of June 30, 2013. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized.

The gross carrying amount of intangible assets with definite lives was $3.1 billion at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. Accumulated amortization of intangible assets with definite lives was $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. The carrying amount of intangible assets with indefinite lives was $1.5 billion as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.

Amortization expense for the three month periods ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012 was $76 million.


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Note 12.
Borrowings and Deposits

Prior to Merrill Lynch's acquisition by Bank of America, ML & Co. was the primary issuer of Merrill Lynch's unsecured debt instruments. Debt instruments were also issued by certain subsidiaries. Bank of America has not assumed or guaranteed the long-term debt that was issued or guaranteed by ML & Co. or its subsidiaries prior to the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America.

Beginning late in the third quarter of 2009, in connection with the update or renewal of certain Merrill Lynch international securities offering programs, Bank of America agreed to guarantee debt securities, warrants and/or certificates issued by certain subsidiaries of ML & Co. on a going forward basis. All existing ML & Co. guarantees of securities issued by those same Merrill Lynch subsidiaries under various international securities offering programs will remain in full force and effect as long as those securities are outstanding, and Bank of America has not assumed any of those prior ML & Co. guarantees or otherwise guaranteed such securities. There were approximately $7.2 billion of securities guaranteed by Bank of America at March 31, 2013.

Following the completion of Bank of America's acquisition of Merrill Lynch, ML & Co. became a subsidiary of Bank of America and established intercompany lending and borrowing arrangements to facilitate centralized liquidity management. Included in these intercompany agreements is a $75 billion one-year revolving unsecured line of credit that allows ML & Co. to borrow funds from Bank of America at a spread to LIBOR that is reset periodically and is consistent with other intercompany agreements. This credit line was renewed effective January 1, 2013 with a maturity date of January 1, 2014. The credit line will automatically be extended by one year to the succeeding January 1st unless Bank of America provides written notice not to extend at least 45 days prior to the maturity date. The agreement does not contain any financial or other covenants. There were no outstanding borrowings under the line of credit at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.

In addition to the $75 billion unsecured line of credit, there is also a revolving unsecured line of credit that allows ML & Co. to borrow up to $25 billion from Bank of America. Interest on borrowings under the line of credit is based on prevailing short-term market rates. The line of credit does not contain any financial or other covenants. The line of credit matures on February 11, 2014. There were no outstanding borrowings under the line of credit at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.

Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith Incorporated ("MLPF&S"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ML & Co., also has the following borrowing agreements with Bank of America:

•
A $4 billion one-year revolving unsecured line of credit - Interest on the line of credit is based on prevailing short-term market rates. The credit line will mature on November 1, 2013 and may automatically be extended by one year to the succeeding November 1st unless Bank of America provides written notice not to extend at least 45 days prior to the maturity date. At both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, there were no outstanding borrowings under the line of credit.

•
A $15 billion revolving unsecured line of credit - Interest on the line of credit is based on prevailing short-term market rates. The line of credit matures on August 1, 2013. At both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, approximately $0.9 billion was outstanding under the line of credit.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch completed a tender offer to purchase and retire certain subordinated notes for approximately $1.2 billion in cash, which resulted in a pre-tax gain of $328 million.
The value of Merrill Lynch’s debt instruments as recorded on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets does not necessarily represent the amount that will be repaid at maturity. This is due to the following:
•
As a result of the acquisition by Bank of America, all debt instruments were adjusted to fair value on January 1, 2009;
•
Certain debt issuances are accounted for at fair value and incorporate changes in Merrill Lynch’s creditworthiness (see Note 4);

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•
Certain structured notes whose coupon or repayment terms are linked to the performance of debt and equity securities, indices, currencies or commodities reflect the fair value of those risks (see Note 4); and
•
Certain debt issuances are adjusted for the impact of fair value hedge accounting (see Note 6).
The tables below exclude Merrill Lynch’s intercompany borrowings from Bank of America, see Note 2 for further information. Total borrowings at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, which are comprised of short-term borrowings, long-term borrowings and junior subordinated notes (related to trust preferred securities), consisted of the following:
(dollars in millions)
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
Senior debt
$
47,206

 
$
47,702

Senior structured notes
28,736

 
27,010

Subordinated debt
7,001

 
10,740

Junior subordinated notes (related to trust preferred securities)
3,814

 
3,809

Other subsidiary financing
1,267

 
941

Debt issued by consolidated VIEs
8,405

 
9,232

Total
$
96,429

 
$
99,434

 
 
 
 

Borrowings and deposits at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, are presented below:

(dollars in millions)
 
March 31,
2013
 
 
December 31,
2012
Short-term borrowings
 

 
 
 

Other unsecured short-term borrowings
$
737

 
 
$
436

Short-term borrowings issued by consolidated VIEs(1)
1,772

 
 
2,940

Total
$
2,509

 
 
$
3,376

Long-term borrowings(2)
 

 
 
 

Fixed-rate obligations(3)
$
48,199

 
 
$
52,224

Variable-rate obligations(4)(5)
35,274

 
 
33,733

Long-term borrowings issued by consolidated VIEs(1)
6,633

 
 
6,292

Total
$
90,106

 
 
$
92,249

Deposits
 

 
 
 

Non-U.S. 
$
11,802

 
 
$
12,873

 
 
 
 
 
(1) 
See Note 9 for additional information on debt issued by consolidated VIEs.
(2) 
Excludes junior subordinated notes (related to trust preferred securities).
(3) 
Fixed-rate obligations are generally swapped to variable rates.
(4) 
Variable interest rates are generally based on rates such as LIBOR, the U.S. Treasury Bill rate, or the Federal Funds rate.
(5) 
Includes structured notes.
See Note 5 for additional information on the fair value of long-term borrowings.
The weighted-average interest rates for borrowings at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 (excluding structured products) were as follows:
 
March 31,
2013
 
 
December 31,
2012
Short-term borrowings
0.3
%
 
 
0.2
%
Long-term borrowings
3.9

 
 
3.9

Junior subordinated notes (related to trust preferred securities)
6.9

 
 
6.9


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Table of Contents

Merrill Lynch also obtains standby letters of credit from issuing banks to satisfy various counterparty collateral requirements, in lieu of depositing cash or securities collateral. Such standby letters of credit aggregated $1.6 billion at both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
Long-Term Borrowings
The table below shows the carrying value of long-term borrowings by contractual maturity at March 31, 2013.
(dollars in millions)
 
Amount
 
Percentage of Total
Less than 1 year
$
22,762

 
25
%
1 – 2 years
16,830

 
19

2 – 3 years
4,697

 
5

3 – 4 years
5,819

 
6

4 – 5 years
7,197

 
8

Greater than 5 years
32,801

 
37

Total
$
90,106

 
100
%

Certain long-term borrowing agreements contain provisions whereby the borrowings are redeemable at the option of the holder (“put” options) at specified dates prior to maturity. Long-term borrowing agreements containing such provisions aggregated approximately $9.8 billion at March 31, 2013. Merrill Lynch believes that a portion of such borrowings will remain outstanding beyond their earliest redemption date.
The maturity of certain structured notes whose coupon or repayment terms are linked to the performance of debt and equity securities, indices, currencies or commodities may be accelerated based on the value of a referenced index or security, in which case Merrill Lynch may be required to immediately settle the obligation for cash or other securities. The aggregate value of the notes was approximately $7.5 billion at March 31, 2013.
Senior and subordinated debt obligations do not contain provisions that could, upon an adverse change in ML & Co.’s credit rating, financial ratios, earnings or cash flows, trigger a requirement for an early payment, additional collateral support, changes in terms, acceleration of maturity, or the creation of an additional financial obligation.

As part of Bank of America's efforts to streamline its organizational structure and reduce complexity and costs, it has reduced and intends to continue to reduce the number of its subsidiaries, including through intercompany mergers. In connection with these efforts, Bank of America may merge ML & Co. with and into Bank of America Corporation. There is no assurance such merger will occur or the timing thereof. Any such merger would be subject to applicable regulatory approvals, consents and other conditions of closing.
See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the 2012 Annual Report for additional information on borrowings.

Note 13.
Stockholder's Equity and Earnings Per Share
Common Stock
As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, there are 1,000 shares of ML & Co. common stock outstanding, all of which are held by Bank of America.
Earnings Per Share
Earnings per share data is not provided, as Merrill Lynch is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bank of America.


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Table of Contents

Note 14.
Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Litigation and Regulatory Matters

The following supplements the disclosure in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Merrill Lynch's 2012 Annual Report (the "prior commitments and contingencies disclosure").

In the ordinary course of business, Merrill Lynch and its subsidiaries are routinely defendants in, or party to, many pending and threatened legal actions and proceedings, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. These actions and proceedings are generally based on alleged violations of securities, employment, contract and other laws. In some of these actions and proceedings, claims for substantial monetary damages are asserted against Merrill Lynch and its subsidiaries.

In the ordinary course of business, Merrill Lynch and its subsidiaries are also subject to regulatory examinations, information gathering requests, inquiries, investigations, threatened legal actions and proceedings. Certain subsidiaries of Merrill Lynch are registered broker/dealers or investment advisors and are subject to regulation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), the Prudential Regulatory Authority, the Financial Conduct Authority and other international, federal and state securities regulators. In connection with formal and informal inquiries by those agencies, such subsidiaries receive numerous requests, subpoenas and orders for documents, testimony and information in connection with various aspects of their regulated activities.

In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such litigation and regulatory matters, particularly where the claimants seek very large or indeterminate damages or where the matters present novel legal theories or involve a large number of parties, Merrill Lynch generally cannot predict what the eventual outcome of the pending matters will be, what the timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters will be, or what the eventual loss, fines or penalties related to each pending matter may be.

In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, Merrill Lynch establishes an accrued liability for litigation and regulatory matters when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and estimable. In such cases, there may be an exposure to loss in excess of any amounts accrued. When a loss contingency is not both probable and estimable, Merrill Lynch does not establish an accrued liability. As a litigation or regulatory matter develops, Merrill Lynch, in conjunction with any outside counsel handling the matter, evaluates on an ongoing basis whether such matter presents a loss contingency that is probable and estimable. If, at the time of evaluation, the loss contingency related to a litigation or regulatory matter is not both probable and estimable, the matter will continue to be monitored for further developments that would make such loss contingency both probable and estimable. Once the loss contingency related to a litigation or regulatory matter is deemed to be both probable and estimable, Merrill Lynch will establish an accrued liability with respect to such loss contingency and record a corresponding amount of litigation-related expense. Merrill Lynch continues to monitor the matter for further developments that could affect the amount of the accrued liability that has been previously established. Excluding expenses of internal or external legal service providers, litigation-related expenses of approximately $97 million were recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2013, as compared with approximately $4 million for the same period in 2012.

For a limited number of the matters disclosed in this Note and in the prior commitments and contingencies disclosure, for which a loss is probable or reasonably possible in future periods, whether in excess of a related accrued liability or where there is no accrued liability, Merrill Lynch is able to estimate a range of possible loss. In determining whether it is possible to provide an estimate of loss or range of possible loss, Merrill Lynch reviews and evaluates its material litigation and regulatory matters on an ongoing basis, in conjunction with any outside counsel handling the matter, in light of potentially relevant factual and legal developments. These may include information learned through the discovery process, rulings on dispositive motions, settlement discussions, and other rulings by courts, arbitrators or others. In cases in which Merrill Lynch possesses sufficient appropriate information to develop an estimate of loss or range of possible loss, that estimate is aggregated and disclosed below. There may

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be other disclosed matters for which a loss is probable or reasonably possible but such an estimate may not be possible. For those matters where an estimate is possible, management currently estimates the aggregate range of possible loss is $0 to $630 million in excess of the accrued liability (if any) related to those matters. This estimated range of possible loss is based upon currently available information and is subject to significant judgment and a variety of assumptions, and known and unknown uncertainties. The matters underlying the estimated range will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from the current estimate. Those matters for which an estimate is not possible are not included within this estimated range. Therefore, this estimated range of possible loss represents what Merrill Lynch believes to be an estimate of possible loss only for certain matters meeting these criteria. It does not represent Merrill Lynch's maximum loss exposure. Information is provided below and in the prior commitments and contingencies disclosure regarding the nature of all of these contingencies and, where specified, the amount of the claim associated with these loss contingencies. Based on current knowledge, management does not believe that loss contingencies arising from pending matters, including the matters described herein and in the prior commitments and contingencies disclosure, will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position or liquidity of Merrill Lynch. However, in light of the inherent uncertainties involved in these matters, some of which are beyond Merrill Lynch's control, and the very large or indeterminate damages sought in some of these matters, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could be material to Merrill Lynch's results of operations or cash flows for any particular reporting period.

Auction Rate Securities ("ARS") Litigation
Antitrust Actions
On March 5, 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the January 25, 2010 dismissal of the antitrust actions.
In re Bank of America Securities, Derivative and Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) Litigation
Consolidated Securities Class Action
On April 5, 2013, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York granted final approval to the settlement of the Consolidated Securities Class Action.
Mortgage-Backed Securities ("MBS") Litigation
Merrill Lynch entities and their affiliates have been named as defendants in a number of cases relating to their various roles as issuer, originator, seller, depositor, sponsor, underwriter and/or controlling entity in MBS offerings, pursuant to which the MBS investors were entitled to a portion of the cash flow from the underlying pools of mortgages. These cases generally include actions by individual MBS purchasers. Although the allegations vary by lawsuit, these cases generally allege that the registration statements, prospectuses and prospectus supplements for securities issued by securitization trusts contained material misrepresentations and omissions, in violation of Sections 11, 12 and/or 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, Sections 10(b) and/or 20 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and/or state securities laws and other state statutory and/or common laws.
These cases generally involve allegations of false and misleading statements regarding (i) the process by which the properties that served as collateral for the mortgage loans underlying the MBS were appraised; (ii) the percentage of equity that mortgage borrowers had in their homes; (iii) the borrowers' ability to repay their mortgage loans; (iv) the underwriting practices by which those mortgage loans were originated; (v) the ratings given to the different tranches of MBS by rating agencies; and (vi) the validity of each issuing trusts' title to the mortgage loans comprising the pool for the securitization (collectively, “MBS Claims”). Plaintiffs in these cases generally seek unspecified compensatory damages, unspecified costs and legal fees and, in some instances, seek rescission. A number of other entities have threatened legal actions against Merrill Lynch and its affiliates concerning MBS offerings. On March 29, 2013, Merrill Lynch and the National Credit Union Administration (the "NCUA") agreed to resolve claims concerning certain MBS offerings that the NCUA had threatened to bring against Merrill Lynch and certain of their

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affiliates. The settlement amount will be covered by existing reserves.

AIG Litigation

On April 19, 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit issued a decision vacating the order of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York denying AIG's motion to remand, and remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings concerning whether the court will exercise its jurisdiction on other grounds.
Federal Housing Finance Agency ("FHFA") Litigation
On April 5, 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the district court's ruling in the UBS Action pertaining to the statute of repose on the federal and state securities law claims and the statute of limitations on the federal securities law claims. The FHFA had asserted similar claims in Federal Housing Finance Agency v. Bank of America Corporation, et al. and Federal Housing Finance Agency v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., et al..
Commitments
At March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch’s commitments had the following expirations:
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
Commitment expiration
 
Total
 
Less than
1 Year
 
1-3
Years
 
3-5
Years
 
Over 5
Years
Lending commitments
$
5,013

 
$
1,134

 
$
1,761

 
$
2,003

 
$
115

Purchasing and other commitments
3,650

 
1,878

 
1,017

 
571

 
184

Operating leases
3,257

 
674

 
962

 
698

 
923

Commitments to enter into resale and securities borrowing agreements
86,243

 
86,243

 
—

 
—

 
—

Commitments to enter into repurchase and securities lending agreements
56,906

 
56,906

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total
$
155,069

 
$
146,835

 
$
3,740

 
$
3,272

 
$
1,222

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lending Commitments

Merrill Lynch enters into commitments to extend credit, predominantly at variable interest rates, in connection with corporate finance, corporate and institutional transactions and asset-based lending transactions. Clients may also be extended loans or lines of credit collateralized by first and second mortgages on real estate, certain liquid assets of small businesses, or securities. These commitments usually have a fixed expiration date and are contingent on certain contractual conditions that may require payment of a fee by the counterparty. Once commitments are drawn upon, Merrill Lynch may require the counterparty to post collateral depending upon creditworthiness and general market conditions. See Note 10 for additional information.

Commitments to extend credit are outstanding as of the date the commitment letter is issued and are comprised of closed and contingent commitments. Closed commitments represent the unfunded portion of existing commitments available for draw down. Contingent commitments are contingent on the borrower fulfilling certain conditions or upon a particular event, such as an acquisition. A portion of these contingent commitments may be syndicated among other lenders or the counterparty may replace the commitment with capital markets funding.

The contractual amounts of these commitments represent the amounts at risk should the contract be fully drawn upon, the client defaults, and the value of the existing collateral becomes worthless. The total amount of outstanding commitments may not represent future cash requirements, as commitments may expire without being drawn.

For lending commitments where the loan will be classified as held for sale upon funding, liabilities associated with unfunded commitments are calculated at the lower of cost or fair value, capturing declines in the fair value of the

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respective credit risk. For loan commitments where the loan will be classified as held for investment upon funding, liabilities are calculated considering both market and historical loss rates. Loan commitments either held by entities that apply the Broker-Dealer Guide or for which the fair value option was elected are accounted for at fair value.
Purchasing and Other Commitments
At March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch had commitments to purchase loans of $1.7 billion, which, upon settlement of the commitment, will be included in trading assets, loans held for investment or loans held for sale. Such commitments totaled $1.3 billion at December 31, 2012. Merrill Lynch has also entered into agreements with providers of market data, communications, systems consulting, and other office-related services. At both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, minimum fee commitments over the remaining life of these agreements totaled $1.2 billion. Other purchasing commitments amounted to $0.7 billion and $0.8 billion at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. In addition, Merrill Lynch had commitments to purchase partnership interests, primarily related to private equity and principal investing activities, at both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 of $0.1 billion.
In the normal course of business, Merrill Lynch enters into commitments for underwriting transactions. Settlement of these transactions as of March 31, 2013 would not have a material effect on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet of Merrill Lynch.
In connection with trading activities, Merrill Lynch enters into commitments to enter into resale and securities borrowing and also repurchase and securities lending agreements.
Operating Leases
Merrill Lynch has entered into various non-cancelable long-term lease agreements for premises that expire through 2028. Merrill Lynch has also entered into various non-cancelable short-term lease agreements, which are primarily commitments of less than one year under equipment leases.
Guarantees
Merrill Lynch issues various guarantees to counterparties in connection with certain transactions. Merrill Lynch’s guarantee arrangements and their expiration at March 31, 2013 are summarized as follows (see Note 6 for information related to derivative financial instruments within the scope of Guarantees Accounting):
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
Expiration
 
 
 
Maximum
Payout
 
Less than
1 year
 
1-3
years
 
3-5
years
 
Over 5 years
 
Carrying
Value
Standby liquidity facilities
$
108

 
$
92

 
$
3

 
$
—

 
$
13

 
$
—

Residual value guarantees
320

 
320

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Standby letters of credit and other guarantees
386

 
287

 
72

 
20

 
7

 
—

Standby Liquidity Facilities
Standby liquidity facilities are primarily comprised of liquidity facilities provided to certain unconsolidated municipal bond securitization VIEs. In these arrangements, Merrill Lynch is required to fund these standby liquidity facilities if certain contingent events take place (e.g., a failed remarketing) and in certain cases if the fair value of the assets held by the VIE declines below the stated amount of the liquidity obligation. The potential exposure under the facilities is mitigated by economic hedges and/or other contractual arrangements entered into by Merrill Lynch. Based upon historical activity, it is considered remote that future payments would need to be made under these guarantees.

See Note 9 for further information.

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Residual Value Guarantees
At March 31, 2013, residual value guarantees of $320 million consist of amounts associated with certain power plant facilities. Payments under these guarantees would only be required if the fair value of such assets declined below their guaranteed value. As of March 31, 2013, no payments have been made under these guarantees and the carrying value of the associated liabilities was not material, as (i) Merrill Lynch believes that the estimated fair value of such assets was in excess of their guaranteed value and/or (ii) there is a very remote risk of future payment pursuant to the remaining contractual provisions.
Standby Letters of Credit
At March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch provided guarantees to certain counterparties in the form of standby letters of credit in the amount of $0.4 billion. Payment risk is evaluated based upon historical payment activity.
Representations and Warranties
Background

In prior years, Merrill Lynch and certain of its subsidiaries, including First Franklin Financial Corporation ("First Franklin"), sold pools of first-lien residential mortgage loans and home equity loans as private-label securitizations (in a limited number of these securitizations, monolines insured all or some of the securities) or in the form of whole loans. Most of the loans sold in the form of whole loans were subsequently pooled into private-label securitizations sponsored by the third-party buyer of the whole loans. In addition, Merrill Lynch and First Franklin securitized first-lien residential mortgage loans generally in the form of mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the government sponsored enterprises (the "GSEs"). In connection with these transactions, Merrill Lynch made various representations and warranties. These representations and warranties, as set forth in the agreements, related to, among other things, the ownership of the loan, the validity of the lien securing the loan, the absence of delinquent taxes or liens against the property securing the loan, the process used to select the loan for inclusion in a transaction, the loan's compliance with any applicable loan criteria, including underwriting standards, and the loan's compliance with applicable federal, state and local laws. Breaches of these representations and warranties may result in the requirement to repurchase mortgage loans or to otherwise make whole or provide other remedies to the GSEs, whole-loan investors, securitization trusts or monoline insurers (collectively, “repurchases”). In all such cases, Merrill Lynch would be exposed to any credit loss on the repurchased mortgage loans after accounting for any mortgage insurance or mortgage guarantee payments that it may receive.

Subject to the requirements and limitations of the applicable sales and securitization agreements, these representations and warranties can be enforced by the GSEs, the whole-loan investor, the securitization trustee, or others as governed by the applicable agreement or, in a limited number of first-lien and home equity securitizations where monoline insurers have insured all or some of the securities issued, by the monoline insurer, where the contract so provides. In the case of private-label securitizations, the applicable agreements may permit investors, which may include the GSEs, with contractually sufficient holdings to direct or influence action by the securitization trustee. In the case of loans sold to parties other than the GSEs, the contractual liability to repurchase typically arises only if there is a breach of the representations and warranties that materially and adversely affects the interest of the investor, or investors, or of the monoline insurer (as applicable) in the loan. Contracts with the GSEs do not contain equivalent language. Merrill Lynch believes that the longer a loan performs prior to default, the less likely it is that an alleged underwriting breach of representations and warranties would have a material impact on the loan's performance.

Merrill Lynch's credit loss would be reduced by any recourse it may have to originators (e.g., correspondents) that, in turn, had sold such loans to Merrill Lynch based upon its agreements with these originators. When a loan is originated by a correspondent or other third party, Merrill Lynch typically has the right to seek a recovery of related repurchase losses from that originator. Many of the correspondent originators of loans in 2004 through 2008 are no longer in business, or are in a weakened condition, and Merrill Lynch's ability to recover on valid claims is therefore impacted, or eliminated accordingly.


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The fair value of the obligations to be absorbed under the representations and warranties provided is recorded as an accrued liability when the loans are sold. This liability for probable losses is updated by adjusting the representations and warranties provision in Non-interest expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss. This is done throughout the life of the loans, as necessary, when additional relevant information becomes available.

The estimate of the liability for representations and warranties exposures, and the corresponding estimated range of possible loss, is based upon currently available information, significant judgment, and a number of factors, including those discussed in "Liability for Representations and Warranties" in this Note, that are subject to change. Changes to any one of these factors could significantly impact the estimate of the liability and could have a material adverse impact on Merrill Lynch's results of operations for any particular period. Given that these factors vary by counterparty, Merrill Lynch analyzes representations and warranties obligations based on the specific counterparty, or type of counterparty, with whom the sale was made.

Settlement Actions

Merrill Lynch has vigorously contested any request for repurchase when it concludes that a valid basis for repurchase does not exist and will continue to do so in the future. Merrill Lynch may reach settlements in the future if opportunities arise on terms it believes to be advantageous. With regard to Bank of America's settlement with The Bank of New York Mellon (the “BNY Mellon Settlement”) as trustee (“Trustee”), the court approval hearing is scheduled to begin on May 30, 2013. Although Bank of America and Merrill Lynch are not parties to the proceeding, certain of Bank of America's rights and obligations under the settlement agreement are conditioned on final court approval of the settlement. For further information on the BNY Mellon Settlement, see Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Merrill Lynch's 2012 Annual Report.
 
Unresolved Repurchase Claims

Unresolved representations and warranties repurchase claims represent the notional amount of repurchase claims made by counterparties, typically the outstanding principal balance or the unpaid principal balance at the time of default. In the case of first-lien mortgages, this amount is significantly greater than the expected loss amount due to the benefit of collateral and, in some cases, mortgage insurance or mortgage guarantee payments. Claims received from a counterparty remain outstanding until the underlying loan is repurchased, the claim is rescinded by the counterparty, or the claim is otherwise resolved.

The notional amount of unresolved claims from private-label securitization trustees, whole-loan investors and others increased to $6.8 billion at March 31, 2013 compared with $5.8 billion at December 31, 2012. The increase in the notional amount of unresolved claims is primarily due to continued submissions of claims by private-label securitization trustees, claim quality and the lack of an established process to resolve disputes related to these claims. Merrill Lynch anticipated an increase in aggregate non-GSE claims at the time of the BNY Mellon Settlement in June 2011, and such increase in aggregate non-GSE claims was taken into consideration in developing the increase in Merrill Lynch's representations and warranties liability at that time. Merrill Lynch expects unresolved repurchase claims related to private-label securitizations to continue to increase as claims continue to be submitted by private-label securitization trustees, and there is not an established process for the ultimate resolution of claims on which there is a disagreement.

The table below presents unresolved representations and warranties claims by counterparty at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. The unresolved repurchase claims include only claims where Merrill Lynch believes that the counterparty has a basis to submit claims. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch received $1,075 million of new repurchase claims, which consisted of approximately $1,037 million from private-label securitization trustees, $37 million from GSEs, and $1 million from whole-loan investors.
    

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Unresolved Repurchase Claims by Counterparty
(dollars in millions)
 
 
March 31, 2013
December 31, 2012
GSEs
$
100

$
93

Monoline
147

147

Whole-loan investors, private-label securitization trustees and other 
6,806

5,805

Total
$
7,053

$
6,045


Of the $7.1 billion of total unresolved repurchase claims as of March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch believes that for $6.3 billion, a valid defect has not been identified which would constitute an actionable breach of representations and warranties. The remaining $0.8 billion of claims are in the process of review. When a claim has been denied and there has not been communication with the counterparty for six months, Merrill Lynch views these claims as inactive; however, they remain in the unresolved repurchase claims balance until resolution.

In addition to and not included in the total unresolved repurchase claims above, there are $1.3 billion in repurchase demands from a master servicer where Merrill Lynch believes the claimant has not satisfied the contractual thresholds to direct the securitization trustee to take action and/or that these demands are otherwise procedurally or substantively invalid. Merrill Lynch does not believe the $1.3 billion in demands received represents valid repurchase claims, and therefore it is not possible to predict the resolution with respect to such demands.

Cash Settlements

As presented in the table below, during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch paid $21 million and $11 million to resolve $16 million and $11 million, respectively, of repurchase claims through repurchase or reimbursement to investors or securitization trusts for losses they incurred, resulting in a loss on the related loans at the time of repurchase or reimbursement of $18 million and $11 million.
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2013
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2012
Claims resolved (1)
$
16

 
$
11

 
 
 
 
Repurchases
$
3

 
$
—

Indemnification payments
18

 
11

Total
$
21

 
$
11

(1) Represents unpaid principal balance.

Liability for Representations and Warranties

The liability for representations and warranties is included in Interest and other payables on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the related provision is included in Non-interest expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss. The liability for representations and warranties is established when those obligations are both probable and reasonably estimable.

Merrill Lynch's estimated liability at March 31, 2013 for representations and warranties exposures and the corresponding range of possible loss considers, and is necessarily dependent on, and limited by, a number of factors, including, depending on the counterparty, actual defaults, projected future defaults, historical loss experience, estimated home prices, other economic conditions, estimated probability that a repurchase claim will be received, including consideration of whether presentation thresholds will be met, number of payments made by the borrower prior to default and estimated probability that a loan will be required to be repurchased as well as other relevant facts and circumstances, such as bulk settlements, including those of its affiliates, and identity of the

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counterparty or type of counterparty, as Merrill Lynch believes appropriate.

Additional factors that impact the non-GSE representations and warranties liability and the portion of the estimated range of possible loss corresponding to non-GSE representations and warranties exposures include: (1) contractual material adverse effect requirements; (2) the representations and warranties provided; and (3) the requirement to meet certain presentation thresholds. For information on these factors, see Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Merrill Lynch's 2012 Annual Report.

Although Merrill Lynch continues to believe that presentation thresholds are a factor in the determination of probable loss, given the BNY Mellon Settlement, the estimated range of possible loss assumes that the presentation threshold can be met for all of the non-GSE securitization transactions. Claimants have come forward and Merrill Lynch believes it is probable that other claimants in certain types of securitizations may continue to come forward with claims that meet the requirements of the terms of the securitizations.

The table below presents a rollforward of the liability for representations and warranties and includes the provisions for representation and warranties exposure recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012.
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2013
2012
Balance, beginning of period
$
2,011

$
2,847

Indemnification payments
(18
)
(11
)
Provision
15

11

Balance, end of period
$
2,008

$
2,847


The estimate of the liability for representations and warranties is based on currently available information, significant judgment and a number of other factors that are subject to change. Changes to any one of these factors could significantly impact the estimate of the liability and could have a material adverse impact on Merrill Lynch's results of operations for any particular period.
 
Estimated Range of Possible Loss

The representations and warranties liability represents Merrill Lynch's best estimate of probable incurred losses as of March 31, 2013. However, it is reasonably possible that future representations and warranties losses may occur in excess of the amounts recorded for these exposures. In addition, the BNY Mellon Settlement did not provide sufficient experience related to certain private-label securitizations sponsored by whole-loan investors. As it relates to certain private-label securitizations sponsored by whole-loan investors and certain whole loan sales, it is not possible to determine whether a loss has occurred or is probable and, therefore, no representations and warranties liability has been recorded in connection with these transactions.

Merrill Lynch currently estimates that the range of possible loss for all representations and warranties exposures, consisting primarily of non-GSE exposures, could be up to $1.1 billion over accruals at March 31, 2013, which remains the same as reported at December 31, 2012. This estimated range of possible loss related to representations and warranties exposures does not represent a probable loss and is based on currently available information, significant judgment, and a number of assumptions that are subject to change. Merrill Lynch's estimated range of possible loss related to representations and warranties exposures does not include possible losses related to monoline insurers.

Future provisions and/or ranges of possible loss for representations and warranties exposures may be significantly impacted if actual experiences are different from Merrill Lynch's assumptions in its predictive models, including,

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without limitation, those regarding the ultimate resolution of the BNY Mellon Settlement, estimated repurchase rates, economic conditions, estimated home prices, consumer and counterparty behavior, and a variety of other judgmental factors. Adverse developments with respect to one or more of the assumptions underlying the liability for representations and warranties and the corresponding estimated range of possible loss could result in significant increases to future provisions and/or this estimated range of possible loss. For example, an appellate court, in the context of claims brought by a monoline insurer, recently disagreed with the interpretation of an affiliate of Merrill Lynch that a loan must be in default in order to satisfy the underlying agreements' requirement that a breach have a material and adverse effect. If that decision is extended to non-monoline contexts, it could significantly impact the provision and/or Merrill Lynch's estimated range of possible loss.

Additionally, if court rulings related to monoline litigation, including one related to an affiliate of Merrill Lynch, that have allowed sampling of loan files instead of requiring a loan-by-loan review to determine if a representations and warranties breach has occurred, are followed generally by the courts in future monoline litigation, private-label securitization counterparties may view litigation as a more attractive alternative as compared to a loan-by-loan review. Finally, although Merrill Lynch believes that the representations and warranties typically given in non-GSE transactions are less rigorous and actionable than those given in GSE transactions, Merrill Lynch does not have significant experience resolving loan-level claims in non-GSE transactions to measure the impact of these differences on the probability that a loan will be required to be repurchased.

The liability for representations and warranties exposures and the corresponding estimated range of possible loss for these representations and warranties exposures do not include any losses related to litigation matters disclosed herein or in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2012 Annual Report, nor do they include any potential securities law or fraud claims or potential indemnity or other claims against Merrill Lynch. Merrill Lynch is not able to reasonably estimate the amount of any possible loss with respect to any such securities law, fraud or other claims against Merrill Lynch (except to the extent reflected in the aggregate estimated range of possible loss for litigation and regulatory matters disclosed herein); however, such loss could be material.


Whole Loan Sales and Private-label Securitizations Experience

The majority of repurchase claims that Merrill Lynch has received are from private-label securitization trustees or whole-loan investors on loans sold by ML & Co.'s subsidiary, First Franklin. Merrill Lynch provided representations and warranties, and the whole-loan investors may retain those rights even when the loans were aggregated with other collateral into private-label securitizations sponsored by the whole-loan investors. Merrill Lynch reviews properly presented repurchase claims for these whole loans on a loan-by-loan basis. If, after Merrill Lynch's review, it does not believe a claim is valid, it will deny the claim and generally indicate a reason for the denial. When the counterparty agrees with Merrill Lynch's denial of the claim, the counterparty may rescind the claim. When there is disagreement as to the resolution of the claim, meaningful dialogue and negotiation between the parties are generally necessary to reach a resolution on an individual claim. Generally, a whole-loan investor is engaged in the repurchase process and Merrill Lynch and the whole-loan investor reach resolution, either through loan-by-loan negotiation or at times, through a bulk settlement. Although the timeline for resolution varies, once an actionable breach is identified on a given loan, settlement is generally reached as to that loan within 60 to 90 days. When a claim has been denied and Merrill Lynch does not have communication with the counterparty for six months, Merrill Lynch views these claims as inactive; however, they remain in the unresolved repurchase claims balance until resolution.

In private-label securitizations, certain presentation thresholds need to be met in order for investors to direct a trustee to bring repurchase claims. Merrill Lynch and its affiliates have had limited experience with loan-level private-label securitization repurchases as the number of valid repurchase claims received has been limited. In the three months ended March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch received $1.1 billion of new repurchase claims, primarily from private-label securitization trustees. Over time, there has been an increase in requests for loan files from certain private-label securitization trustees. Merrill Lynch believes it is likely that these requests will lead to a continued increase in repurchase claims from private-label securitization trustees with standing to bring such claims. In addition, private label securitization trustees may have obtained loan files through other means, including litigation

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and administrative subpoenas. The representations and warranties, as governed by the private-label securitization agreements, generally require that counterparties have the ability to both assert a claim and actually prove that a loan has an actionable defect under the applicable contracts. While Merrill Lynch believes the agreements for private-label securitizations generally contain less rigorous representations and warranties and place higher burdens on claimants seeking repurchases than the express provisions of comparable agreements with the GSEs, without regard to any variations that may have arisen as a result of dealing with the GSEs, the agreements generally include a representation that underwriting practices were prudent and customary. In the case of private-label securitization trustees, there is currently no established process in place for the parties to reach a conclusion on an individual loan if there is a disagreement on the resolution of the claim.

As of March 31, 2013, the notional amount of unresolved repurchase claims submitted by private-label securitization trustees or whole-loan investors was approximately $6.8 billion. Merrill Lynch has performed an initial review with respect to $6.1 billion of these claims and does not believe a valid basis for repurchase has been established by the claimant, and is still in the process of reviewing the remaining $0.7 billion of these claims.

Note 15.
Employee Benefit Plans

Merrill Lynch provides pension and other postretirement benefits to its employees worldwide through sponsorship of defined contribution pension, defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. These plans vary based on the country and local practices. The Bank of America Corporation Corporate Benefits Committee has overall responsibility for the administration of all of Merrill Lynch's employee benefit plans. Merrill Lynch continues as the plan sponsor. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the 2012 Annual Report for a complete discussion of employee benefit plans.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans

Merrill Lynch previously purchased an annuity contract that guarantees the payment of benefits vested under a U.S. defined benefit pension plan that was terminated (the “U.S. terminated pension plan”) in accordance with the applicable provisions of ERISA. Merrill Lynch, under a supplemental agreement, may be responsible for, or benefit from, actual experience and investment performance of the annuity assets. Merrill Lynch made no contribution under this agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012. Contributions may be required in the future under this agreement.

The net periodic benefit (income) cost of the U.S. defined benefit pension plans, non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans and postretirement plans sponsored by Merrill Lynch for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 included the following components:


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(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
 
U.S. Defined
Benefit
Pension Plans
Non-U.S. Defined
Benefit
Pension Plans
Postretirement
Plans(1)
 
U.S. Defined
Benefit
Pension Plans
Non-U.S. Defined
Benefit
Pension Plans
Postretirement
Plans(1)
Service cost
$
—

$
8

$
1

 
$
—

$
9

$
1

Interest cost
20

22

3

 
22

20

4

Expected return on plan assets
(28
)
(28
)
—

 
(38
)
(30
)
—

Amortization of prior service cost
—

—

1

 
—

—

1

Amortization of net actuarial losses (gains)
3

1

(1
)
 
1

(2
)
2

Recognized gain due to settlements and curtailments
—

(7
)
—

 
—

—

—

Net periodic benefit (income) cost
$
(5
)
$
(4
)
$
4

 
$
(15
)
$
(3
)
$
8

(1)Approximately 93% and 96% of the postretirement benefit obligation at March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012 relates to the U.S. postretirement plan.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For the full year 2013, Merrill Lynch expects to contribute approximately $1 million to its nonqualified pension plans, $79 million to its non-U.S. pension plans, and $19 million to its postretirement health and life plans. Through the first quarter of 2013, Merrill Lynch has contributed $58 million to the non-U.S. pension plans and $5 million to its postretirement health and life plans.

Note 16.
Regulatory Requirements
As a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bank of America, a bank holding company that is also a financial holding company, Merrill Lynch is subject to the oversight of, and inspection by, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
Certain U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries are subject to various securities and banking regulations and capital adequacy requirements promulgated by the regulatory and exchange authorities of the countries in which they operate. These regulatory restrictions may impose regulatory capital requirements and limit the amounts that these subsidiaries can pay in dividends or advance to ML & Co. The principal regulated subsidiaries of ML & Co. are discussed below.
Securities Regulation
As a registered broker-dealer and futures commission merchant, MLPF&S is subject to the uniform net capital requirements of SEC Rule 15c3-1, and the Commodities Futures Trading Commission's ("CFTC") Regulation 1.17. MLPF&S has elected to compute the minimum capital requirement in accordance with the “Alternative Net Capital Requirement” as permitted by SEC Rule 15c3-1. At March 31, 2013, MLPF&S’s regulatory net capital as defined by Rule 15c3-1 was $10.2 billion and exceeded the minimum requirement of $776 million by $9.4 billion.
In accordance with the Alternative Net Capital Requirement, MLPF&S is required to maintain tentative net capital in excess of $1.0 billion, net capital in excess of $500 million, and notify the SEC in the event its tentative net capital is less than $5.0 billion. As of March 31, 2013, MLPF&S had tentative net capital and net capital in excess of the minimum and notification requirements.
Merrill Lynch International ("MLI"), a U.K. regulated investment firm, was subject to capital requirements of the U.K.’s Financial Services Authority (the "FSA"). Financial resources, as defined, must exceed the total financial resources requirement set by the FSA. At March 31, 2013, MLI’s financial resources were $20.1 billion, exceeding the minimum requirement by $4.0 billion. Effective April 1, 2013, the U.K. abolished the FSA, replacing it with two new regulators, the Prudential Regulatory Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority.

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Merrill Lynch Japan Securities Co., Ltd. ("MLJS"), a Japan-based regulated broker-dealer, is subject to capital requirements of the Japanese Financial Services Agency (“JFSA”). Net capital, as defined, must exceed 120% of the total risk equivalents requirement of the JFSA. At March 31, 2013, MLJS’s net capital was $2.5 billion, exceeding the minimum requirement by $1.7 billion.
Banking Regulation
Merrill Lynch International Bank Limited ("MLIB"), an Ireland-based regulated bank, is subject to the capital requirements of the Central Bank of Ireland. MLIB is required to meet minimum regulatory capital requirements under the European Union (“EU”) banking law as implemented in Ireland by the Central Bank of Ireland. At March 31, 2013, MLIB’s financial resources were $13.7 billion, exceeding the minimum requirement by $4.0 billion.

Note 17.
Sale of International Wealth Management Business

In 2012, Merrill Lynch entered into agreements to sell its International Wealth Management ("IWM") business based outside of the U.S., subject to regulatory approval in multiple jurisdictions, and the first of a series of closings occurred in February 2013. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, Merrill Lynch recorded a loss of approximately $80 million associated with certain initial costs incurred with the sale of the IWM business.
 


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Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements

This report on Form 10-Q, the documents that it incorporates by reference and the documents into which it may be incorporated by reference may contain, and from time to time Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. (“ML & Co. and, together with its subsidiaries, “Merrill Lynch,” the “Company,” "we,” “our” or “us”) and its management may make certain statements that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. When used in this report, “we,” “us” and “our” may refer to ML & Co. individually, ML & Co. and its subsidiaries, or certain of ML & Co.'s subsidiaries or affiliates. These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements often use words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “targets,” “intends,” “plans,” “goal” and other similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “would” and “could.” The forward-looking statements made represent the current expectations, plans or forecasts of Merrill Lynch regarding its future results and revenues and future business and economic conditions more generally, including statements concerning: expectations regarding the timing and impact of proposed United Kingdom ("U.K.") corporate income tax rate reductions; the expectation that unresolved repurchase claims related to private-label securitization trustees will continue to increase; the resolution of representations and warranties repurchase and other claims; the final resolution of the BNY Mellon Settlement; the estimates of liability and range of possible loss for representations and warranties repurchase claims; the possibility that future representations and warranties losses may occur in excess of the amounts recorded for those exposures; Merrill Lynch's intention to vigorously contest any requests for repurchase for which it concludes that a valid basis does not exist; that swap dealers will continue to be subject to additional Commodity Futures Trading Commission rules as and when such rules take effect; effects of the ongoing debt crisis in certain European countries, including the expectation of continued market volatility, the expectation that Merrill Lynch will continue to support client activities in the region and that exposures may vary over time as Merrill Lynch monitors the situation and manages its risk profile; liquidity; the impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; that it is our objective to maintain high-quality credit ratings; the estimated range of possible loss from and the impact on Merrill Lynch of various legal proceedings discussed in Note 14 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements; Bank of America's intentions to streamline its organizational structure and reduce complexity and costs by reducing the number of its subsidiaries, and that Bank of America may, subject to applicable regulatory approvals, consents and other conditions of closing, merge ML & Co. with and into Bank of America Corporation; and other matters relating to Merrill Lynch. The foregoing is not an exclusive list of all forward-looking statements we make. These statements are not guarantees of future results or performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict and often are beyond our control. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, any of these forward-looking statements.

You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement and should consider the following uncertainties and risks, as well as the risks and uncertainties more fully discussed elsewhere in this report, under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, and in any of ML & Co.'s subsequent Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings: Merrill Lynch's ability to resolve its representations and warranties repurchase claims made by monolines and private-label and other investors, including as a result of any adverse court rulings, and the chance that we could face related securities, fraud, indemnity or other claims from one or more of the monolines or private-label and other investors; uncertainties about the financial stability of several countries in the European Union (the "EU"), the risk that those countries may default on their sovereign debt and related stresses on financial markets, the Euro and the EU and Merrill Lynch's exposures to such risks, including direct, indirect and operational; the negative impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act on Merrill Lynch's businesses and earnings, including as a result of additional regulatory interpretation and rulemaking; adverse changes to Merrill Lynch's credit ratings from the major credit rating agencies; estimates of the fair value of certain of Merrill Lynch's assets and liabilities; unexpected claims, damages and fines resulting from pending or future litigation and regulatory proceedings;

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decisions to downsize, sell or close units or otherwise change the business mix of Merrill Lynch; and other similar matters.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and Merrill Lynch undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect the impact of circumstances or events that arise after the date the forward-looking statement was made.

The Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements referred to in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (the "MD&A") are incorporated by reference into MD&A. Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified in order to conform with the current period presentation.


Introduction

Merrill Lynch was founded in 1914 and became a publicly traded company on June 23, 1971. In 1973, the holding company ML & Co. was created. Through our subsidiaries, we are one of the world's leading capital markets, advisory and wealth management companies. We are a leading global trader and underwriter of securities and derivatives across a broad range of asset classes, and we serve as a strategic advisor to corporations, governments, institutions and individuals worldwide. On January 1, 2009, Merrill Lynch was acquired by, and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of, Bank of America Corporation (“Bank of America”).

Intragroup Reorganization

On November 1, 2012, in connection with an intragroup reorganization involving Bank of America and a number of its subsidiaries, Merrill Lynch acquired two affiliated companies and their respective subsidiaries from Bank of America. The acquisition was effected through a non-cash capital contribution from Bank of America. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations, Merrill Lynch's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements appearing in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q include the historical results of the acquired affiliated companies and their subsidiaries as if the transaction had occurred as of January 1, 2009, the date at which all the affected entities were first under the common control of Bank of America. Merrill Lynch has recorded the assets and liabilities acquired in connection with the transaction at their historical carrying values.  

Business Segments

Pursuant to ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments represent components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker in determining how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The business activities of Merrill Lynch are included within certain of the operating segments of Bank of America. Detailed financial information of the nature that could be used to allocate resources and assess the performance and operations for components of Merrill Lynch, however, is not provided to Merrill Lynch's chief operating decision maker. As a result, Merrill Lynch does not contain any identifiable operating segments under Segment Reporting, and therefore the financial information of Merrill Lynch is presented as a single segment.

Form 10-Q Presentation

As a result of the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America, certain information is not included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as permitted by General Instruction H of Form 10-Q. We have also abbreviated the MD&A as permitted by General Instruction H.

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EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

We reported a net loss of $207 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared with a net loss of $1.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2012. Revenues, net of interest expense (“net revenues”) for the three months ended March 31, 2013 were $6.3 billion compared with $4.8 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2012. Our pre-tax losses were $336 million and $1.8 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, respectively.

The improvement in our net results for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was primarily driven by an increase in our net revenues. Such increase was primarily driven by higher principal transaction revenues due to the valuation of certain of our liabilities as compared with the prior year period. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, we recorded net losses of $34 million due to the impact of the narrowing of Merrill Lynch's credit spreads on the carrying value of certain of our long-term debt liabilities, primarily structured notes, as compared with net losses of $2.1 billion recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2012 from such long-term debt liabilities. We also recorded losses of $77 million in the three months ended March 31, 2013 due to the impact of net valuation adjustments associated with changes in our credit spreads on the fair value of certain derivative liabilities (i.e., the debit valuation adjustment or "DVA") as compared with losses from DVA of $696 million in the prior year period. Our net results also reflected a more favorable effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2013 as compared with the prior year period. These items were partially offset by lower revenues from our fixed income trading activities and lower Other revenues as compared with the prior year period.

Transactions with Bank of America

We have entered into various transactions with Bank of America, including transactions in connection with certain sales and trading and financing activities, as well as the allocation of certain shared services. Total net revenues and non-interest expenses related to transactions with Bank of America for the three months ended March 31, 2013 were $305 million and $562 million, respectively. Such net revenues and non-interest expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2012 were $270 million and $426 million, respectively. Net revenues and non-interest expenses for both periods included intercompany service fee revenues and expenses from Bank of America associated with allocations of certain centralized or shared business activities between Merrill Lynch and Bank of America. See Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

On January 6, 2013, Bank of America entered into an agreement with Fannie Mae ("FNMA") to resolve substantially all outstanding and potential repurchase and certain other claims relating to the origination, sale and delivery of certain residential mortgage loans. As part of the agreement, Bank of America repurchased for $6.6 billion certain residential mortgage loans that had previously been sold to FNMA, which Bank of America valued at less than the purchase price.  The majority of such loans are held by Merrill Lynch. See Note 10 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

Other Events

MBIA Settlement

On May 7, 2013, Bank of America entered into a comprehensive settlement (the “MBIA Settlement”) with MBIA, Inc. and certain of its affiliates (“MBIA”) to resolve all outstanding litigation between the parties, as well as other claims between the parties. Under the MBIA Settlement, all pending litigation between the parties will be dismissed and each party will receive a global release of those claims. In connection with the MBIA Settlement, the parties will also terminate various credit default swap (“CDS”) transactions in connection with commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”). Collectively, those CDS transactions had a notional value of $7.4 billion and a fair value of $813 million as of March 31, 2013, and, in connection with the MBIA Settlement, MBIA will terminate its CDS with Merrill Lynch, and Bank of America will pay to Merrill Lynch the value of such terminated CDS.


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Additionally, Merrill Lynch recorded a charge of $300 million related to the write-down of a receivable from MBIA, which was attributable to the increased risk of MBIA going into rehabilitation or liquidation proceedings in the near term. This write-down was considered to be a subsequent event under the applicable accounting guidance, and was recorded as a reduction to Other revenues in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2013. For further information, see “Results of Operations - Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 Compared With Three Months Ended March 31, 2012” and Note 6 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

U.K. Corporate Income Tax Rate Change

A proposal to further reduce the U.K. corporate income tax rate by three percent to 20% is expected to be enacted in July 2013.  It is expected that two percent of the reduction will be effective on April 1, 2014 and the additional one percent reduction will be effective on April 1, 2015. These reductions would favorably affect income tax expense on future U.K. earnings, but also would require us to remeasure our U.K. net deferred tax assets using the lower rates in the period of enactment. Upon enactment, and assuming no change in the deferred tax asset balance, we would expect to record a charge to income tax expense of approximately $1.2 billion for these aggregate reductions.

Regulatory Matters

U.K. Regulatory Framework

Prior to April 1, 2013, our financial services operations in the U.K. were subject to regulation by and supervision of the Financial Services Authority (the "FSA"). On April 1, 2013, the U.K. abolished the FSA, replacing it with two new regulators, the Prudential Regulatory Authority (the "PRA") and the Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA"). The PRA operates as a subsidiary of the Bank of England with responsibility for prudential regulation and supervision of banks, insurers and systemically significant investment firms. The FCA regulates and supervises the market conduct of all U.K. financial firms and prudentially regulates those firms not within the scope of the PRA. Our financial services operations in the U.K. are now subject to regulation and supervision by both the PRA and FCA.
 
Financial Reform Act

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Financial Reform Act"), which was signed into law on July 21, 2010, enacted sweeping financial regulatory reform and has altered and will continue to alter the way in which we conduct certain businesses, increase our costs and reduce our revenues. Many aspects of the Financial Reform Act remain subject to final rulemaking that will take effect over several years, making it difficult to anticipate the precise impact on us, our customers or the financial services industry.

Derivatives

The Financial Reform Act includes measures to broaden the scope of derivative instruments subject to regulation by requiring clearing and exchange trading of certain derivatives; imposing new capital, margin, reporting, registration and business conduct requirements for certain market participants; and imposing position limits on certain over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives. The Financial Reform Act grants the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the "CFTC") and the SEC substantial new authority and requires numerous rulemakings by these agencies. Swap dealers conducting dealing activity with U.S. persons above a specified dollar threshold were required to register with the CFTC on or before December 31, 2012. We registered Merrill Lynch Commodities, Inc., Merrill Lynch Capital Services, Inc., Merrill Lynch Financial Markets, Inc., Merrill Lynch International and Merrill Lynch International Bank Limited as swap dealers on December 31, 2012. Upon registration, swap dealers became subject to additional CFTC rules relating to business conduct and reporting, and will continue to become subject to additional CFTC rules as and when such rules take effect. Those rules include, but are not limited to, measures that require clearing and exchange trading of certain derivatives, new capital and margin requirements for certain market participants, and additional reporting requirements for derivatives under the jurisdiction of the CFTC. The CFTC also granted relief from some of the rules that would have become effective during the fourth quarter of 2012, delaying the application of most external business

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conduct requirements until May 1, 2013 (with a further delay to May 15, 2013 for prime brokerage arrangements) and trading relationship and trade processing rules until July 1, 2013.  Real-time and regulatory reporting requirements for all derivatives subject to CFTC jurisdiction became effective for swap dealers in the first quarter of 2013.  The Financial Reform Act will also require Bank of America, N.A. to “push out” certain derivatives activity to one or more non-bank affiliates, including, potentially, Merrill Lynch and Co., Inc. and affiliates, as of July 13, 2013, although the effective date for this requirement may be extended for up to two years at the option of the relevant banking regulators in consultation with the SEC and CFTC.

While the CFTC has provided temporary exemptive relief from application of derivatives requirements of the Financial Reform Act for certain non-U.S. derivatives activity, there remains some uncertainty as to how the derivatives requirements of the Financial Reform Act will apply to non-U.S. derivatives activity because the CFTC has not yet adopted final cross-border guidance.

The CFTC has completed much of its other rulemakings, with the exception of final margin, capital and exchange trading rules, while the SEC has finalized a small number of clearing-related rules. The ultimate impact of the derivatives regulations that have not yet been finalized and the time it will take to comply remain uncertain. The final regulations will impose additional operational and compliance costs on us and may require us to restructure certain businesses and may negatively impact our results of operations.

For information regarding other significant regulatory matters, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Sale of International Wealth Management Business
In 2012, we entered into agreements to sell our International Wealth Management ("IWM") business based outside of the U.S., subject to regulatory approval in multiple jurisdictions, and the first of a series of closings occurred in February 2013. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, we recorded a loss of approximately $80 million associated with certain initial costs incurred with the sale of the IWM business.









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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
(dollars in millions)
 
For The Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
For The Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
% Change Between the
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2013 and the Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
Revenues
 

 

 
Principal transactions
$
2,144

$
(166
)
N/M
Commissions
1,379

1,355

2%
Managed account and other fee-based revenues
1,395

1,287

8
Investment banking
1,416

1,204

18
(Loss) earnings from equity method investments
(46
)
157

N/M
Intercompany service fee revenue from Bank of America
240

167

44
Other revenues(1)
(382
)
777

N/M
Subtotal
6,146

4,781

29
Interest and dividend revenues
1,714

1,891

(9)
Less interest expense
1,543

1,907

(19)
Net interest income (expense)
171

(16
)
N/M
Revenues, net of interest expense
6,317

4,765

33
Non-interest expenses
 

 

 
Compensation and benefits
4,529

4,514

—
Communications and technology
343

439

(22)
Occupancy and related depreciation
295

305

(3)
Brokerage, clearing, and exchange fees
304

282

8
Advertising and market development
117

108

8
Professional fees
225

195

15
Office supplies and postage
23

28

(18)
Provision for representations and warranties
15

11

36
Intercompany service fee expense from Bank of America
444

394

13
Other
358

306

17
Total non-interest expenses
6,653

6,582

1
Pre-tax loss
(336
)
(1,817
)
(82)
Income tax benefit
(129
)
(211
)
(39)
Net loss
$
(207
)
$
(1,606
)
(87)
(1)
Amounts include other income and other-than-temporary impairment losses on available-for-sale debt securities. The other-than-temporary impairment losses were $0 million and $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, respectively.
N/M = Not meaningful.


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Quarterly Consolidated Results of Operations

Our net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was $207 million compared with a net loss of $1.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2012. Net revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2013 were $6.3 billion compared with $4.8 billion in the prior year period.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 Compared With Three Months Ended March 31, 2012

Principal transactions revenues include both realized and unrealized gains and losses on trading assets and trading liabilities and investment securities classified as trading. Principal transactions revenues were $2.1 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared with negative $166 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012. The increase was primarily driven by revenues associated with the valuation of certain of our liabilities. In the three months ended March 31, 2013, we recorded net losses of $34 million due to the impact of the narrowing of Merrill Lynch's credit spreads on the carrying value of certain of our long-term debt liabilities, primarily structured notes, as compared with net losses of $2.1 billion recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2012 from such long-term debt liabilities. We also recorded losses from DVA of $77 million in the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared with losses from DVA of $696 million in the prior year period. Higher trading revenues from equity products also contributed to the increase in principal transactions revenues. These increases were partially offset by lower fixed income trading revenues as compared with the prior year period, primarily in our credit products and commodities businesses. Revenues from credit products declined due to less favorable market conditions, as spread tightening was more significant during the prior year period as compared with the first quarter of 2013. The decline in commodities revenues primarily reflected less favorable market conditions as compared with the prior year period.
  
Net interest income (expense) is a function of (i) the level and mix of total assets and liabilities, including trading assets, deposits, financing and lending transactions, and trading strategies associated with our businesses, and (ii) the prevailing level, term structure and volatility of interest rates. Net interest income (expense) is an integral component of trading activity. In assessing the profitability of our client facilitation and trading activities, we view principal transactions and net interest income (expense) in the aggregate as net trading revenues. Changes in the composition of trading inventories and hedge positions can cause the mix of principal transactions and net interest income (expense) to fluctuate from period to period. Net interest income was $171 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared with net interest expense of $16 million in the three months ended March 31, 2012. The fluctuation was primarily due to lower financing costs, partially offset by lower net interest revenues generated from our trading activities.

Commissions revenues primarily arise from agency transactions in listed and OTC equity securities and commodities and options. Commissions revenues also include distribution fees for promoting and distributing mutual funds. Commissions revenues were $1.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2013, an increase of 2% from the prior year period. The increase was primarily attributable to higher revenues from our global equity products business and our global wealth management business.

Managed account and other fee-based revenues primarily consist of asset-priced portfolio service fees earned from the administration of separately managed and other investment accounts for retail investors, annual account fees, and certain other account-related fees. Managed account and other fee-based revenues were $1.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2013, an increase of 8% from the prior year period. The increase was attributable to higher fee-based revenues from our global wealth management activities, driven by increased client assets resulting from client flows and market levels.

Investment banking revenues primarily include fees for the underwriting and distribution of debt, equity and loan products, and fees for advisory services. Total investment banking revenues were $1.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2013, an increase of 18% from the prior year, primarily due to higher revenues from underwriting and advisory activities during the quarter. Underwriting revenues increased 18% to $1.2 billion, which was

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primarily driven by higher revenues from debt issuances. Revenues from advisory services increased 17% to $236 million.

Earnings from equity method investments include our pro rata share of income and losses associated with investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Earnings from equity method investments were negative $46 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared with positive $157 million for the prior year period. The decrease reflected lower revenues from certain equity method investments. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on equity method investments.

Intercompany service fee revenues from Bank of America include revenues associated with the provision of certain shared business activities with Bank of America. Intercompany service fee revenues from Bank of America were $240 million in the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared with $167 million in the prior year period. The increase was driven by higher fees earned from Bank of America in connection with certain shared brokerage and trading activities.

Other revenues include gains and losses on investment securities, including certain available-for-sale securities, gains and losses on private equity investments, and gains and losses on loans and other miscellaneous items. Other revenues were negative $382 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 as compared with positive $777 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012. Other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2013 included a charge of approximately $450 million to write-down a receivable from MBIA, of which $300 million was attributable to increased risk of MBIA going into rehabilitation or liquidation proceedings in the near term. The decrease in other revenues also reflected lower revenues from certain investments and loans, as well as a loss of approximately $80 million associated with certain initial costs incurred with the sale of our IWM business. In addition, other revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2012 included gains of $328 million resulting from the repurchase and retirement of certain of our long-term borrowings.

Compensation and benefits expenses were $4.5 billion in the three months ended March 31, 2013, a marginal increase over the prior year period.

Non-compensation expenses were $2.1 billion in both the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012. Communications and technology expenses decreased 22% to $343 million due primarily to lower technology equipment and systems consulting costs. Professional fees were $225 million, an increase of 15%, primarily reflecting higher legal and other professional fees. Intercompany service fee expenses from Bank of America were $444 million in the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared with $394 million in the prior year period. The increase reflected a higher level of allocated expenses from Bank of America. Other expenses were $358 million, an increase of 17% from the prior year period. The increase was primarily driven by higher litigation-related expenses, partially offset by lower expense associated with non-controlling interests of certain principal investments.

The income tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was $129 million compared with an income tax benefit of $211 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012. The effective tax rate was 38.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared with 11.6% in the prior year period.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2013 included the impact of net recurring tax preference items (such as tax exempt income) that reduced our full year estimated effective tax rate. The appropriate application of the low full year tax rate to the first quarter pre-tax loss resulted in a smaller income tax benefit from the loss. This was partially offset by an increase in the estimate of foreign tax credits recognized in the U.S. from the fourth quarter 2012 repatriation of the earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries that was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2013, which increased the 2013 effective tax rate compared to what it otherwise would have been.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2012 was driven by net recurring tax preference items (such as tax exempt income), which reduce our full year estimated effective tax rate. Even though the estimated full

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year effective tax rate contains net preference items, the appropriate application of the low full year tax rate to the first quarter pre-tax loss resulted in a smaller income tax benefit from the loss. In addition, a true-up of final settlement of certain income tax audits was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2012, which increased the 2012 effective rate compared to what it otherwise would have been.

Items such as the U.K. corporate income tax rate change referred to below may affect our income tax rate later this year.

A proposal to further reduce the U.K. corporate income tax rate by three percent to 20% is expected to be enacted in July 2013. For additional information, see "Executive Overview - Other Events - U.K. Corporate Income Tax Rate Change.”

OFF-BALANCE SHEET EXPOSURES
As a part of our normal operations, we enter into various off-balance sheet arrangements that may require future payments. The table and discussion below outline our significant off-balance sheet arrangements, as well as their future expirations, as of March 31, 2013. See Note 14 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
(dollars in millions)
 
Expiration
 
Maximum
Payout
 
Less than
1 Year
 
1 - 3
Years
 
3 - 5
Years
 
Over 5
Years
Standby liquidity facilities
$
108

 
$
92

 
$
3

 
$
—

 
$
13

Residual value guarantees
320

 
320

 
—

 
—

 
—

Standby letters of credit and other guarantees
386

 
287

 
72

 
20

 
7


Standby Liquidity Facilities

We provide standby liquidity facilities primarily to certain unconsolidated municipal bond securitization variable interest entities (“VIEs”). In these arrangements, we are required to fund these standby liquidity facilities if certain contingent events take place (e.g., a failed remarketing) and in certain cases if the fair value of the assets held by the VIE declines below the stated amount of the liquidity obligation. The potential exposure under the facilities is mitigated by economic hedges and/or other contractual arrangements entered into by Merrill Lynch. See Note 9 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Residual Value Guarantees
At March 31, 2013, residual value guarantees of $320 million consist of amounts associated with certain power plant facilities. Payments under these guarantees would be required only if the fair value of such assets declined below their guaranteed value as (i) Merrill Lynch believes that the estimated fair value of such assets was in excess of their guaranteed value and/or (ii) there is a very remote risk of future payment pursuant to the remaining contractual provisions.
Standby Letters of Credit
At March 31, 2013, we provided guarantees to certain counterparties in the form of standby letters of credit in the amount of $0.4 billion.

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Representations and Warranties

Background

In prior years, Merrill Lynch and certain of its subsidiaries, including First Franklin Financial Corporation (“First Franklin”), sold pools of first-lien residential mortgage loans and home equity loans as private-label securitizations (in a limited number of these securitizations, monolines insured all or some of the securities) or in the form of whole loans. Most of the loans sold in the form of whole loans were subsequently pooled into private-label securitizations sponsored by the third-party buyer of the whole loans. In addition, Merrill Lynch and First Franklin securitized first-lien residential mortgage loans generally in the form of mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the government-sponsored enterprises (the "GSEs"). In connection with these transactions, we made various representations and warranties. Breaches of these representations and warranties may result in the requirement to repurchase mortgage loans or to otherwise make whole or provide other remedies to the GSEs, whole-loan investors, securitization trusts or monoline insurers (collectively, “repurchases”). In all such cases, we would be exposed to any credit loss on the repurchased mortgage loans after accounting for any mortgage insurance or mortgage guarantee payments that we may receive.

Subject to the requirements and limitations of the applicable sales and securitization agreements, these representations and warranties can be enforced by the GSEs, the whole-loan investor, the securitization trustee, or others as governed by the applicable agreement or, in a limited number of first-lien and home equity securitizations where monoline insurers have insured all or some of the securities issued, by the monoline insurer, where the contract so provides. In the case of private-label securitizations, the applicable agreements may permit investors, which may include the GSEs, with contractually sufficient holdings to direct or influence action by the securitization trustee. In the case of loans sold to parties other than the GSEs, the contractual liability to repurchase typically arises only if there is a breach of the representations and warranties that materially and adversely affects the interest of the investor, or investors, or of the monoline insurer (as applicable) in the loan. Contracts with the GSEs do not contain equivalent language.

For additional information about accounting for representations and warranties and our representations and warranties repurchase claims and exposures, see Note 14 to the to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Settlement Actions

We have vigorously contested any request for repurchase when we conclude that a valid basis for repurchase does not exist and will continue to do so in the future. We may reach settlements in the future if opportunities arise on terms we believe to be advantageous. Certain Merrill Lynch affiliates have settled, or entered into agreements to settle, certain bulk representations and warranties claims, including Bank of America's settlement with a trustee (the “Trustee”) for certain private-label securitization trusts in the second quarter of 2011 (the “BNY Mellon Settlement”).

The BNY Mellon Settlement, entered into in June 2011, is subject to final court approval and certain other conditions. The court approval hearing on the settlement is scheduled to begin on May 30, 2013. Although Bank of America and Merrill Lynch are not parties to the proceeding, certain of Bank of America's rights and obligations under the settlement agreement are conditioned on final court approval of the settlement.

There can be no assurance that final court approval of the BNY Mellon Settlement will be obtained, that all conditions to the BNY Mellon Settlement will be satisfied or, if certain conditions to the BNY Mellon Settlement permitting withdrawal are met, that Bank of America will not withdraw from the settlement. If final court approval is not obtained or if Bank of America withdraws from the BNY Mellon Settlement in accordance with its terms, Merrill Lynch's future representations and warranties losses could be substantially different than existing accruals and the estimated range of possible loss over existing accruals.

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Unresolved Repurchase Claims

Unresolved representations and warranties repurchase claims represent the notional amount of repurchase claims made by counterparties, typically the outstanding principal balance or the unpaid principal balance at the time of default. In the case of first-lien mortgages, this amount is significantly greater than the expected loss amount due to the benefit of collateral and, in some cases, mortgage insurance or mortgage guarantee payments. Claims received from a counterparty remain outstanding until the underlying loan is repurchased, the claim is rescinded by the counterparty, or the claim is otherwise resolved.

The notional amount of unresolved claims from private-label securitization trustees, whole-loan investors and others increased to $6.8 billion at March 31, 2013 compared with $5.8 billion at December 31, 2012. The increase in the notional amount of unresolved repurchase claims is primarily due to the continued submission of claims by private-label securitization trustees, claim quality and the lack of an established process to resolve disputes related to these claims. We anticipated an increase in aggregate non-GSE claims at the time of the BNY Mellon Settlement in June 2011, and such increase in aggregate non-GSE claims was taken into consideration in developing the increase in our representations and warranties liability at that time. We expect unresolved repurchase claims related to private-label securitizations to continue to increase as claims continue to be submitted by private-label securitization trustees, and there is not an established process for the ultimate resolution of claims on which there is a disagreement. The documents governing private-label securitizations require repurchase claimants to show that a breach of representations and warranties had a material adverse impact on the claimant. We believe this to mean that the claimant is required to prove that the breach caused a loss to investors in the trust (or in certain cases, to the monoline insurer or other financial guarantor). We also believe that many of the defaults observed in private-label securitizations have been, and continue to be, driven by external factors, such as the substantial depreciation in home prices, persistently high unemployment and other negative economic trends, diminishing the likelihood that breaches of representations and warranties, where present, caused a loss.

The table below presents unresolved representations and warranties claims by counterparty at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. The unresolved repurchase claims include only claims where we believe that the counterparty has a basis to submit claims. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, we received $1,075 million of new repurchase claims, which consisted of approximately $1,037 million from private-label securitization trustees, $37 million from GSEs, and $1 million from whole-loan investors.
  
Unresolved Repurchase Claims by Counterparty
(dollars in millions)
 
 
 
March 31, 2013
December 31, 2012
GSEs
$
100

$
93

Monoline
147

147

Whole-loan investors, private-label securitization trustees and other
6,806

5,805

Total
$
7,053

$
6,045


At March 31, 2013, the notional amount of unresolved repurchase claims was $7.1 billion. We have performed an initial review with respect to $6.3 billion of these claims and do not believe a valid basis for repurchase has been established by the claimants. We are still in the process of reviewing the remaining $0.8 billion of these claims. When a claim has been denied and there has not been communication with the counterparty for six months, Merrill Lynch views these claims as inactive; however, they remain in the unresolved repurchase claims balance until resolution.

In addition to, and not included in, the total unresolved repurchase claims above, there are $1.3 billion in repurchase demands from a master servicer where we believe the claimant has not satisfied the contractual thresholds to direct the securitization trustee to take action and/or that these demands are otherwise procedurally or substantively

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invalid. We do not believe the $1.3 billion in demands received represents valid repurchase claims, and therefore it is not possible to predict the resolution with respect to such demands.
 
Cash Settlements

As presented in the table below, during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, Merrill Lynch paid $21 million and $11 million to resolve $16 million and $11 million, respectively, of repurchase claims through repurchase or reimbursement to investors or securitization trusts for losses they incurred, resulting in a loss on the related loans at the time of repurchase or reimbursement of $18 million and $11 million.

dollars in millions
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2013
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2012
Claims resolved (1)
$
16

 
$
11

 
 
 
 
Repurchases
$
3

 
$
—

Indemnification payments
18

 
11

Total
$
21

 
$
11

(1) Represents unpaid principal balance.


Liability for Representations and Warranties

The liability for representations and warranties is included in Interest and other payables on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the related provision is included in Non-interest expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss.

Our estimate of the liability at March 31, 2013 for representations and warranties exposures and the corresponding range of possible loss is based on currently available information, significant judgment, and a number of other factors and assumptions that are subject to change. For additional information, see Note 14 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

The liability for representations and warranties exposures and the corresponding estimated range of possible loss for these representations and warranties exposures do not consider any losses related to litigation matters disclosed in Note 14 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, nor do they include any potential securities law or fraud claims or potential indemnity or other claims against us. We are not able to reasonably estimate the amount of any possible loss with respect to any such securities law, fraud or other claims against us, except to the extent reflected in the aggregate estimated range of possible loss for litigation and regulatory matters disclosed in Note 14 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements; however, such loss could be material.

At March 31, 2013, the liability for representations and warranties was $2.0 billion.

Estimated Range of Possible Loss

Our estimated liability at March 31, 2013 for obligations under representations and warranties is necessarily dependent on, and limited by, a number of factors, including for private-label securitizations, the implied repurchase experience based on the BNY Mellon Settlement, as well as certain other assumptions and judgmental factors. Accordingly, future provisions associated with obligations under representations and warranties may be materially impacted if actual experiences are different from our historical experience or our understandings, interpretations or assumptions.


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The representations and warranties liability represents our best estimate of probable incurred losses as of March 31, 2013. However, it is reasonably possible that future representations and warranties losses may occur in excess of the amounts recorded for these exposures. In addition, we have not recorded any representations and warranties liability for certain private-label securitizations sponsored by whole-loan investors, where we have little to no claim activity.

We currently estimate that the range of possible loss for all representations and warranties exposures, consisting primarily of non-GSE exposures, could be up to $1.1 billion over accruals at March 31, 2013, which remains the same as reported at December 31, 2012. The estimated range of possible loss related to these representations and warranties exposures does not represent a probable loss and is based on currently available information, significant judgment, and a number of assumptions that are subject to change. Our estimated range of possible loss related to representations and warranties exposures does not include possible losses related to monoline insurers.

Future provisions and/or ranges of possible loss for representations and warranties may be significantly impacted if actual experiences are different from our assumptions in our predictive models, including, without limitation, those regarding the ultimate resolution of the BNY Mellon Settlement, estimated repurchase rates, economic conditions, estimated home prices, consumer and counterparty behavior, and a variety of other judgmental factors. Adverse developments with respect to one or more of the assumptions underlying the liability for representations and warranties and the corresponding estimated range of possible loss could result in significant increases to future provisions and/or this estimated range of possible loss. For example, an appellate court, in the context of claims brought by a monoline insurer, recently disagreed with the interpretation of an affiliate of ours that a loan must be in default in order to satisfy the underlying agreements' requirement that a breach have a material and adverse effect. If that decision is extended to non-monoline contexts, it could significantly impact our provision and/or our estimated range of possible loss.

Additionally, if court rulings related to monoline litigation, including one related to an affiliate of ours, that have allowed sampling of loan files instead of requiring a loan-by-loan review to determine if a representations and warranties breach has occurred, are followed generally by the courts in future monoline litigation, private-label securitization counterparties may view litigation as a more attractive alternative as compared to a loan-by-loan review. Finally, although we believe that the representations and warranties typically given in non-GSE transactions are less rigorous and actionable than those given in GSE transactions, we do not have significant experience resolving loan-level claims in non-GSE transactions to measure the impact of these differences on the probability that a loan will be required to be repurchased.

For additional information about the methodology used to estimate the representations and warranties liability and the corresponding estimated range of possible loss, see Note 14 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Experience with Non-GSE Investors

As presented in the table below, Merrill Lynch, including First Franklin, sold loans originated from 2004 to 2008 (primarily subprime and alt-A) with an original principal balance of $132 billion to investors other than the GSEs (although the GSEs are investors in certain private-label securitizations), of which approximately $65 billion in principal has been paid and $45 billion in principal has defaulted or was severely delinquent (i.e., 180 days or more past due) at March 31, 2013.

As it relates to private-label securitizations, a contractual liability to repurchase mortgage loans generally arises only if counterparties prove there is a breach of the representations and warranties that materially and adversely affects the interest of the investor or all investors in a securitization trust or of the monoline insurer (as applicable). We believe that the longer a loan performs, the less likely it is that an alleged representations and warranties breach had a material impact on the loan's performance or that a breach even exists. Because the majority of the borrowers in this population would have made a significant number of payments if they are not yet 180 days or more past due, we believe that the principal balance at the greatest risk for repurchase claims in this population of private-label securitization investors are loans that already have defaulted and those that are currently severely delinquent.

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Additionally, only counterparties with the contractual right to demand repurchase of a loan can present valid repurchase claims. In the case of private-label securitization trust investors, they generally have to meet certain presentation thresholds in order to require trustees to present repurchase claims.

While we believe the agreements for private-label securitizations generally contain less rigorous representations and warranties and place higher burdens on investors seeking repurchases than the explicit provisions of the comparable agreements with the GSEs, without regard to any variations that may have arisen as a result of dealings with the GSEs, the agreements generally include a representation that underwriting practices were prudent and customary.

The following table details the population of loans originated between 2004 and 2008 and the population of loans sold as whole loans or in non-GSE private-label securitizations by entity together with the defaulted and severely delinquent loans stratified by the number of payments the borrower made prior to default or becoming severely delinquent as of March 31, 2013. In connection with these transactions, we provided representations and warranties, and the whole-loan investors may retain those rights even when the whole loans were aggregated with other collateral into private-label securitizations sponsored by the whole-loan investors. At least 25 payments have been made on approximately 60% of the defaulted and severely delinquent loans. In the three months ended March 31, 2013, we have received approximately $1.0 billion of representations and warranties claims from private-label securitization trustees related to these vintages, and approximately $1 million from whole-loan investors related to these vintages. We believe that many of the defaults observed in these securitizations have been, and continue to be, driven by external factors, such as the substantial depreciation in home prices, persistently high unemployment and other negative economic trends, diminishing the likelihood that any loan defect (assuming one exists at all) was the cause of a loan's default. As of March 31, 2013, approximately 34% of the loans sold to non-GSE counterparties that were originated between 2004 and 2008 have defaulted or are severely delinquent.

(dollars in billions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Principal Balance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Principal at Risk
Entity
Original
Principal
Balance
 
Outstanding
Principal
Balance
March 31, 2013
 
Outstanding
Principal
Balance
Over 180 Days
 
Defaulted Principal Balance
 
Defaulted
or Severely Delinquent
 
Borrower
Made Less
than 13
Payments
 
Borrower
Made 13 to
24 Payments
 
Borrower
Made 25 to
36 Payments
 
Borrower
Made More
Than 36
Payments
Merrill Lynch (excluding First Franklin)
$
50

 
$
13

 
$
3

 
$
14

 
$
17

 
$
3

 
$
4

 
$
3

 
$
7

First Franklin
82

 
17

 
5

 
23

 
28

 
5

 
6

 
5

 
12

Total (1)
$
132

 
$
30

 
$
8

 
$
37

 
$
45

 
$
8

 
$
10

 
$
8

 
$
19

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

(1) Excludes transactions sponsored by Merrill Lynch where no representations or warranties were made.

Legal Matters

Merrill Lynch has been named as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions, and other litigation arising in connection with its activities as a global diversified financial services institution. See Note 14 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information, including the estimated aggregate range of possible loss.
Derivatives

We record all derivative transactions at fair value on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. We do not monitor our exposure to derivatives based on the notional amount because that amount is not a relevant indicator of our risk to these contracts, as it is generally not indicative of the amount that we would owe on the contract. Instead, a risk framework is used to define risk tolerances and establish limits to help to ensure that certain risk-related losses occur within acceptable, predefined limits. Derivatives that meet the accounting definition of a guarantee and credit derivatives are included in Note 6 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Involvement with VIEs

We transact with VIEs in a variety of capacities, including those that we help establish as well as those initially established by third parties. We utilize VIEs in the ordinary course of business to support our own and our customers' financing and investing needs. Merrill Lynch securitizes loans and debt securities using VIEs as a source of funding and a means of transferring the economic risk of the loans or debt securities to third parties. We also administer, structure or invest in or enter into derivatives with other VIEs, including multi-seller conduits, municipal bond trusts, collateralized debt obligations ("CDOs") and other entities. Our involvement with VIEs can vary and we are required to continuously reassess prior consolidation and disclosure conclusions (see Note 9 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements). See Note 1 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our consolidation accounting policy.
Contractual Obligations
We have contractual obligations to make future payments of debt, lease and other agreements. Additionally, in the normal course of business, we enter into contractual arrangements whereby we commit to future purchases of products or services from unaffiliated parties. Other obligations include our contractual funding obligations related to our employee benefit plans. See Notes 12, 14 and 15 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
In the normal course of business, we periodically guarantee the obligations of affiliates in a variety of transactions including International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. ("ISDA") -related and non ISDA-related transactions such as trading, repurchase agreements, prime brokerage agreements and other transactions. We have also entered into an agreement with a non-U.S. regulator that could allow it, in its capacity as regulator, to request payments from us to support obligations to clients of the regulated non-U.S. branch. We believe the likelihood of payment under the terms of this agreement to be remote.

FUNDING AND LIQUIDITY

Funding

We fund our assets primarily with a mix of secured and unsecured liabilities through a globally coordinated funding strategy with Bank of America. We fund a portion of our trading assets with secured liabilities, including repurchase agreements, securities loaned and other short-term secured borrowings, which are less sensitive to our credit ratings due to the underlying collateral. See Note 12 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our borrowings.

Beginning late in the third quarter of 2009, in connection with the update or renewal of certain Merrill Lynch international securities offering programs, Bank of America agreed to guarantee debt securities, warrants and/or certificates issued by certain subsidiaries of ML & Co. on a going forward basis. All existing ML & Co. guarantees of securities issued by those same Merrill Lynch subsidiaries under various international securities offering programs will remain in full force and effect as long as those securities are outstanding, and Bank of America has not assumed any of those prior ML & Co. guarantees or otherwise guaranteed such securities. There were approximately $7.2 billion of securities guaranteed by Bank of America at March 31, 2013. In addition, Bank of America has guaranteed the performance of Merrill Lynch on certain derivative transactions. The aggregate amount of such derivative liabilities was approximately $1.2 billion at March 31, 2013.

Following the completion of Bank of America's acquisition of Merrill Lynch, ML & Co. became a subsidiary of Bank of America and established intercompany lending and borrowing arrangements to facilitate centralized liquidity management. Included in these intercompany agreements is a $75 billion one-year revolving unsecured line of credit that allows ML & Co. to borrow funds from Bank of America at a spread to the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") that is reset periodically and is consistent with other intercompany agreements. This credit line was renewed effective January 1, 2013 with a maturity date of January 1, 2014. The credit line will automatically be extended by one year to the succeeding January 1st unless Bank of America provides written

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notice not to extend at least 45 days prior to the maturity date. The agreement does not contain any financial or other covenants. There were no outstanding borrowings under the line of credit at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.

In addition to the $75 billion unsecured line of credit, there is also a revolving unsecured line of credit that allows ML & Co. to borrow up to $25 billion from Bank of America. Interest on borrowings under the line of credit is based on prevailing short-term market rates. The line of credit does not contain any financial or other covenants. The line of credit matures on February 11, 2014. There were no outstanding borrowings under the line of credit at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.

Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith Incorporated ("MLPF&S"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of ML & Co., also has the following borrowing agreements with Bank of America:

•
A $4 billion one-year revolving unsecured line of credit - Interest on the line of credit is based on prevailing short-term market rates. The credit line matures on November 1, 2013 and may automatically be extended by one year to the succeeding November 1st unless Bank of America provides written notice not to extend at least 45 days prior to the maturity date. At both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, there were no outstanding borrowings under the line of credit.

•
A $15 billion revolving unsecured line of credit - Interest on the line of credit is based on prevailing short-term market rates. The line of credit matures on August 1, 2013. At both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, approximately $0.9 billion was outstanding under the line of credit.

Bank of America and Merrill Lynch have entered into certain intercompany lending and borrowing arrangements to facilitate centralized liquidity management. Included in these arrangements is a $50 billion extendible one-year revolving credit facility that allows Bank of America to borrow funds from Merrill Lynch at a spread to LIBOR that is reset periodically and is consistent with other intercompany agreements. The credit facility matures on January 1, 2014 and will automatically be extended by one year to the succeeding January 1st unless Merrill Lynch provides written notice not to extend at least 45 days prior to the maturity date. There were no amounts outstanding at both March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 under this credit facility. There is also a short-term revolving credit facility that allows Bank of America to borrow up to an additional $25 billion. Interest on borrowings under the credit facility is based on prevailing short-term market rates. The line of credit matures on February 11, 2014. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, approximately $10.7 billion and $16.2 billion, respectively, was outstanding under this line of credit.
Credit Ratings

Our borrowing costs and ability to raise funds are impacted by our credit ratings. In addition, credit ratings may be important to customers or counterparties when we compete in certain markets and when we seek to engage in certain transactions, including OTC derivatives. Thus, it is our objective to maintain high-quality credit ratings.

Credit ratings and outlooks are opinions expressed by rating agencies on our creditworthiness and that of our obligations or securities, including long-term debt, short-term borrowings and other securities, including asset securitizations. Following the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America, the major credit rating agencies have indicated that the primary drivers of Merrill Lynch's credit ratings are Bank of America's credit ratings. Bank of America's credit ratings are subject to ongoing review by the rating agencies, which consider a number of factors, including Bank of America's financial strength, performance, prospects and operations as well as factors not under Bank of America's control. The rating agencies could make adjustments to our ratings at any time and they provide no assurances that they will maintain our ratings at current levels.

Other factors that influence Bank of America's and our credit ratings include changes to the rating agencies' methodologies for our industry or certain security types, the rating agencies' assessment of the general operating environment for financial services companies, our mortgage exposures, our relative positions in the markets in which we compete, reputation, liquidity position, diversity of funding sources, funding costs, the level and volatility

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of earnings, corporate governance and risk management policies, capital position, capital management practices, and current or future regulatory and legislative initiatives.

The major rating agencies have each indicated that, as a systemically important financial institution, Bank of America's (and consequently ML & Co.'s) credit ratings currently reflect their expectation that, if necessary, Bank of America would receive significant support from the U.S. government, and that they will continue to assess such support in the context of sovereign financial strength and regulatory and legislative developments.
On March 27, 2013, Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's") published an update on systemic support in U.S. bank ratings and indicated the agency expects to resolve the current negative outlooks on its ratings for systemically important U.S. bank holding companies, including that of Bank of America, during 2013. On December 20, 2012, Standard & Poor's Ratings Services ("S&P") published a full credit analysis report on Bank of America, leaving the credit ratings for Bank of America and, consequently, ML & Co. unchanged as of that date. On October 10, 2012, Fitch Ratings ("Fitch") announced the results of its periodic review of its ratings for 12 large, complex securities trading and universal banks, including Bank of America. As part of this action, Fitch affirmed Bank of America's and ML & Co.'s credit ratings.

Currently, Bank of America's and ML & Co.'s long-term/short-term senior debt ratings and outlooks expressed by the rating agencies are as follows: Baa2/P-2 (negative) by Moody's; A-/A-2 (negative) by S&P; and A/F1 (stable) by Fitch. MLPF&S's long-term/short-term senior debt ratings and outlooks are A/A-1 (negative) by S&P and A/F1 (stable) by Fitch. Merrill Lynch International, a U.K.-based registered investment firm and subsidiary of ML & Co., has a long-term/short-term senior debt rating and outlook of A/A-1 (negative) by S&P. Merrill Lynch International Bank Limited, an Ireland-based bank subsidiary of ML & Co., has a long-term/short-term senior debt rating and outlook of A/F1 (stable) by Fitch.
A reduction in certain of our credit ratings may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, potential loss of access to credit markets, the related cost of funds, our businesses and on certain trading revenues, particularly in those businesses where counterparty creditworthiness is critical. In addition, under the terms of certain OTC derivative contracts and other trading agreements, in the event of downgrades of our credit ratings, the counterparties to those agreements may require us to provide additional collateral, or to terminate these contracts or agreements, which could cause us to sustain losses and/or adversely impact our liquidity. If Bank of America's or ML & Co.'s short-term credit ratings, or those of our bank or broker-dealer subsidiaries, were downgraded by one or more levels, the potential loss of access to short-term funding sources, such as repurchase agreement financing, and the effect on our incremental cost of funds could be material.

At March 31, 2013, if the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for ML & Co. or certain subsidiaries by one incremental notch, the amount of additional collateral contractually required by derivative contracts and other trading agreements would have been approximately $0.4 billion. If the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for ML & Co. or certain subsidiaries by a second incremental notch, approximately $4.0 billion in additional incremental collateral would have been required.

Also, if the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for ML & Co. or certain subsidiaries by one incremental notch, the derivative liability that would be subject to unilateral termination by counterparties as of March 31, 2013 was $1.7 billion, against which $1.2 billion of collateral had been posted. If the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term debt ratings for ML & Co. or certain subsidiaries by a second incremental notch, the derivative liability that would be subject to unilateral termination by counterparties as of March 31, 2013 was an incremental $1.2 billion, against which $0.7 billion of collateral had been posted.

While certain potential impacts are contractual and quantifiable, the full scope of consequences of a credit ratings downgrade to a financial institution is inherently uncertain, as it depends upon numerous dynamic, complex and inter-related factors and assumptions, including whether any downgrade of a firm's long-term credit ratings precipitates downgrades to its short-term credit ratings, and assumptions about the potential behaviors of various customers, investors and counterparties. 


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For information regarding the additional collateral and termination payments that would be required in connection with certain OTC derivative contracts and other trading agreements as a result of such a credit ratings downgrade, see Note 6 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of Merrill Lynch's 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As part of Bank of America's efforts to streamline its organizational structure and reduce complexity and costs, it has reduced and intends to continue to reduce the number of its subsidiaries, including through intercompany mergers. In connection with these efforts, Bank of America may merge ML & Co. with and into Bank of America Corporation. There is no assurance such merger will occur or the timing thereof. Any such merger would be subject to applicable regulatory approvals, consents and other conditions of closing.

Credit Risk Management

For information about our credit risk management activities, see Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk - Credit Risk Management" included in our 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

European Exposures

Certain European countries, including Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain, have experienced varying degrees of financial stress in recent years. Risks from the ongoing debt crisis in these countries could continue to disrupt the financial markets, which could have a detrimental impact on global economic conditions and sovereign and non-sovereign debt in these countries. Market volatility is expected to continue as policymakers continue to try to address the fundamental challenges of competitiveness, growth and fiscal solvency. We expect to continue to support client activities in the region, and our exposures may vary over time as we monitor the situation and manage our risk profile.

The table below presents our direct sovereign and non-sovereign exposures in these countries at March 31, 2013. Our total sovereign and non-sovereign exposure to these countries was $2.1 billion at March 31, 2013 compared with $2.9 billion at December 31, 2012. Our total exposure to these countries, net of all hedges, was $88 million at March 31, 2013 compared with $1.5 billion at December 31, 2012. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, hedges and credit default protection purchased, net of credit default protection sold, was $2.0 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively.




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Select European Countries
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country
Hedges and
Net Country
 
Funded Loans
Unfunded
Net
Securities/
Exposure
Credit
Exposure
 
and Loan
Loan
Counterparty
Other
March 31,
Default
March 31,
(dollars in millions)
 Equivalents
Commitments
Exposure (1)
   Investments (2)
2013
Protection (3)
2013 (4)
Country
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Greece
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Sovereign
$
—

$
—

$
—

$
7

$
7

$
—

$
7

   Financial Institutions
—

—

—

—

—

(22
)
(22
)
   Corporates
—

—

1

38

39

(5
)
34

           Total Greece
$
—

$
—

$
1

$
45

$
46

$
(27
)
$
19

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ireland
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Sovereign
$
12

$
—

$
26

$
84

$
122

$
—

$
122

   Financial Institutions
1

21

120

25

167

(10
)
157

   Corporates
—

—

5

38

43

(1
)
42

           Total Ireland
$
13

$
21

$
151

$
147

$
332

$
(11
)
$
321

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Italy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Sovereign
$
—

$
—

$
541

$
2

$
543

$
(1,189
)
$
(646
)
   Financial Institutions
—

—

177

193

370

(35
)
335

   Corporates
—

—

101

175

276

(240
)
36

           Total Italy
$
—

$
—

$
819

$
370

$
1,189

$
(1,464
)
$
(275
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Portugal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Sovereign
$
—

$
—

$
26

$
—

$
26

$
(30
)
$
(4
)
   Financial Institutions
—

—

2

24

26

—

26

   Corporates
—

—

6

42

48

(108
)
(60
)
           Total Portugal
$
—

$
—

$
34

$
66

$
100

$
(138
)
$
(38
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Spain
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Sovereign
$
—

$
—

$
53

$
1

$
54

$
(216
)
$
(162
)
   Financial Institutions
—

—

50

26

76

(168
)
(92
)
   Corporates
—

29

50

249

328

(13
)
315

           Total Spain
$
—

$
29

$
153

$
276

$
458

$
(397
)
$
61

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Sovereign
$
12

$
—

$
646

$
94

$
752

$
(1,435
)
$
(683
)
   Financial Institutions
1

21

349

268

639

(235
)
404

   Corporates
—

29

163

542

734

(367
)
367

  Total
$
13

$
50

$
1,158

$
904

$
2,125

$
(2,037
)
$
88


(1)Net counterparty exposure includes the fair value of derivatives, including counterparty risk associated with credit default protection, and secured financing transactions. Derivative exposures are presented net of all eligible collateral pledged under legally enforceable netting agreements. Secured financing transaction exposures are presented net of eligible cash or securities pledged as collateral. The notional amount of reverse repurchase transactions was $3.1 billion at March 31, 2013.

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(2)Long securities exposures are netted on a single-name basis to, but not below, zero by hedges and short exposures.
(3)Represents credit default protection purchased, net of credit default protection sold, which is used to mitigate the risk to country exposures as listed, including $(1.2) billion in net credit default protection purchased to hedge loans and securities and short exposures, and $(863) million in additional credit default protection purchased to hedge derivative assets. Amounts are calculated based on the credit default protection notional amount assuming zero recovery adjusted for any fair value receivable or payable.
(4)Represents country exposure less hedges and credit default protection.

We hedge certain of our selected European country exposure with credit default swaps ("CDS"). The majority of our CDS contracts on reference assets in Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain are with highly-rated financial institutions primarily outside of the Eurozone and we work to limit or eliminate correlated CDS. Due to our engagement in market-making activities, our CDS portfolio contains contracts with various maturities with a diverse set of counterparties. We work to limit mismatches in maturities between our exposures and the CDS we use to hedge them. However, there may be instances where the protection purchased has a different maturity than the exposure for which the protection was purchased, in which case those exposures and hedges are subject to more active monitoring and management.

The table below presents the notional amount and fair value of single-name CDS purchased and sold on reference assets in Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain at March 31, 2013. The table below includes only single-name CDS netted at the counterparty level, whereas the table above includes single-name, indexed and tranched CDS exposures netted by the reference asset that they are intended to hedge; therefore, CDS purchased and sold information is not comparable between the tables.
Single-Name CDS with Reference Assets in Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain(1)
 
Notional
 
Fair Value
(dollars in millions)
Purchased
Sold
 
Purchased
Sold
Greece
 
 
 
 
 
   Aggregate
$
74

$
52

 
$
3

$
3

   After Netting (2)
43

20

 
1

1

 
 
 
 
 
 
Ireland
 
 
 
 
 
   Aggregate
1,012

846

 
83

55

   After Netting (2)
964

799

 
78

50

 
 
 
 
 
 
Italy
 
 
 
 
 
   Aggregate
10,471

7,321

 
1,339

710

   After Netting (2)
6,182

3,031

 
1,058

429

 
 
 
 
 
 
Portugal
 
 
 
 
 
   Aggregate
969

738

 
72

52

   After Netting (2)
331

101

 
27

8

 
 
 
 
 
 
Spain
 
 
 
 
 
   Aggregate
1,976

1,963

 
110

137

   After Netting (2)
783

771

 
34

61


(1) The majority of our CDS contracts on reference assets in Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain are primarily with non-Eurozone counterparties.
(2) Amounts listed are after consideration of legally enforceable counterparty master netting agreements.


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Losses could result even if there is credit default protection purchased because the purchased credit protection contracts may only pay out under certain scenarios and thus not all losses may be covered by the credit protection contracts. The effectiveness of our CDS protection as a hedge of these risks is influenced by a number of factors, including the contractual terms of the CDS. Generally, only the occurrence of a credit event as defined by the CDS terms (which may include, among other events, the failure to pay by, or restructuring of, the reference entity) results in a payment under the purchased credit protection contracts. The determination as to whether a credit event has occurred is made by the relevant ISDA Determination Committee (comprised of various ISDA member firms) based on the terms of the CDS and facts and circumstances for the event. Accordingly, uncertainties exist as to whether any particular strategy or policy action for addressing the European debt crisis would constitute a credit event under the CDS. A voluntary restructuring may not trigger a credit event under CDS terms and consequently may not trigger a payment under the CDS contract.

In addition to our direct sovereign and non-sovereign exposures, a significant deterioration in the European debt crisis could result in material reductions in the value of sovereign debt and other asset classes, disruptions in capital markets, widening of credit spreads of U.S. and non-U.S. financial institutions, loss of investor confidence in the financial services industry, a slowdown in global economic activity and other adverse developments. For additional information on the debt crisis in Europe, see Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K.


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Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not required pursuant to General Instruction H(2).

Item 4.
Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report and pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), Merrill Lynch’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of ML & Co., conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness and design of Merrill Lynch’s disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Merrill Lynch’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of the end of the period covered by this report, in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting information required to be disclosed by ML & Co. in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
In addition, no change in Merrill Lynch’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2013 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Merrill Lynch’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - Other Information

Item 1.
Legal Proceedings

Legal and Regulatory Matters
See Note 14 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which is incorporated herein by reference in this Item 1, for litigation and regulatory matters that supplement the disclosure in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Merrill Lynch's 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 1A.
Risk Factors
There are no material changes from the risk factors set forth under Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in Merrill Lynch's 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 6.        Exhibits
An exhibit index has been filed as part of this report and is incorporated herein by reference.


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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 
Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc.
 
(Registrant)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By: 
/s/  JENNIFER M. HILL
 
 
Jennifer M. Hill
 
 
Chief Financial Officer


 
 
 
 
By: 
/s/  ANTHONY BINIARIS
 
 
Anthony Biniaris
 
 
Chief Accounting Officer and Controller


Date: May 10, 2013

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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit
 
Description
 
 
 
12
 
Statement re: computation of ratios. (1)
 
 
 
31.1
 
Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer. (1)
 
 
 
31.2
 
Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer. (1)
 
 
 
32.1
 
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (1)
 
 
 
32.2
 
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (1)
 
 
 
101
 
The following materials from Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. (1)
(1) Filed herewith.




E-1