bac-20250331

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number:

1-6523

Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter:

Bank of America Corporation

State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization:

Delaware

IRS Employer Identification No.:

56-0906609

Address of principal executive offices:

Bank of America Corporate Center

100 N. Tryon Street

Charlotte, North Carolina 28255

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(704) 386-5681

Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	BAC	New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrE	New York Stock Exchange
of Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrB	New York Stock Exchange
of 6.000% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series GG
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrK	New York Stock Exchange
of 5.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series HH
7.25% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock, Series L	BAC PrL	New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,200th interest in a share	BML PrG	New York Stock Exchange
of Bank of America Corporation Floating Rate
Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series 1


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,200th interest in a share	BML PrH	New York Stock Exchange
of Bank of America Corporation Floating Rate
Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series 2
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,200th interest in a share	BML PrJ	New York Stock Exchange
of Bank of America Corporation Floating Rate
Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series 4
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,200th interest in a share	BML PrL	New York Stock Exchange
of Bank of America Corporation Floating Rate
Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series 5
Floating Rate Preferred Hybrid Income Term Securities of BAC Capital	BAC/PF	New York Stock Exchange
Trust XIII (and the guarantee related thereto)
5.63% Fixed to Floating Rate Preferred Hybrid Income Term Securities	BAC/PG	New York Stock Exchange
of BAC Capital Trust XIV (and the guarantee related thereto)
Income Capital Obligation Notes initially due December 15, 2066 of	MER PrK	New York Stock Exchange
Bank of America Corporation
Senior Medium-Term Notes, Series A, Step Up Callable Notes, due	BAC/31B	New York Stock Exchange
November 28, 2031 of BofA Finance LLC (and the guarantee
of the Registrant with respect thereto)
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of	BAC PrM	New York Stock Exchange
5.375% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series KK
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrN	New York Stock Exchange
of 5.000% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series LL
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of	BAC PrO	New York Stock Exchange
4.375% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series NN
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of	BAC PrP	New York Stock Exchange
4.125% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series PP
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of	BAC PrQ	New York Stock Exchange
4.250% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series QQ
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrS	New York Stock Exchange
of 4.750% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series SS

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☑

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).

Yes ☐ No ☑

On April 29, 2025, there were 7,531,876,103 shares of Bank of America Corporation Common Stock outstanding.

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries

March 31, 2025

Form 10-Q

INDEX

Part I. Financial Information


Item 1. Financial Statements						Page
Consolidated Statement of Income						44
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income						44
Consolidated Balance Sheet						45
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity						46
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows						47
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements						48
Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles						48
Note 2 – Net Interest Income and Noninterest Income						49
Note 3 – Derivatives						50
Note 4 – Securities						57
Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses						60

Note 6 – Securitizations and Other Variable Interest Entities						71
Note 7 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets						75
Note 8 – Leases						75
Note 9 – Securities Financing Agreements, Collateral and Restricted Cash						76
Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies						77
Note 11 – Shareholders’ Equity						80
Note 12 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)						81
Note 13 – Earnings Per Common Share						82

Note 14 – Fair Value Measurements						82
Note 15 – Fair Value Option						88
Note 16 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments						89
Note 17 – Business Segment Information						91
Glossary						93
Acronyms						95



Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Executive Summary						3
Recent Developments						3
Financial Highlights						3

Supplemental Financial Data						5
Business Segment Operations						8
Consumer Banking						8
Global Wealth & Investment Management						10
Global Banking						12
Global Markets						14

All Other						15
Managing Risk						16

Capital Management						16
Liquidity Risk						21
Credit Risk Management						24
Consumer Portfolio Credit Risk Management						24
Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management						29
Non-U.S. Portfolio						35

Allowance for Credit Losses						36
Market Risk Management						38
Trading Risk Management						38
Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book						40
Mortgage Banking Risk Management						42



Climate Risk						42
Complex Accounting Estimates						42
Non-GAAP Reconciliations						43

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk						43
Item 4. Controls and Procedures						43


1 Bank of America

Part II. Other Information


Item 1. Legal Proceedings						96
Item 1A. Risk Factors						96
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds						96
Item 5. Other Information						96
Item 6. Exhibits						97
Signature						97

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Bank of America Corporation (the Corporation) and its management may make certain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements often use words such as “anticipates,” “targets,” “expects,” “hopes,” “estimates,” “intends,” “plans,” “goals,” “outlook,” “believes,” “continue” and other similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “would” and “could.” Forward-looking statements represent the Corporation’s current expectations, plans or forecasts of its future results, revenues, liquidity, net interest income, provision for credit losses, expenses, efficiency ratio, capital measures, strategy, deposits, assets, and future business and economic conditions more generally, and other future matters. These statements are not guarantees of future results or performance and involve certain known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict and are often beyond the Corporation’s control. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, any of these forward-looking statements.

You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement and should consider the following uncertainties and risks, as well as the risks and uncertainties more fully discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and in any of the Corporation’s subsequent U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings: the Corporation’s potential judgments, orders, settlements, penalties, fines and reputational damage, which are inherently difficult to predict, resulting from pending, threatened or future litigation and regulatory investigations, proceedings and enforcement actions, which the Corporation is subject to in the ordinary course of business, including matters related to our processing of unemployment benefits for California and certain other states, the features of our automatic credit card payment service, the adequacy of the Corporation’s anti-money laundering and economic sanctions programs and the processing of electronic payments, including through the Zelle network, and related fraud, which are in various stages; the possibility that the Corporation's future liabilities may be in excess of its recorded liability and estimated range of possible loss for litigation, and regulatory and government actions; the Corporation's ability to resolve representations and warranties repurchase and related claims; the impact of U.S. and global interest rates (including the potential for ongoing fluctuations in interest rates), inflation, currency exchange rates, economic conditions, trade policies and tensions, including changes in, or the imposition of, tariffs and/or trade barriers and the economic impacts, volatility and uncertainty resulting therefrom, which may have varying effects across industries and geographies, and geopolitical instability; the risks related to the discontinuation of reference rates, including increased expenses and litigation and the effectiveness of hedging strategies; uncertainties about the financial stability and

growth rates of non-U.S. jurisdictions, the risk that those jurisdictions may face difficulties servicing their sovereign debt, and related stresses on financial markets, currencies and trade, and the Corporation’s exposures to such risks, including direct, indirect and operational; the impact of the interest rate, inflationary, macroeconomic, banking and regulatory environment on the Corporation’s assets, business, financial condition and results of operations; the impact of adverse developments affecting the U.S. or global banking industry, including bank failures and liquidity concerns, resulting in worsening economic and market volatility, and regulatory responses thereto; the possibility that future credit losses may be higher than currently expected due to changes in economic assumptions, which may include unemployment rates, real estate prices, gross domestic product levels and corporate bond spreads, customer behavior, adverse developments with respect to U.S. or global economic conditions and other uncertainties, including the impact of trade policies, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures and labor shortages on economic conditions and our business; potential losses related to the Corporation’s concentration of credit risk; the Corporation’s ability to achieve its expense targets and expectations regarding revenue, net interest income, provision for credit losses, net charge-offs, effective tax rate, loan growth or other projections; variances to the underlying assumptions and judgments used in estimating banking book net interest income sensitivity; adverse changes to the Corporation’s credit ratings from the major credit rating agencies; an inability to access capital markets or maintain deposits or borrowing costs; estimates of the fair value and other accounting values, subject to impairment assessments, of certain of the Corporation’s assets and liabilities; the estimated or actual impact of changes in accounting standards or assumptions in applying those standards; uncertainty regarding the content, timing and impact of regulatory capital and liquidity requirements; the impact of adverse changes to total loss-absorbing capacity requirements, stress capital buffer requirements and/or global systemically important bank surcharges; the potential impact of actions of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on the Corporation’s capital plans; the effect of changes in or interpretations of income tax laws and regulations; the impact of implementation and compliance with U.S. and international laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations, including recovery and resolution planning requirements, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation assessments, the Volcker Rule, fiduciary standards, derivatives regulations and potential changes to loss allocations between financial institutions and customers, including for losses incurred from the use of our products and services, including electronic payments and payment of checks, that were authorized by the customer but induced by fraud; the impact of failures or disruptions in or breaches of the Corporation’s operations or information systems, or those of various third parties, including regulators and federal and state governments, such as from cybersecurity incidents; the risks related to the development, implementation, use and management of emerging technologies,


						Bank of America 2

including artificial intelligence and machine learning; the risks related to the transition and physical impacts of climate change; our ability to achieve environmental goals or the impact of any changes in the Corporation’s sustainability or human capital management strategy or goals; the impact of uncertain or changing political conditions or any future federal government shutdown and uncertainty regarding the federal government’s debt limit or changes in fiscal, monetary, trade or regulatory policy; the emergence of widespread health emergencies or pandemics; the impact of natural disasters, extreme weather events, military conflicts (including the Russia/Ukraine conflict, the conflicts in the Middle East, the possible expansion of such conflicts and potential geopolitical consequences), terrorism or other geopolitical events; and other matters.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and the Corporation undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect the impact of circumstances or events that arise after the date the forward-looking statement was made.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements referred to in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) are incorporated by reference into the MD&A. Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current-period presentation. Throughout the MD&A, the Corporation uses certain acronyms and abbreviations which are defined in the Glossary.

Executive Summary

Business Overview

The Corporation is a Delaware corporation, a bank holding company (BHC) and a financial holding company. When used in this report, “Bank of America,” “the Corporation,” “we,” “us” and “our” may refer to Bank of America Corporation individually, Bank of America Corporation and its subsidiaries, or certain of Bank of America Corporation’s subsidiaries or affiliates. Our principal executive offices are located in Charlotte, North Carolina. Through our various bank and nonbank subsidiaries throughout the U.S. and in international markets, we provide a diversified range of banking and nonbank financial services and products through four business segments: Consumer Banking, Global Wealth & Investment Management (GWIM), Global Banking and Global Markets, with the remaining operations recorded in All Other. We operate our banking activities primarily under the Bank of America, National Association (Bank of America, N.A. or BANA) charter. At March 31, 2025, the Corporation had $3.3 trillion in assets and a headcount of approximately 213,000 employees. As of March 31, 2025, we served clients through operations across the U.S., its territories and more than 35 countries. Our retail banking footprint covers all major markets in the U.S., and we serve approximately 69 million consumer and small business clients with approximately 3,700 retail financial centers, approximately 15,000 ATMs, and leading digital banking platforms (www.bankofamerica.com) with approximately 49 million active users, including approximately 40 million active mobile users. We offer industry-leading support to approximately four million small business households. Our GWIM businesses, with client balances of $4.2 trillion, provide tailored solutions to meet client needs through a full set of investment management, brokerage, banking, trust and retirement products. We are a global leader in corporate and investment banking and trading across a broad range of asset classes serving corporations, governments, institutions and individuals around the world.

The Corporation’s website is www.bankofamerica.com, and the Investor Relations portion of our website is https://investor.bankofamerica.com. We use our website to distribute company information, including as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. We routinely post and make accessible financial and other information regarding the Corporation on our website. Investors should monitor our website, including the Investor Relations portion, in addition to our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls and webcasts. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the information contained on our website as referenced in this paragraph is not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Recent Developments

Capital Management

On April 23, 2025, the Corporation’s Board of Directors (the Board) declared a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.26 per share, payable on June 27, 2025 to shareholders of record as of June 6, 2025.

For more information on our capital resources, see Capital Management beginning on page 16.

Financial Highlights



Table 1	Summary Income Statement and Selected Financial Data

		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions, except per share information)			2025			2024
Income statement
Net interest income			$	14,443		$	14,032
Noninterest income			12,923			11,786
Total revenue, net of interest expense			27,366			25,818
Provision for credit losses			1,480			1,319
Noninterest expense			17,770			17,237
Income before income taxes			8,116			7,262
Income tax expense			720			588
Net income			7,396			6,674
Preferred stock dividends			406			532
Net income applicable to common shareholders			$	6,990		$	6,142
Per common share information
Earnings			$	0.91		$	0.77
Diluted earnings			0.90			0.76
Dividends paid			0.26			0.24
Performance ratios
Return on average assets (1)			0.89		%	0.83		%
Return on average common shareholders’ equity (1)			10.36			9.35
Return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity (2)			13.94			12.73
Efficiency ratio (1)			64.93			66.77
			March 31 2025			December 31 2024
Balance sheet
Total loans and leases			$	1,110,625		$	1,095,835
Total assets			3,349,424			3,261,519
Total deposits			1,989,564			1,965,467
Total liabilities			3,053,843			2,965,960
Total common shareholders’ equity			275,082			272,400
Total shareholders’ equity			295,581			295,559

(1)For definitions, see Key Metrics on page 94.

(2)Return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity is a non-GAAP financial measure. For more information and a corresponding reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measures defined by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), see Non-GAAP Reconciliations on page 43.


3 Bank of America

Net income was $7.4 billion, or $0.90 per diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $6.7 billion, or $0.76 per diluted share, for the same period in 2024. The increase in net income was primarily due to higher noninterest income and net interest income, partially offset by higher noninterest expense.

Total assets increased $87.9 billion from December 31, 2024 to $3.3 trillion primarily driven by higher securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell to support Global Markets client activity, higher trading account assets and debt securities, and loan growth.

Total liabilities increased $87.9 billion from December 31, 2024 to $3.1 trillion primarily driven by higher securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase to support Global Markets client activity, higher deposits due to seasonal deposit inflows and client activity, and long-term debt issuances.

Shareholders’ equity was $295.6 billion at March 31, 2025, relatively unchanged compared to December 31, 2024, as net income and market value increases on derivatives were largely offset by returns of capital to shareholders through common stock repurchases and common and preferred stock dividends, as well as preferred stock redemptions.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income increased $411 million to $14.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Net interest yield on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) basis was 1.99 percent, unchanged from the same period a year ago. The increase in net interest income was primarily driven by lower deposit costs, higher net interest income related to Global Markets activity and fixed-rate asset repricing, partially offset by the impacts of lower rates and one less day of interest accrual. For more information on net interest yield and FTE basis, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 5, and for more information on interest rate risk management, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book on page 40.

Noninterest Income



Table 2	Noninterest Income

		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)			2025		2024
Fees and commissions:
Card income			$	1,518	$	1,463
Service charges			1,561		1,442
Investment and brokerage services			4,813		4,187
Investment banking fees			1,523		1,568
Total fees and commissions			9,415		8,660
Market making and similar activities			3,584		3,888


Other income (loss)			(76)		(762)

Total noninterest income			$	12,923	$	11,786

Noninterest income increased $1.1 billion to $12.9 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The following highlights the significant changes.

● Service charges increased $119 million primarily due to higher treasury service charges.

● Investment and brokerage services increased $626 million primarily driven by higher asset management fees due to higher average equity market valuations and the impact of positive assets under management (AUM) flows.

● Market making and similar activities decreased $304 million primarily driven by lower trading revenue from credit products in Fixed Income, Currencies and Commodities (FICC), and lower income from foreign currency risk management activities.

● Other income increased $686 million primarily due to gains on leveraged finance positions and certain valuation adjustments.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses increased $161 million to $1.5 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The provision for credit losses for the current year was primarily driven by credit card loans. Compared to the same period a year ago, the provision for credit losses was primarily driven by credit card loans and the commercial real estate office portfolio. For more information on the provision for credit losses, see Allowance for Credit Losses on page 36.

Noninterest Expense



Table 3	Noninterest Expense

		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)			2025		2024
Compensation and benefits			$	10,889	$	10,195
Information processing and communications			1,894		1,800
Occupancy and equipment			1,856		1,811
Product delivery and transaction related			914		851
Professional fees			652		548
Marketing			506		455
Other general operating			1,059		1,577
Total noninterest expense			$	17,770	$	17,237

Noninterest expense increased $533 million to $17.8 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily driven by investments in people, revenue-related expenses, technology, and operations. Additionally, the prior-year period included a $700 million accrual for the increase in the Corporation’s share of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) special assessment.

Income Tax Expense



Table 4	Income Tax Expense

		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)			2025			2024
Income before income taxes			$	8,116		$	7,262
Income tax expense			720			588
Effective tax rate			8.9		%	8.1		%

The effective tax rates (ETR) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were primarily driven by our recurring tax preference benefits, which mainly consisted of tax credits from investments in affordable housing and renewable energy. Absent these credits and discrete items of $1.4 billion (17 percentage points) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $1.3 billion (18 percentage points) for the three months ended March 31, 2024, the adjusted ETR would have been approximately 26 percent for both periods. Adjusted ETR is a non-GAAP financial measure. For more information, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 5.


						Bank of America 4

Supplemental Financial Data

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we present certain non-GAAP financial measures. Non-GAAP financial measures exclude certain items or otherwise include components that differ from the most directly comparable measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures are provided as additional useful information to assess our financial condition, results of operations (including period-to-period operating performance) or compliance with prospective regulatory requirements. These non-GAAP financial measures are not intended as a substitute for GAAP financial measures and may not be defined or calculated the same way as non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies.

When presented on a consolidated basis, we view net interest income on an FTE basis as a non-GAAP financial measure. To derive the FTE basis, net interest income is adjusted to reflect tax-exempt income on an equivalent before-tax basis with a corresponding increase in income tax expense. For purposes of this calculation, we use the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent and a representative state tax rate. Net interest yield, which measures the basis points we earn over the cost of funds, utilizes net interest income on an FTE basis. We believe that presentation of these items on an FTE basis allows for comparison of amounts from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practices.

We may present certain key performance indicators and ratios excluding certain items (e.g., debit valuation adjustment (DVA) gains (losses)), which result in non-GAAP financial measures. We believe that the presentation of measures that exclude these items is useful because such measures provide additional information to assess the underlying operational performance and trends of our businesses and to allow better comparison of period-to-period operating performance.

We may present an adjusted ETR to exclude the tax rate effects of certain tax credits and discrete tax items (adjusted ETR). We believe the presentation of adjusted ETR is useful because it provides additional information to assess the Corporation’s results of operations.

We also evaluate our business based on certain ratios that utilize tangible equity, a non-GAAP financial measure. Tangible equity represents shareholders’ equity or common shareholders’ equity reduced by goodwill and intangible assets (excluding mortgage servicing rights (MSRs)), net of related deferred tax liabilities (“adjusted” shareholders’ equity or common shareholders’ equity). These measures are used to

evaluate our use of equity. In addition, profitability, relationship and investment models use both return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity and return on average tangible shareholders’ equity as key measures to support our overall growth objectives. These ratios are:

● Return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity measures our net income applicable to common shareholders as a percentage of adjusted average common shareholders’ equity. The tangible common equity ratio represents adjusted ending common shareholders’ equity divided by total tangible assets.

● Return on average tangible shareholders’ equity measures our net income as a percentage of adjusted average total shareholders’ equity. The tangible equity ratio represents adjusted ending shareholders’ equity divided by total tangible assets.

● Tangible book value per common share represents adjusted ending common shareholders’ equity divided by ending common shares outstanding.

We believe ratios utilizing tangible equity provide additional useful information because they present measures of those assets that can generate income. Tangible book value per common share provides additional useful information about the level of tangible assets in relation to outstanding shares of common stock.

The aforementioned supplemental data and performance measures are presented in Table 5 on page 6.

For more information on the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP financial measures, see Non-GAAP Reconciliations on page 43.

Key Performance Indicators

We present certain key financial and nonfinancial performance indicators (key performance indicators) that management uses when assessing our consolidated and/or segment results. We believe they are useful to investors because they provide additional information about our underlying operational performance and trends. These key performance indicators (KPIs) may not be defined or calculated in the same way as similar KPIs used by other companies. For information on how these metrics are defined, see Key Metrics on page 94.

Our consolidated key performance indicators, which include various equity and credit metrics, are presented in Table 1 on page 3, and Table 5 on page 6.

For information on key segment performance metrics, see Business Segment Operations on page 8.


5 Bank of America




Table 5	Selected Quarterly Financial Data

		2025 Quarter			2024 Quarters
(In millions, except per share information)		First			Fourth			Third			Second			First
Income statement
Net interest income		$	14,443		$	14,359		$	13,967		$	13,702		$	14,032
Noninterest income		12,923			10,988			11,378			11,675			11,786
Total revenue, net of interest expense		27,366			25,347			25,345			25,377			25,818
Provision for credit losses		1,480			1,452			1,542			1,508			1,319
Noninterest expense		17,770			16,787			16,479			16,309			17,237
Income before income taxes		8,116			7,108			7,324			7,560			7,262
Income tax expense		720			443			428			663			588
Net income		7,396			6,665			6,896			6,897			6,674
Net income applicable to common shareholders		6,990			6,399			6,380			6,582			6,142
Average common shares issued and outstanding		7,677.9			7,738.4			7,818.0			7,897.9			7,968.2
Average diluted common shares issued and outstanding		7,770.8			7,843.7			7,902.1			7,960.9			8,031.4
Performance ratios
Return on average assets (1)		0.89		%	0.80		%	0.83		%	0.85		%	0.83		%
Four-quarter trailing return on average assets (2)		0.84			0.83			0.72			0.76			0.78
Return on average common shareholders’ equity (1)		10.36			9.37			9.44			9.98			9.35
Return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity (3)		13.94			12.63			12.76			13.57			12.73
Return on average shareholders’ equity (1)		10.14			8.98			9.30			9.45			9.18
Return on average tangible shareholders’ equity (3)		13.29			11.78			12.20			12.42			12.07
Total ending equity to total ending assets		8.82			9.06			8.92			9.02			8.97
Common equity ratio (1)		8.21			8.35			8.18			8.21			8.10
Total average equity to total average assets		8.83			8.89			8.95			8.96			9.01
Dividend payout (1)		28.51			31.29			31.70			28.66			31.11
Per common share data
Earnings		$	0.91		$	0.83		$	0.82		$	0.83		$	0.77
Diluted earnings		0.90			0.82			0.81			0.83			0.76
Dividends paid		0.26			0.26			0.26			0.24			0.24
Book value (1)		36.39			35.79			35.37			34.39			33.71
Tangible book value (3)		27.12			26.58			26.25			25.37			24.79




Market capitalization		$	315,482		$	334,497		$	305,090		$	309,202		$	298,312
Average balance sheet
Total loans and leases		$	1,093,738		$	1,081,009		$	1,059,728		$	1,051,472		$	1,047,890
Total assets		3,351,423			3,318,094			3,296,171			3,274,988			3,247,159
Total deposits		1,958,332			1,957,950			1,920,748			1,909,925			1,907,462
Long-term debt		241,036			238,988			247,338			243,689			254,782
Common shareholders’ equity		273,480			271,641			269,001			265,290			264,114
Total shareholders’ equity		295,787			295,134			294,985			293,403			292,511
Asset quality
Allowance for credit losses (4)		$	14,366		$	14,336		$	14,351		$	14,342		$	14,371
Nonperforming loans, leases and foreclosed properties (5)		6,201			6,120			5,824			5,691			6,034
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total loans and leases outstanding (5)		1.20		%	1.21		%	1.24		%	1.26		%	1.26		%
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total nonperforming loans and leases (5)		218			222			235			242			225
Net charge-offs		$	1,452		$	1,466		$	1,534		$	1,533		$	1,498
Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases outstanding (5)		0.54		%	0.54		%	0.58		%	0.59		%	0.58		%







Capital ratios at period end (6)

Common equity tier 1 capital		11.8		%	11.9		%	11.8		%	11.9		%	11.9		%

Tier 1 capital		13.0			13.2			13.2			13.5			13.6
Total capital		15.0			15.1			14.9			15.1			15.2
Tier 1 leverage		6.8			6.9			6.9			7.0			7.1
Supplementary leverage ratio		5.7			5.9			5.9			6.0			6.0
Tangible equity (3)		6.9			7.1			7.0			7.0			7.0
Tangible common equity (3)		6.3			6.3			6.2			6.2			6.1
Total loss-absorbing capacity and long-term debt metrics
Total loss-absorbing capacity to risk-weighted assets		27.4		%	27.1		%	27.4		%	28.2		%	28.7		%
Total loss-absorbing capacity to supplementary leverage exposure		12.1			12.0			12.2			12.5			12.8
Eligible long-term debt to risk-weighted assets		13.6			13.0			13.3			13.7			14.2
Eligible long-term debt to supplementary leverage exposure		6.0			5.8			6.0			6.0			6.3

(1)For definitions, see Key Metrics on page 94.

(2)Calculated as total net income for four consecutive quarters divided by annualized average assets for four consecutive quarters.

(3)Tangible equity ratios and tangible book value per share of common stock are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information on these ratios and corresponding reconciliations to GAAP financial measures, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 5 and Non-GAAP Reconciliations on page 43.

(4)Includes the allowance for loan and lease losses and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments.

(5)Balances and ratios do not include loans accounted for under the fair value option. For additional exclusions from nonperforming loans, leases and foreclosed properties, see Consumer Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Nonperforming Consumer Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity on page 29 and corresponding Table 24 and Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Nonperforming Commercial Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity on page 33 and corresponding Table 30.

(6)For more information, including which approach is used to assess capital adequacy, see Capital Management on page 16.


						Bank of America 6



Table 6	Quarterly Average Balances and Interest Rates - FTE Basis

		Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense (1)		Yield/ Rate		Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense (1)		Yield/ Rate
(Dollars in millions)		First Quarter 2025						First Quarter 2024
Earning assets
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve, non-U.S. central banks and other banks		$	272,012	$	2,810	4.19	%	$	346,463	$	4,531	5.26	%
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments		9,202		92		4.04		9,728		116		4.80
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell		322,012		3,774		4.75		304,821		5,175		6.83
Trading account assets		231,437		3,034		5.31		202,461		2,482		4.93
Debt securities		923,747		6,786		2.95		842,483		6,162		2.92
Loans and leases (2)
Residential mortgage		228,638		1,916		3.36		227,748		1,803		3.17
Home equity		25,849		366		5.74		25,522		390		6.14
Credit card		100,173		2,838		11.49		99,815		2,786		11.22

Direct/Indirect and other consumer		106,847		1,432		5.43		103,371		1,399		5.45

Total consumer		461,507		6,552		5.74		456,456		6,378		5.61
U.S. commercial		411,783		5,427		5.34		379,566		5,236		5.55
Non-U.S. commercial		138,853		2,058		6.01		125,024		2,170		6.98
Commercial real estate (3)		65,751		1,020		6.29		71,986		1,311		7.33
Commercial lease financing		15,844		215		5.46		14,858		200		5.41
Total commercial		632,231		8,720		5.59		591,434		8,917		6.06
Total loans and leases		1,093,738		15,272		5.65		1,047,890		15,295		5.87
Other earning assets		114,695		2,443		8.63		106,737		2,682		10.10
Total earning assets		2,966,843		34,211		4.67		2,860,583		36,443		5.12
Cash and due from banks		23,700						24,185
Other assets, less allowance for loan and lease losses		360,880						362,391
Total assets		$	3,351,423					$	3,247,159
Interest-bearing liabilities
U.S. interest-bearing deposits

Demand and money market deposits		$	966,678	$	4,638	1.95	%	$	956,716	$	5,012	2.11	%

Time and savings deposits		364,554		3,007		3.34		325,765		3,059		3.78
Total U.S. interest-bearing deposits		1,331,232		7,645		2.33		1,282,481		8,071		2.53




Non-U.S. interest-bearing deposits		116,733		987		3.42		104,373		1,067		4.11
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,447,965		8,632		2.42		1,386,854		9,138		2.65
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase		385,091		4,629		4.87		350,507		6,026		6.92
Short-term borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities		160,226		2,334		5.91		141,091		2,509		7.15
Trading account liabilities		53,678		707		5.34		51,757		546		4.24
Long-term debt		241,036		3,321		5.56		254,782		4,034		6.35
Total interest-bearing liabilities		2,287,996		19,623		3.47		2,184,991		22,253		4.10
Noninterest-bearing sources
Noninterest-bearing deposits		510,367						520,608
Other liabilities (4)		257,273						249,049
Shareholders’ equity		295,787						292,511
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		$	3,351,423					$	3,247,159
Net interest spread						1.20	%					1.02	%
Impact of noninterest-bearing sources						0.79						0.97
Net interest income/yield on earning assets (5)				$	14,588	1.99	%			$	14,190	1.99	%

(1)Includes the impact of interest rate risk management contracts. For more information, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book on page 40.

(2)Nonperforming loans are included in the respective average loan balances. Income on these nonperforming loans is generally recognized on a cost recovery basis.

(3)Includes U.S. commercial real estate loans of $59.8 billion and $66.2 billion, and non-U.S. commercial real estate loans of $5.9 billion and $5.8 billion for the first quarter of 2025 and 2024.

(4)Includes $53.7 billion and $44.1 billion of structured notes and liabilities for the first quarter of 2025 and 2024.

(5)Net interest income includes FTE adjustments of $145 million and $158 million for the first quarter of 2025 and 2024.


7 Bank of America

Business Segment Operations

Segment Description and Basis of Presentation

We report our results of operations through four business segments: Consumer Banking, GWIM, Global Banking and Global Markets, with the remaining operations recorded in All Other. We manage our segments and report their results on an FTE basis. For more information, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We periodically review capital allocated to our businesses and allocate capital annually during the strategic and capital planning processes. We utilize a methodology that considers the effect of regulatory capital requirements in addition to internal risk-based capital models. The capital allocated to the business segments is referred to as allocated capital. Allocated equity in the reporting units is comprised of allocated capital plus capital

for the portion of goodwill and intangibles specifically assigned to the reporting unit. For more information, including the definition of a reporting unit, see Note 7 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

For more information on our presentation of financial information on an FTE basis, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 5, and for reconciliations to consolidated total revenue, net income and period-end total assets, see Note 17 – Business Segment Information to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Key Performance Indicators

We present certain key financial and nonfinancial performance indicators that management uses when evaluating segment results. We believe they are useful to investors because they provide additional information about our segments’ operational performance, client trends and business growth.

Consumer Banking




	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)	2025			2024			% Change
Net interest income	$	8,505		$	8,197		4	%
Noninterest income:
Card income	1,297			1,272			2
Service charges	618			578			7
All other income	73			119			(39)
Total noninterest income	1,988			1,969			1
Total revenue, net of interest expense	10,493			10,166			3

Provision for credit losses	1,292			1,150			12
Noninterest expense	5,826			5,475			6
Income before income taxes	3,375			3,541			(5)
Income tax expense	844			885			(5)
Net income	$	2,531		$	2,656		(5)

Effective tax rate	25.0		%	25.0		%

Net interest yield	3.48			3.31
Efficiency ratio	55.53			53.86
Return on average allocated capital	23			25

Balance Sheet



	Three Months Ended March 31
Average	2025			2024			% Change
Total loans and leases	$	315,038		$	313,038		1	%
Total earning assets	992,252			995,556			—
Total assets	1,029,320			1,033,101			—
Total deposits	947,550			952,466			(1)
Allocated capital	44,000			43,250			2


Period end	March 31 2025			December 31 2024			% Change
Total loans and leases	$	318,337		$	318,754		—	%
Total earning assets	1,016,785			995,369			2
Total assets	1,054,637			1,034,370			2
Total deposits	972,064			952,311			2

Consumer Banking offers a diversified range of lending, deposit and investment products and services to consumers and small businesses. For more information about Consumer Banking, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net income for Consumer Banking decreased $125 million to $2.5 billion due to higher noninterest expense and higher provision for credit losses, partially offset by higher revenue. Net interest income increased $308 million to $8.5 billion primarily driven by higher deposit spreads and loan balances, partially

offset by one less day of interest accrual. Noninterest income was $2.0 billion, relatively unchanged from the same period a year ago.

The provision for credit losses increased $142 million to $1.3 billion primarily due to credit card. Noninterest expense increased $351 million to $5.8 billion primarily driven by investments in the business, including operations, people and technology.

The return on average allocated capital was 23 percent, down from 25 percent, due to an increase in allocated capital


						Bank of America 8

and lower net income. For information on capital allocated to the business segments, see Business Segment Operations on page 8.

Average loans and leases increased $2.0 billion to $315.0 billion largely due to growth in small business loans.

Average deposits decreased $4.9 billion to $947.6 billion primarily due to net outflows of $24.6 billion in money market

savings, partially offset by growth in time deposits of $21.4 billion.

Consumer investment assets increased $41.3 billion to $497.7 billion driven by positive net client flows and market performance.

Key Statistics

The table below provides key performance indicators for deposit spreads, other period-end information, credit and debit card and loan production activities.



Key Statistics

	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024
Deposit Spreads
Total deposit spreads (excludes noninterest costs)		2.85%			2.69%

Period end
Consumer investment assets (in millions) (1)		$	497,680		$	456,391
Active digital banking users (in thousands) (2)		49,028			47,079
Active mobile banking users (in thousands) (3)		40,492			38,544
Financial centers		3,681			3,804
ATMs		14,866			15,028

Credit and Debit Card
Total credit card (4)
Gross interest yield (5)		12.12		%	12.24		%
Risk-adjusted margin (6)		6.68			6.81
New accounts (in thousands)		913			998
Purchase volumes		$	88,208		$	87,011
Debit card purchase volumes		$	140,197		$	132,407

Loan Production (7)
Consumer Banking:
First mortgage		$	1,857		$	1,688
Home equity		1,834			1,600
Total (8):
First mortgage		$	4,508		$	3,443
Home equity		2,214			1,891

(1)Includes client brokerage assets, deposit sweep balances, Bank of America, N.A. brokered CDs and AUM in Consumer Banking.

(2)Represents mobile and/or online active users over the past 90 days.

(3)Represents mobile active users over the past 90 days.

(4)Includes consumer credit card portfolios in Consumer Banking and GWIM.

(5)Calculated as the effective annual percentage rate divided by average loans.

(6)Calculated as the difference between total revenue, net of interest expense, and net credit losses divided by average loans.

(7)The loan production amounts represent the unpaid principal balance of loans and, in the case of home equity, the principal amount of the total line of credit.

(8)In addition to loan production in Consumer Banking, there is also first mortgage and home equity loan production in GWIM.

Active mobile banking users increased approximately two million, reflecting client growth and continuing changes in our clients’ banking preferences. We had a net decrease of 123 financial centers and 162 ATMs as we continued to optimize our consumer banking network.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the total risk-adjusted margin decreased 13 basis points (bps) compared to the same period in 2024 primarily driven by higher net credit losses, partially offset by higher net interest margin and higher net fee income. Total credit card purchase volumes increased $1.2 billion to $88.2 billion, and debit card purchase volumes increased $7.8 billion to $140.2 billion, reflecting higher levels of consumer spending.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, first mortgage loan originations for Consumer Banking and the total Corporation increased $169 million and $1.1 billion compared to the same period in 2024 primarily driven by higher demand.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, home equity production in Consumer Banking and the total Corporation increased $234 million and $323 million compared to the same period in 2024 primarily driven by higher demand.


9 Bank of America

Global Wealth & Investment Management



	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024			% Change
Net interest income		$	1,765		$	1,814		(3)	%
Noninterest income:
Investment and brokerage services		4,089			3,600			14
All other income		162			177			(8)
Total noninterest income		4,251			3,777			13
Total revenue, net of interest expense		6,016			5,591			8

Provision for credit losses		14			(13)			n/m
Noninterest expense		4,659			4,264			9
Income before income taxes		1,343			1,340			—
Income tax expense		336			335			—
Net income		$	1,007		$	1,005		—

Effective tax rate		25.0		%	25.0		%

Net interest yield		2.26			2.23
Efficiency ratio		77.44			76.27
Return on average allocated capital		21			22


Balance Sheet

	Three Months Ended March 31
Average		March 31, 2025			2024			% Change

Total loans and leases		$	232,326		$	218,616		6	%
Total earning assets		316,887			327,692			(3)
Total assets		330,607			341,119			(3)
Total deposits		286,399			297,373			(4)
Allocated capital		19,750			18,500			7

Period end		March 31 2025			December 31 2024			% Change


Total loans and leases		$	234,304		$	231,981		1	%
Total earning assets		315,663			323,496			(2)
Total assets		329,816			338,367			(3)
Total deposits		285,063			292,278			(2)

n/m = not meaningful

GWIM consists of two primary businesses: Merrill Wealth Management and Bank of America Private Bank. For more information on GWIM, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net income for GWIM was $1.0 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025, largely unchanged from the same period in 2024, primarily due to higher revenue, mostly offset by higher noninterest expense. The operating margin was 22 percent compared to 24 percent a year ago.

Net interest income decreased $49 million to $1.8 billion primarily due to the impact of lower interest rates and lower average deposit balances.

Noninterest income, which primarily includes investment and brokerage services income, increased $474 million to $4.3 billion. The increase was primarily due to higher asset management fees driven by higher average equity market valuations and the impact of positive AUM flows.

Noninterest expense increased $395 million to $4.7 billion primarily due to higher revenue-related incentives and investments in the business, including people and technology.

The return on average allocated capital was 21 percent, down from 22 percent, due to an increase in allocated capital. For information on capital allocated to the business segments, see Business Segment Operations on page 8.

Average loans and leases increased $13.7 billion to $232.3 billion, primarily driven by custom lending, securities based lending and residential mortgage loans. Average deposits decreased $11.0 billion to $286.4 billion primarily driven by clients moving deposits to higher yielding investment cash alternatives, including offerings on our investment and brokerage platforms.

Merrill Wealth Management revenue of $5.0 billion increased eight percent primarily due to higher asset management fees driven by higher average equity market valuations and the impact of positive net AUM flows.

Bank of America Private Bank revenue of $997 million increased six percent primarily driven by higher asset management fees due to the impact of higher average equity market valuations and positive net client flows.


						Bank of America 10



Key Indicators and Metrics

	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024
Revenue by Business
Merrill Wealth Management		$	5,019	$	4,647
Bank of America Private Bank		997		944

Total revenue, net of interest expense		$	6,016	$	5,591

Client Balances by Business, at period end
Merrill Wealth Management		$	3,486,594	$	3,339,693
Bank of America Private Bank		670,600		633,697

Total client balances		$	4,157,194	$	3,973,390

Client Balances by Type, at period end


Assets under management		$	1,855,657	$	1,730,005
Brokerage and other assets		1,821,203		1,758,642

Deposits		285,063		298,039
Loans and leases (1)		236,641		222,528
Less: Managed deposits in assets under management		(41,370)		(35,824)
Total client balances		$	4,157,194	$	3,973,390

Assets Under Management Rollforward
Assets under management, beginning of period		$	1,882,211	$	1,617,740


Net client flows		23,957		24,655
Market valuation/other		(50,511)		87,610
Total assets under management, end of period		$	1,855,657	$	1,730,005

(1)Includes margin receivables, which are classified in customer and other receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Client Balances

Client balances increased $183.8 billion, or five percent, to $4.2 trillion at March 31, 2025 compared to March 31, 2024. The increase in client balances was primarily due to the impact of higher market valuations and positive net client flows.


11 Bank of America

Global Banking



	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024			% Change
Net interest income		$	3,151		$	3,460		(9)	%
Noninterest income:
Service charges		826			750			10
Investment banking fees		847			850			—
All other income		1,153			920			25
Total noninterest income		2,826			2,520			12
Total revenue, net of interest expense		5,977			5,980			—

Provision for credit losses		154			229			(33)
Noninterest expense		3,184			3,012			6
Income before income taxes		2,639			2,739			(4)
Income tax expense		726			753			(4)
Net income		$	1,913		$	1,986		(4)

Effective tax rate		27.5		%	27.5		%

Net interest yield		2.11			2.50
Efficiency ratio		53.27			50.37
Return on average allocated capital		15			16

Balance Sheet

	Three Months Ended March 31
Average		2025			2024			% Change

Total loans and leases		$	378,733		$	373,608		1	%
Total earning assets		606,802			555,957			9
Total assets		674,322			623,073			8
Total deposits		575,185			525,699			9
Allocated capital		50,750			49,250			3


Period end		March 31 2025			December 31 2024			% Change


Total loans and leases		$	384,208		$	379,473		1	%
Total earning assets		620,055			603,481			3
Total assets		687,702			670,905			3
Total deposits		591,619			578,159			2

Global Banking, which includes Global Corporate Banking, Global Commercial Banking, Business Banking and Global Investment Banking, provides a wide range of lending-related products and services, integrated working capital management and treasury solutions, and underwriting and advisory services through our network of global offices and client relationship teams. For more information about Global Banking, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net income for Global Banking decreased $73 million to $1.9 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 driven by higher noninterest expense, partially offset by lower provision for credit losses.

Net interest income decreased $309 million to $3.2 billion primarily due to the impact of interest rates, partially offset by the benefit of higher average deposit balances.

Noninterest income of $2.8 billion included realized gains of approximately $230 million in other income primarily related to sales of certain leveraged finance positions, as well as higher

treasury service charges, partially offset by lower leasing-related revenue compared to the same period in 2024.

The provision for credit losses decreased $75 million to $154 million primarily driven by improved asset quality within the commercial real estate office portfolio.

Noninterest expense increased $172 million to $3.2 billion primarily due to continued investments in the business, including technology and operations.

The return on average allocated capital was 15 percent, down from 16 percent, due to lower net income and an increase in allocated capital. For information on capital allocated to the business segments, see Business Segment Operations on page 8.

Global Corporate, Global Commercial and Business Banking

The following table and discussion present a summary of the results, which exclude certain investment banking and other activities in Global Banking.


						Bank of America 12



Global Corporate, Global Commercial and Business Banking














	Global Corporate Banking				Global Commercial Banking				Business Banking				Total
	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenue
Business Lending	$	914	$	1,065	$	1,129	$	1,280	$	54	$	59	$	2,097	$	2,404
Global Transaction Services	1,288		1,335		1,032		970		360		361		2,680		2,666
Total revenue, net of interest expense	$	2,202	$	2,400	$	2,161	$	2,250	$	414	$	420	$	4,777	$	5,070

Balance Sheet

Average
Total loans and leases	$	171,087	$	165,040	$	195,775	$	196,276	$	11,779	$	12,132	$	378,641	$	373,448
Total deposits	317,620		290,392		205,341		185,727		52,225		49,578		575,186		525,697

Period end

Total loans and leases	$	175,916	$	164,161	$	196,502	$	196,850	$	11,770	$	12,262	$	384,188	$	373,273
Total deposits	335,905		291,066		204,422		186,051		51,293		49,992		591,620		527,109

Business Lending revenue decreased $307 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 primarily driven by lower net interest income and lower leasing-related revenue.

Global Transaction Services revenue increased $14 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 primarily driven by the benefit of higher average deposit balances and higher treasury service charges, largely offset by the impact of lower interest rates.

Average loans and leases of $378.6 billion increased one percent for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 due to client demand. Average deposits of $575.2 billion increased nine percent due to growth in both domestic and international balances.

Global Investment Banking

Client teams and product specialists underwrite and distribute debt, equity and loan products, and provide advisory services and tailored risk management solutions. The economics of certain investment banking and underwriting activities are shared primarily between Global Banking and Global Markets under an internal revenue-sharing arrangement. Global Banking originates certain deal-related transactions with our corporate and commercial clients that are executed and distributed by

Global Markets. To provide a complete discussion of our consolidated investment banking fees, the table below presents total Corporation investment banking fees and the portion attributable to Global Banking.



Investment Banking Fees

	Global Banking	Total Corporation


(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024		2025		2024
Products
Advisory		$	339	$	317	$	384	$	373
Debt issuance		409		383		942		885
Equity issuance		99		150		272		363
Gross investment banking fees		847		850		1,598		1,621
Self-led deals		(28)		(13)		(75)		(53)
Total investment banking fees		$	819	$	837	$	1,523	$	1,568

Total Corporation investment banking fees of $1.5 billion, which exclude self-led deals and are primarily included within Global Banking and Global Markets, decreased three percent for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to lower equity insurance fees, partially offset by higher debt and advisory fees.


13 Bank of America

Global Markets



	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024			% Change
Net interest income		$	1,189		$	681		75	%
Noninterest income:
Investment and brokerage services		627			495			27
Investment banking fees		681			708			(4)
Market making and similar activities		3,622			3,830			(5)
All other income		465			169			n/m
Total noninterest income		5,395			5,202			4
Total revenue, net of interest expense		6,584			5,883			12

Provision for credit losses		28			(36)			n/m
Noninterest expense		3,811			3,492			9
Income before income taxes		2,745			2,427			13
Income tax expense		796			704			13
Net income		$	1,949		$	1,723		13

Effective tax rate		29.0		%	29.0		%

Efficiency ratio		57.89			59.38
Return on average allocated capital		16			15


Balance Sheet	Three Months Ended March 31
Average		2025			2024			% Change


Trading-related assets:
Trading account securities		$	346,590		$	323,210		7	%
Reverse repurchases		143,605			134,081			7
Securities borrowed		136,800			134,852			1
Derivative assets		41,242			37,683			9
Total trading-related assets		668,237			629,826			6
Total loans and leases		159,625			133,756			19
Total earning assets		767,592			692,851			11
Total assets		969,340			895,382			8
Total deposits		38,809			32,585			19
Allocated capital		49,000			45,500			8

Period end		March 31 2025			December 31 2024			% Change


Total trading-related assets		$	660,267		$	580,557		14	%
Total loans and leases		166,348			157,450			6
Total earning assets		761,826			687,678			11
Total assets		959,533			876,605			9
Total deposits		38,268			38,848			(1)

n/m = not meaningful

Global Markets offers sales and trading services and research services to institutional clients across fixed-income, credit, currency, commodity and equity businesses. Global Markets product coverage includes securities and derivative products in both the primary and secondary markets. For more information about Global Markets, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following explanations for period-over-period changes in results for Global Markets, including those disclosed under Sales and Trading Revenue, are the same for amounts including and excluding net DVA. Amounts excluding net DVA are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information on net DVA, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 5.

Net income for Global Markets increased $226 million to $1.9 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Net DVA gains were $19 million compared to losses of $85 million in 2024. Excluding net DVA, net income increased $147 million to $1.9 billion. These increases were primarily driven by higher revenue, partially offset by higher noninterest expense.

Revenue of $6.6 billion included higher sales and trading revenue and realized gains of approximately $230 million in

other income primarily related to sales of certain leveraged finance positions. Sales and trading revenue increased $572 million, and excluding net DVA, increased $468 million. These increases were driven by higher revenue in both Equities and FICC.

Noninterest expense increased $319 million to $3.8 billion, primarily driven by higher revenue-related expenses and continued investments in the business, including people and technology.

Average total assets increased $74.0 billion to $969.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 driven by higher levels of inventory, loan growth and increased financing activity. Period-end total assets increased $82.9 billion from December 31, 2024 to $959.5 billion driven by the same factors as average total assets.

The return on average allocated capital was 16 percent, up from 15 percent, reflecting higher net income, partially offset by an increase in allocated capital. For information on capital allocated to the business segments, see Business Segment Operations on page 8.


						Bank of America 14

Sales and Trading Revenue

For a description of sales and trading revenue, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following table and related discussion present sales and trading revenue, substantially all

of which is in Global Markets, with the remainder in Global Banking. In addition, the following table and related discussion also present sales and trading revenue, excluding net DVA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. For more information on net DVA, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 5.



Sales and Trading Revenue (1, 2, 3)

	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024
Sales and trading revenue (2)
Fixed-income, currencies and commodities	$	3,478	$	3,231
Equities	2,186		1,861
Total sales and trading revenue	$	5,664	$	5,092

Sales and trading revenue, excluding net DVA (4)
Fixed-income, currencies and commodities	$	3,463	$	3,307
Equities	2,182		1,870
Total sales and trading revenue, excluding net DVA	$	5,645	$	5,177

(1)For more information on sales and trading revenue, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(2)Includes FTE adjustments of $77 million and $149 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(3)Includes Global Banking sales and trading revenue of $(37) million and $144 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(4)FICC and Equities sales and trading revenue, excluding net DVA, is a non-GAAP financial measure. FICC net DVA gains (losses) were $15 million and $(76) million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Equities net DVA gains (losses) were $4 million and $(9) million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Including and excluding net DVA, FICC revenue increased $247 million and $156 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 driven by strong trading performance in macro products and continued strength in credit trading. Including and excluding net DVA, Equities revenue increased $325 million and $312 million driven by improved trading performance and increased client activity.

All Other



	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		% Change
Net interest income	$	(22)	$	38	n/m





Noninterest income (loss)	(1,537)		(1,682)		(9)	%
Total revenue, net of interest expense	(1,559)		(1,644)		(5)

Provision for credit losses	(8)		(11)		(27)


Noninterest expense	290		994		(71)
Loss before income taxes	(1,841)		(2,627)		(30)
Income tax benefit	(1,837)		(1,931)		(5)
Net loss	$	(4)	$	(696)	(99)

Balance Sheet
	Three Months Ended March 31


Average	2025		2024		% Change
Total loans and leases	$	8,016	$	8,872	(10)	%
Total assets (1)	347,834		354,484		(2)
Total deposits	110,389		99,339		11

Period end	March 31 2025		December 31 2024		% Change




Total loans and leases	$	7,428	$	8,177	(9)	%
Total assets (1)	317,736		341,272		(7)
Total deposits	102,550		103,871		(1)

(1)In segments where the total of liabilities and equity exceeds assets, which are generally deposit-taking segments, we allocate assets from All Other to those segments to match liabilities (i.e., deposits) and allocated shareholders’ equity. Average allocated assets were $974.7 billion and $958.0 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and period-end allocated assets were $1.0 trillion and $978.4 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

n/m = not meaningful

All Other primarily consists of asset and liability management (ALM) activities, liquidating businesses and certain expenses not otherwise allocated to a business segment. ALM activities encompass interest rate and foreign currency risk management activities for which substantially all of the results are allocated to our business segments. For more information on our ALM activities, see Note 17 – Business Segment Information to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The net loss in All Other decreased $692 million to $4 million primarily due to lower noninterest expense.

Noninterest expense decreased $704 million to $290 million primarily due to the $700 million accrual recorded in the prior year for the increase in the Corporation’s estimated share of the FDIC special assessment.

The income tax benefit decreased $94 million to $1.8 billion due to lower tax preference benefits primarily related to tax credit investment activity.


15 Bank of America

Managing Risk

Risk is inherent in all our business activities. The seven key types of risk faced by the Corporation are strategic, credit, market, liquidity, compliance, operational and reputational. Sound risk management enables us to serve our customers and deliver for our shareholders. If not managed well, risk can result in financial loss, regulatory sanctions and penalties, and damage to our reputation, each of which may adversely impact our ability to execute our business strategies. We take a comprehensive approach to risk management with a defined Risk Framework and an articulated Risk Appetite Statement, which are approved annually by the Board’s Enterprise Risk Committee (ERC) and the Board.

Our Risk Framework serves as the foundation for the consistent and effective management of risks facing the Corporation. The Risk Framework sets forth roles and responsibilities for the management of risk and provides a blueprint for how the Board, through delegation of authority to committees and executive officers, establishes risk appetite and associated limits for our activities.

Our risk appetite provides a common framework that includes a set of measures to assist senior management and the Board in assessing the Corporation’s risk profile across all risk types against our risk appetite and risk capacity. Our risk appetite is formally articulated in the Risk Appetite Statement, which includes both qualitative statements and quantitative limits.

For more information on the Corporation’s risks, see Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risks are being managed within our Risk Framework and supporting risk management programs. For more information on our Risk Framework, risk management activities and the key types of risk faced by the Corporation, see the Managing Risk section in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Capital Management

The Corporation manages its capital position so that its capital is more than adequate to support its business activities and aligns with risk, risk appetite and strategic planning. For more information, see Capital Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

CCAR and Capital Planning

The Federal Reserve requires BHCs to submit a capital plan and planned capital actions on an annual basis, consistent with the rules governing the Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) capital plan and associated stress capital buffer (SCB) requirement, which include supervisory stress testing by the Federal Reserve. Based on 2024 CCAR stress test results, our SCB is 3.2 percent effective from October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025. In April 2025, we submitted our 2025 CCAR capital plan and related supervisory stress tests. The Federal Reserve has indicated that it will disclose CCAR capital plan supervisory stress test results by June 30, 2025.

The Board authorized a $25 billion common stock repurchase program, effective August 1, 2024. Pursuant to Board authorization, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, we repurchased $4.5 billion of common stock. For more information, see Part II, Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds on page 93 and Capital Management – CCAR and Capital Planning in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The timing and amount of common stock repurchases are subject to various factors, including the Corporation’s capital

position, liquidity, financial performance and alternative uses of capital, stock trading price, regulatory requirements and general market conditions, and may be suspended at any time. Such repurchases may be effected through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, including repurchase plans that satisfy the conditions of Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act).

Additionally, as part of our planned capital actions, during the first quarter of 2025, the Corporation paid common stock dividends of $1.9 billion.

Regulatory Capital

As a BHC, we are subject to regulatory capital rules, including Basel 3, issued by U.S. banking regulators. The Corporation's depository institution subsidiaries are also subject to the Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework. The Corporation and its primary affiliated banking entity, BANA, are Advanced approaches institutions under Basel 3 and are required to report regulatory risk-based capital ratios and risk weighted assets (RWA) under both the Standardized and Advanced approaches. The lower of the capital ratios under Standardized or Advanced approaches compared to their respective regulatory capital ratio requirements is used to assess capital adequacy, including under the PCA framework. As of March 31, 2025, the Corporation’s binding ratio was the Tier 1 capital ratio under the Standardized approach.

Minimum Capital Requirements

In order to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, the Corporation must meet risk-based capital ratio requirements that include a capital conservation buffer of 2.5 percent (under the Advanced approaches only), an SCB (under the Standardized approach only), plus any applicable countercyclical capital buffer and a global systemically important bank (G-SIB) surcharge. The buffers and surcharge must be comprised solely of CET1 capital. For the period from October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025, the Corporation’s minimum CET1 requirements are 10.7 percent under the Standardized approach and 10.0 percent under the Advanced approaches.

The Corporation is required to calculate its G-SIB surcharge on an annual basis under two methods and is subject to the higher of the resulting two surcharges. Method 1 is consistent with the approach prescribed by the Basel Committee’s assessment methodology and is calculated using specified indicators of systemic importance. Method 2 modifies the Method 1 approach by, among other factors, including a measure of the Corporation’s reliance on short-term wholesale funding. The Corporation’s G-SIB surcharge, which is higher under Method 2, is expected to increase to 3.5 percent from 3.0 percent on January 1, 2027, unless its surcharge calculated as of December 31, 2025 is lower than 3.5 percent. At March 31, 2025, the Corporation’s CET1 capital ratio of 11.8 percent under the Standardized approach exceeded its CET1 capital ratio requirement.

The Corporation is also required to maintain a minimum supplementary leverage ratio (SLR) of 3.0 percent plus a leverage buffer of 2.0 percent in order to avoid certain restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. At March 31, 2025, our insured depository institution subsidiaries exceeded their requirement to maintain a minimum 6.0 percent SLR to be considered well capitalized under the PCA framework.


						Bank of America 16

Capital Composition and Ratios

Table 7 presents Bank of America Corporation’s capital ratios and related information in accordance with Basel 3 Standardized and Advanced approaches as measured at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For the periods presented herein, the Corporation met the definition of well capitalized under current regulatory requirements.



Table 7	Bank of America Corporation Regulatory Capital under Basel 3


		Standardized Approach (1)			Advanced Approaches (1)			Regulatory Minimum (2)
(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		March 31, 2025
Risk-based capital metrics:
Common equity tier 1 capital		$	201,177		$	201,177
Tier 1 capital		221,666			221,666
Total capital (3)		256,466			245,995
Risk-weighted assets (in billions)		1,711			1,514
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio		11.8		%	13.3		%	10.7	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		13.0			14.6			12.2
Total capital ratio		15.0			16.2			14.2

Leverage-based metrics:
Adjusted quarterly average assets (in billions) (4)		$	3,272		$	3,272
Tier 1 leverage ratio		6.8		%	6.8		%	4.0

Supplementary leverage exposure (in billions)					$	3,860
Supplementary leverage ratio					5.7		%	5.0

		December 31, 2024
Risk-based capital metrics:
Common equity tier 1 capital		$	201,083		$	201,083
Tier 1 capital		223,458			223,458
Total capital (3)		255,363			244,809
Risk-weighted assets (in billions)		1,696			1,490
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio		11.9		%	13.5		%	10.7	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		13.2			15.0			12.2
Total capital ratio		15.1			16.4			14.2

Leverage-based metrics:
Adjusted quarterly average assets (in billions) (4)		$	3,240		$	3,240
Tier 1 leverage ratio		6.9		%	6.9		%	4.0

Supplementary leverage exposure (in billions)					$	3,818
Supplementary leverage ratio					5.9		%	5.0

(1)Capital ratios as of December 31, 2024 were calculated using the regulatory capital rule that allowed a five-year transition period related to the adoption of the current expected credit losses (CECL) accounting standard on January 1, 2020.

(2)The CET1 capital regulatory minimum is the sum of the CET1 capital ratio minimum of 4.5 percent, our G-SIB surcharge of 3.0 percent, and SCB (under the Standardized approach) of 3.2 percent. The countercyclical capital buffer was zero for both periods. The SLR regulatory minimum includes a leverage buffer of 2.0 percent.

(3)Total capital under the Advanced approaches differs from the Standardized approach due to differences in the amount permitted in Tier 2 capital related to the qualifying allowance for credit losses.

(4)Reflects total average assets adjusted for certain Tier 1 capital deductions.

At March 31, 2025, CET1 capital was $201.2 billion, an increase of $94 million from December 31, 2024, primarily due to earnings, largely offset by capital distributions. Tier 1 capital decreased $1.8 billion driven by the same factors as CET1 capital as well as preferred stock redemptions. Total capital under the Standardized approach increased $1.1 billion driven by the same factors as Tier 1 capital, as well as subordinated

debt issuances and an increase in the adjusted allowance for credit losses included in Tier 2 capital. RWA under the Standardized approach, which yielded the lower CET1 capital ratio at March 31, 2025, increased $15.3 billion during 2025 to $1,711 billion primarily driven by client activity in Global Markets. Supplementary leverage exposure at March 31, 2025 increased $41.5 billion primarily driven by increased activity in Global Markets.


17 Bank of America

Table 8 shows the capital composition at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 8	Capital Composition under Basel 3

(Dollars in millions)		March 31 2025		December 31 2024

Total common shareholders’ equity		$	275,082	$	272,400
CECL transitional amount (1)		—		627
Goodwill, net of related deferred tax liabilities		(68,649)		(68,649)
Deferred tax assets arising from net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards		(8,419)		(8,097)
Intangibles, other than mortgage servicing rights, net of related deferred tax liabilities		(1,425)		(1,440)
Defined benefit pension plan net assets		(800)		(786)
Cumulative unrealized net (gain) loss related to changes in fair value of financial liabilities attributable to own creditworthiness, net-of-tax		1,173		1,491
Accumulated net (gain) loss on certain cash flow hedges (2)		4,298		5,629
Other		(83)		(92)
Common equity tier 1 capital		201,177		201,083
Qualifying preferred stock, net of issuance cost		20,498		22,391
Other		(9)		(16)
Tier 1 capital		221,666		223,458
Tier 2 capital instruments		20,650		18,592
Qualifying allowance for credit losses (3)		14,442		13,558
Other		(292)		(245)
Total capital under the Standardized approach		256,466		255,363
Adjustment in qualifying allowance for credit losses under the Advanced approaches (3)		(10,471)		(10,554)
Total capital under the Advanced approaches		$	245,995	$	244,809

(1)December 31, 2024 includes 25 percent of the CECL transition provision’s impact as of December 31, 2021. As of January 1, 2025, CECL transition provision’s impact is fully phased-in.

(2)Includes amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (OCI) related to the hedging of items that are not recognized at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(3)December 31, 2024 includes the impact of transition provisions related to the CECL accounting standard.

Table 9 shows the components of RWA as measured under Basel 3 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 9	Risk-weighted Assets under Basel 3

		Standardized Approach		Advanced Approaches		Standardized Approach		Advanced Approaches
(Dollars in billions)		March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024

Credit risk		$	1,630	$	1,027	$	1,623	$	1,015
Market risk		81		81		73		73
Operational risk		n/a		360		n/a		359
Risks related to credit valuation adjustments		n/a		46		n/a		43
Total risk-weighted assets		$	1,711	$	1,514	$	1,696	$	1,490

n/a = not applicable


						Bank of America 18

Bank of America, N.A. Regulatory Capital

Table 10 presents regulatory capital information for BANA in accordance with Basel 3 Standardized and Advanced approaches as measured at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. BANA met the definition of well capitalized under the PCA framework for both periods.



Table 10	Bank of America, N.A. Regulatory Capital under Basel 3

		Standardized Approach (1)			Advanced Approaches (1)			Regulatory Minimum (2)
(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		March 31, 2025
Risk-based capital metrics:
Common equity tier 1 capital		$	193,808		$	193,808
Tier 1 capital		193,808			193,808
Total capital (3)		209,624			199,393
Risk-weighted assets (in billions)		1,450			1,165
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio		13.4		%	16.6		%	7.0	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		13.4			16.6			8.5
Total capital ratio		14.5			17.1			10.5

Leverage-based metrics:
Adjusted quarterly average assets (in billions) (4)		$	2,545		$	2,545
Tier 1 leverage ratio		7.6		%	7.6		%	5.0

Supplementary leverage exposure (in billions)					$	3,020
Supplementary leverage ratio					6.4		%	6.0

		December 31, 2024
Risk-based capital metrics:
Common equity tier 1 capital		$	194,341		$	194,341
Tier 1 capital		194,341			194,341
Total capital (3)		209,256			198,923
Risk-weighted assets (in billions)		1,444			1,151
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio		13.5		%	16.9		%	7.0	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		13.5			16.9			8.5
Total capital ratio		14.5			17.3			10.5

Leverage-based metrics:
Adjusted quarterly average assets (in billions) (4)		$	2,546		$	2,546
Tier 1 leverage ratio		7.6		%	7.6		%	5.0

Supplementary leverage exposure (in billions)					$	3,015
Supplementary leverage ratio					6.4		%	6.0

(1)Capital ratios as of December 31, 2024 were calculated using the regulatory capital rule that allowed a five-year transition period related to the adoption of the CECL accounting standard on January 1, 2020.

(2)Risk-based capital regulatory minimums at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are the minimum ratios under Basel 3 including a capital conservation buffer of 2.5 percent. The regulatory minimums for the leverage ratios as of both period ends are the percent required to be considered well capitalized under the PCA framework.

(4)Reflects total average assets adjusted for certain Tier 1 capital deductions.

Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity Requirements

Total loss-absorbing capacity (TLAC) consists of the Corporation’s Tier 1 capital and eligible long-term debt issued directly by the Corporation. Eligible long-term debt for TLAC ratios is comprised of unsecured debt that has a remaining maturity of at least one year and satisfies additional requirements as prescribed in the TLAC final rule. As with the

risk-based capital ratios and SLR, the Corporation is required to maintain TLAC ratios in excess of minimum requirements plus applicable buffers to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. Table 11 presents the Corporation's TLAC and long-term debt ratios and related information as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.


19 Bank of America



Table 11	Bank of America Corporation Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity and Long-Term Debt

		TLAC (1)			Regulatory Minimum (2)		Long-term Debt			Regulatory Minimum (3)
(Dollars in millions)		March 31, 2025
Total eligible balance		$	468,442				$	232,568
Percentage of risk-weighted assets (4)		27.4		%	22.0	%	13.6		%	9.0	%
Percentage of supplementary leverage exposure		12.1			9.5		6.0			4.5

		December 31, 2024
Total eligible balance		$	459,857				$	220,666
Percentage of risk-weighted assets (4)		27.1		%	22.0	%	13.0		%	9.0	%
Percentage of supplementary leverage exposure		12.0			9.5		5.8			4.5

(1)TLAC ratios as of December 31, 2024 were calculated using the regulatory capital rule that allowed a five-year transition period related to the adoption of the CECL accounting standard on January 1, 2020.

(2)The TLAC RWA regulatory minimum consists of 18.0 percent plus a TLAC RWA buffer comprised of 2.5 percent plus the Method 1 G-SIB surcharge of 1.5 percent. The countercyclical buffer is zero for both periods. The TLAC supplementary leverage exposure regulatory minimum consists of 7.5 percent plus a 2.0 percent TLAC leverage buffer. The TLAC RWA and leverage buffers must be comprised solely of CET1 capital and Tier 1 capital, respectively.

(3)The long-term debt RWA regulatory minimum is comprised of 6.0 percent plus the Corporation’s G-SIB surcharge of 3.0 percent. The long-term debt leverage exposure regulatory minimum is 4.5 percent.

(4)The approach that yields the higher RWA is used to calculate TLAC and long-term debt ratios, which was the Standardized approach as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Regulatory Developments

On April 17, 2025, the Federal Reserve Board issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPR) to reduce the volatility of the stress capital buffer requirement. Under the NPR, results from the two most recent annual supervisory stress tests would be averaged. In addition, the annual effective date of the stress capital buffer requirement would change from October 1st of the current year to January 1st of the following year to provide banks with additional time to comply with their new capital requirements.

Regulatory Capital and Securities Regulation

The Corporation’s principal U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are BofA Securities, Inc. (BofAS) and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated (MLPF&S). The Corporation's principal European subsidiaries undertaking broker-dealer activities are Merrill Lynch International (MLI) and BofA Securities Europe SA (BofASE).

The U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to the net capital requirements of Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act. BofAS computes its capital requirements as an alternative net capital broker-dealer under Rule 15c3-1e, and MLPF&S computes its capital requirements in accordance with the alternative standard under Rule 15c3-1. BofAS is registered as a futures commission merchant and is subject to Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Regulation 1.17. The U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are also registered with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA). Pursuant to FINRA Rule 4110, FINRA may impose higher net capital requirements than Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act with respect to each of the broker-dealers.

BofAS provides institutional services, and in accordance with the alternative net capital requirements, is required to maintain

tentative net capital in excess of $5.0 billion and net capital in

excess of the greater of $1.0 billion or a certain percentage of its reserve requirement in addition to a certain percentage of securities-based swap risk margin. BofAS must also notify the SEC in the event its tentative net capital is less than $6.0 billion. BofAS is also required to hold a certain percentage of its customers' and affiliates' risk-based margin in order to meet its CFTC minimum net capital requirement. At March 31, 2025, BofAS had tentative net capital of $20.3 billion. BofAS also had regulatory net capital of $17.4 billion, which exceeded the minimum requirement of $4.5 billion.

MLPF&S provides retail services. At March 31, 2025, MLPF&S' regulatory net capital was $7.4 billion, which exceeded the minimum requirement of $158 million.

Our European broker-dealers are subject to requirements from U.S. and non-U.S. regulators. MLI, a U.K. investment firm, is regulated by the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority and is subject to certain regulatory capital requirements. At March 31, 2025, MLI’s capital resources were $33.6 billion, which exceeded the minimum Pillar 1 requirement of $12.5 billion.

BofASE, an authorized credit institution with its head office located in France, is regulated by the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution and the Autorité des Marchés Financiers, and supervised under the Single Supervisory Mechanism by the European Central Bank. At March 31, 2025, BofASE's capital resources were $11.3 billion, which exceeded the minimum Pillar 1 requirement of $3.6 billion.

In addition, MLI and BofASE remained conditionally registered with the SEC as security-based swap dealers, and maintained net liquid assets at March 31, 2025 that exceeded the applicable minimum requirements under the Exchange Act. The entities are also registered as swap dealers with the CFTC and met applicable capital requirements at March 31, 2025.


						Bank of America 20

Liquidity Risk

Funding and Liquidity Risk Management

Our primary liquidity risk management objective is to meet expected or unexpected cash flow and collateral requirements, including payments under long-term debt agreements, commitments to extend credit and customer deposit withdrawals, while continuing to support our businesses and customers under a range of economic conditions. To achieve that objective, we analyze and monitor our liquidity risk under expected and stressed conditions, maintain liquidity and access to diverse funding sources, including our stable deposit base, and seek to align liquidity-related incentives and risks. These liquidity risk management practices have allowed us to effectively manage market fluctuations from the rising interest rate environment, inflationary pressures and changes in the macroeconomic environment.

We define liquidity as readily available assets, limited to cash and high-quality, liquid, unencumbered securities that we can use to meet our contractual and contingent financial obligations as they arise. We manage our liquidity position through line of business and ALM activities, as well as through our legal entity funding strategy, on both a forward and current (including intraday) basis under both expected and stressed conditions. We believe that a centralized approach to funding and liquidity management enhances our ability to monitor liquidity requirements, maximizes access to funding sources, minimizes borrowing costs and facilitates timely responses to liquidity events.

We provide centralized funding and liquidity management through a variety of activities, including monitoring of established limits, assessing exposures under both normal and stressed conditions and reviewing liquidity risk management processes and controls. Global Risk Management (GRM) provides oversight of liquidity management across the Corporation, including front-line units and legal entities. GRM oversees the liquidity risk management governance structure, establishes liquidity risk policies, and provides independent review and challenge of the Corporation's liquidity risk management processes.

For more information on the Corporation’s liquidity risks, see the Liquidity section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information regarding global funding and liquidity risk management, as well as liquidity sources, liquidity arrangements, contingency planning and credit ratings discussed below, see Liquidity Risk in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

NB Holdings Corporation

Bank of America Corporation, as the parent company (the Parent), which is a separate and distinct legal entity from our bank and nonbank subsidiaries, has an intercompany arrangement with our wholly-owned holding company subsidiary, NB Holdings Corporation (NB Holdings). We have transferred, and agreed to transfer, additional Parent assets not required to satisfy anticipated near-term expenditures to NB Holdings. The Parent is expected to continue to have access to the same flow of dividends, interest and other amounts of cash necessary to service its debt, pay dividends and perform other obligations as it would have had it not entered into these arrangements and transferred any assets. These arrangements support our preferred single point of entry resolution strategy, under which only the Parent would be resolved under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

Global Liquidity Sources and Other Unencumbered Assets

We maintain liquidity available to the Corporation, including the Parent and selected subsidiaries, in the form of cash and high- quality, liquid, unencumbered securities. Our liquidity buffer, referred to as Global Liquidity Sources (GLS), is comprised of assets that are readily available to the Parent and selected subsidiaries, including holding company, bank and broker-dealer subsidiaries, even during stressed market conditions. Our cash is primarily on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank and, to a lesser extent, central banks outside of the U.S. We limit the composition of high-quality, liquid, unencumbered securities to U.S. government securities, U.S. agency securities, U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities and other investment-grade securities, and a select group of non-U.S. government securities. We can obtain cash for these securities, even in stressed conditions, through repurchase agreements or outright sales. We hold our GLS in legal entities that allow us to meet the liquidity requirements of our global businesses, and we consider the impact of potential regulatory, tax, legal and other restrictions that could limit the transferability of funds among entities.

Table 12 presents average GLS for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 12	Average Global Liquidity Sources

		Three Months Ended

(Dollars in billions)		March 31 2025		December 31 2024

Bank entities		$	763	$	777
Nonbank and other entities (1)		179		176
Total Average Global Liquidity Sources		$	942	$	953

(1) Nonbank includes Parent, NB Holdings and other regulated entities.

Our bank subsidiaries’ liquidity is primarily driven by deposit and lending activity, as well as securities valuation and net debt activity. Bank subsidiaries can also generate incremental liquidity by pledging a range of unencumbered loans and securities to certain Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBs) and the Federal Reserve Discount Window. The cash we could have obtained by borrowing against this pool of specifically-identified eligible assets was $333 billion and $328 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. We have established operational procedures to enable us to borrow against these assets, including regularly monitoring our total pool of eligible loans and securities collateral. Eligibility is defined in guidelines from the FHLBs and the Federal Reserve and is subject to change at their discretion. Due to regulatory restrictions, liquidity generated by the bank subsidiaries can generally be used only to fund obligations within the bank subsidiaries, and transfers to the Parent or nonbank subsidiaries may be subject to prior regulatory approval.

Liquidity is also held in nonbank entities, including the Parent, NB Holdings and other regulated entities. The Parent and NB Holdings liquidity is typically in the form of cash deposited at BANA, which is excluded from the liquidity at bank subsidiaries, and high-quality, liquid, unencumbered securities. Liquidity held in other regulated entities, comprised primarily of broker-dealer subsidiaries, is primarily available to meet the obligations of that entity, and transfers to the Parent or to any other subsidiary may be subject to prior regulatory approval due to regulatory restrictions and minimum requirements. Our other regulated entities also hold unencumbered investment-grade securities and equities that we believe could be used to generate additional liquidity.


21 Bank of America

Table 13 presents the composition of average GLS for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 13	Average Global Liquidity Sources Composition

		Three Months Ended


(Dollars in billions)		March 31 2025		December 31 2024
Cash on deposit		$	268	$	315
U.S. Treasury securities		345		313
U.S. agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, and other investment-grade securities		296		296
Non-U.S. government securities		33		29
Total Average Global Liquidity Sources		$	942	$	953

Our GLS are substantially the same in composition to what qualifies as High Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA) under the final U.S. Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) rules. However, HQLA for purposes of calculating LCR is not reported at market value, but at a lower value that incorporates regulatory deductions and the exclusion of excess liquidity held at certain subsidiaries. The LCR is calculated as the amount of a financial institution’s unencumbered HQLA relative to the estimated net cash outflows the institution could encounter over a 30-day period of significant liquidity stress, expressed as a percentage. Our average consolidated HQLA, on a net basis, was $629 billion and $623 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For the same periods, the average consolidated LCR was 112 percent and 113 percent. Our LCR fluctuates due to normal business flows from customer activity.

Liquidity Stress Analysis

We utilize liquidity stress analysis to assist us in determining the appropriate amounts of liquidity to maintain at the Parent and our subsidiaries to meet contractual and contingent cash outflows under a range of scenarios. For more information on liquidity stress analysis, see Liquidity Risk – Liquidity Stress Analysis in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net Stable Funding Ratio

The Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) is a liquidity requirement for large banks to maintain a minimum level of stable funding over a one-year period. The requirement is intended to support the ability of banks to lend to households and businesses in both normal and adverse economic conditions and is complementary to the LCR, which focuses on short-term liquidity risks. The U.S. NSFR applies to the Corporation on a consolidated basis and to our insured depository institutions. At March 31, 2025, the Corporation and its insured depository

institutions were in compliance with the U.S. NSFR. For more information, see the Pillar 3 U.S. NSFR Disclosure report for the quarters ended December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024

on the Corporation’s website, the contents of which are not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Diversified Funding Sources

We fund our assets primarily with a mix of deposits, and secured and unsecured liabilities through a centralized, globally coordinated funding approach diversified across products, programs, markets, currencies and investor groups. We fund a substantial portion of our lending activities through our deposits, which were $1.99 trillion and $1.97 trillion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Our trading activities in other regulated entities are primarily funded on a secured basis through securities lending and repurchase agreements, and these amounts will vary based on customer activity and market conditions.

Deposits

Our deposit base is well-diversified by clients, geography and product type across our business segments. At March 31, 2025, 49 percent of our deposits were in Consumer Banking, 14 percent in GWIM and 30 percent in Global Banking. We consider a substantial portion of our deposit base to be a stable, low-cost and consistent source of liquidity. At March 31, 2025 approximately 69 percent of consumer and small business deposits and approximately 80 percent of U.S. deposits in Global Banking were held by clients who have had accounts with us for 10 or more years. In addition, at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 27 percent of our deposits were noninterest bearing and included operating accounts of our consumer and commercial clients. Deposits at March 31, 2025 increased $24.1 billion from December 31, 2024 primarily due to seasonal deposit inflows and client activity.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, rates paid on deposits were 61 bps and 55 bps in Consumer Banking, 250 bps and 289 bps in GWIM, and 273 bps and 312 bps in Global Banking. For information on rates paid on consolidated deposit balances, see Table 6 on page 7.

Long-term Debt

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we issued $33.3 billion of long-term debt consisting of $21.5 billion of notes issued by Bank of America Corporation, substantially all of which were TLAC compliant, $5.2 billion of notes issued by Bank of America, N.A. and $6.6 billion of other debt.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we had total long-term debt maturities and redemptions in the aggregate of $16.0 billion consisting of $9.9 billion for Bank of America Corporation, $2.9 billion for Bank of America, N.A. and $3.2 billion of other debt. Table 14 presents the carrying value of aggregate annual contractual maturities of long-term debt at March 31, 2025.


						Bank of America 22



Table 14	Long-term Debt by Maturity


(Dollars in millions)		Remainder of 2025		2026		2027		2028		2029		Thereafter		Total
Bank of America Corporation
Senior notes (1)		$	2,737	$	19,566	$	23,684	$	29,525	$	22,145	$	96,805	$	194,462
Senior structured notes		1,258		2,117		906		522		1,200		12,872		18,875
Subordinated notes		2,656		4,896		2,023		904		—		17,626		28,105
Junior subordinated notes		—		—		193		—		—		557		750
Total Bank of America Corporation		6,651		26,579		26,806		30,951		23,345		127,860		242,192
Bank of America, N.A.
Senior notes		3,414		9,943		—		627		—		—		13,984
Subordinated notes		—		—		—		—		—		1,420		1,420
Advances from Federal Home Loan Banks		905		458		3		8		2		36		1,412
Securitizations and other Bank VIEs (2)		2,231		2,749		1,249		1,217		132		144		7,722
Other		104		199		39		62		89		—		493
Total Bank of America, N.A.		6,654		13,349		1,291		1,914		223		1,600		25,031
Other debt
Structured Liabilities		4,649		7,494		4,989		2,696		3,219		13,231		36,278
Nonbank VIEs (1)		—		—		—		—		17		628		645
Other		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Total other debt		4,649		7,494		4,989		2,696		3,236		13,859		36,923
Total long-term debt		$	17,954	$	47,422	$	33,086	$	35,561	$	26,804	$	143,319	$	304,146

(1)Total includes $178.7 billion of outstanding senior notes that are both TLAC eligible and callable one year before their stated maturities, including $13.3 billion during the remainder of 2025, and $23.7 billion, $26.6 billion, $23.2 billion and $8.2 billion during each year of 2026 through 2029, respectively, and $83.7 billion thereafter. For more information on our TLAC eligible and callable outstanding notes, see Liquidity Risk – Diversified Funding Sources in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2)Represents liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities (VIEs) included in total long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Total long-term debt increased $20.9 billion to $304.1 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily due to debt issuances and valuation adjustments, partially offset by maturities. We may, from time to time, repurchase outstanding debt instruments in various transactions, depending on market conditions, liquidity and other factors. Our other regulated entities may also make markets in our debt instruments to provide liquidity for investors.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we issued $8.9 billion of structured notes, which are debt obligations that pay investors returns linked to other debt or equity securities, indices, currencies or commodities. These structured notes are typically issued to meet client demand, and notes with certain attributes may also be TLAC eligible. We typically hedge the returns we are obligated to pay on these liabilities with derivatives and/or investments in the underlying instruments, so that from a funding perspective, the cost is similar to our other unsecured long-term debt. We could be required to settle certain structured note obligations for cash or other securities prior to maturity under certain circumstances, which we consider for liquidity planning purposes. We believe, however, that a portion of such borrowings will remain outstanding beyond the earliest put or redemption date.

Substantially all of our senior and subordinated debt obligations contain no provisions that could trigger a requirement for an early repayment, require additional collateral support, result in changes to terms, accelerate maturity or create additional financial obligations upon an adverse change in our credit ratings, financial ratios, earnings, cash flows or stock price. For more information on long-term debt funding,

including issuances and maturities and redemptions, see Note 11 – Long-term Debt to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We use derivative transactions to manage the duration, interest rate and currency risks of our borrowings, considering the characteristics of the assets they are funding. For more information on our ALM activities, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book on page 40.

Credit Ratings

Credit ratings and outlooks are opinions expressed by rating agencies on our creditworthiness and that of our obligations or securities, including long-term debt, short-term borrowings, preferred stock and other securities, including asset securitizations. Table 15 presents the Corporation’s current long-term/short-term senior debt ratings and outlooks expressed by the rating agencies.

The ratings and outlooks from Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings and Fitch Ratings for the Corporation and its subsidiaries have not changed from those disclosed in the Corporation's 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For more information on additional collateral and termination payments that could be required in connection with certain over-the-counter derivative contracts and other trading agreements in the event of a credit rating downgrade, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements herein and Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.


23 Bank of America

Table 15

Senior Debt Ratings

Moody’s Investors Service

Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings

Fitch Ratings

Long-term

Short-term

Outlook

Long-term

Short-term

Outlook

Long-term

Short-term

Outlook

Bank of America Corporation

P-1

Stable

A-

A-2

Stable

AA-

F1+

Stable

Bank of America, N.A.

Aa1

P-1

Negative

A+

A-1

Stable

F1+

Stable

Bank of America Europe Designated Activity Company

A+

A-1

Stable

F1+

Stable

Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated

A+

A-1

Stable

F1+

Stable

BofA Securities, Inc.

A+

A-1

Stable

F1+

Stable

Merrill Lynch International

A+

A-1

Stable

F1+

Stable

BofA Securities Europe SA

A+

A-1

Stable

F1+

Stable

NR = not rated

Finance Subsidiary Issuers and Parent Guarantor

BofA Finance LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (BofA Finance), is a consolidated finance subsidiary of the Corporation that has issued and sold, and is expected to continue to issue and sell, its senior unsecured debt securities (Guaranteed Notes) that are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Corporation. The Corporation guarantees the due and punctual payment, on demand, of amounts payable on the Guaranteed Notes if not paid by BofA Finance. In addition, each of BAC Capital Trust XIII, BAC Capital Trust XIV and BAC Capital Trust XV, Delaware statutory trusts (collectively, the Trusts) is a 100 percent owned finance subsidiary of the Corporation that has issued and sold trust preferred securities (the Trust Preferred Securities) or capital securities (the Capital Securities and, together with the Guaranteed Notes and the Trust Preferred Securities, the Guaranteed Securities), as applicable, that remained outstanding at March 31, 2025. The Corporation has fully and unconditionally guaranteed (or effectively provided for the full and unconditional guarantee of) all such securities issued by such finance subsidiaries. For more information regarding such guarantees by the Corporation, see Liquidity Risk – Finance Subsidiary Issuers and Parent Guarantor in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Representations and Warranties Obligations

For information on representations and warranties obligations in connection with the sale of mortgage loans, see Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Credit Risk Management

For information on our credit risk management activities, see the following: Consumer Portfolio Credit Risk Management on page 24, Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management on page 29, Non-U.S. Portfolio on page 35, Allowance for Credit Losses on page 36, Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements, and Credit Risk Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on the Corporation’s credit risks, see the Credit section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on the Corporation’s economic and geopolitical risks, see the Geopolitical section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, our net charge-off ratio decreased compared to the same period in 2024 primarily driven by lower commercial real estate office

charge-offs. Commercial reservable criticized exposure increased compared to December 31, 2024 driven by commercial real estate due to the sustained high interest rate environment. Nonperforming loans remained relatively unchanged compared to December 31, 2024. Uncertainty remains regarding broader economic impacts as a result of ongoing negotiations regarding international trade policies, higher costs associated with inflationary pressures experienced over the past several years, elevated rates as well as the current geopolitical environment, and could lead to adverse impacts to credit quality metrics in future periods.

Consumer Portfolio Credit Risk Management

Credit risk management for the consumer portfolio begins with initial underwriting and continues throughout a borrower’s credit cycle. Statistical techniques in conjunction with experiential judgment are used in all aspects of portfolio management including underwriting, product pricing, risk appetite, setting credit limits, and establishing operating processes and metrics to quantify and balance risks and returns. Statistical models are built using detailed behavioral information from external sources, such as credit bureaus, and/or internal historical experience and are a component of our consumer credit risk management process. These models are used in part to assist in making both new and ongoing credit decisions as well as portfolio management strategies, including authorizations and line management, collection practices and strategies, and determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses and allocated capital for credit risk.

Consumer Credit Portfolio

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the U.S. unemployment rate and home prices remained relatively stable. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net charge-offs increased $91 million to $1.1 billion compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to the credit card portfolio.

The consumer allowance for loan and lease losses was $8.6 billion, relatively unchanged from December 31, 2024. For more information, see Allowance for Credit Losses on page 36.

For more information on our accounting policies regarding delinquencies, nonperforming status, charge-offs and loan modifications for the consumer portfolio, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table 16 presents our outstanding consumer loans and leases, consumer nonperforming loans and accruing consumer loans past due 90 days or more.


						Bank of America 24



Table 16	Consumer Credit Quality

		Outstandings				Nonperforming						Accruing Past Due 90 Days or More


(Dollars in millions)		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025			December 31 2024			March 31 2025			December 31 2024
Residential mortgage (1)		$	235,246	$	228,199	$	2,036		$	2,052		$	234		$	229
Home equity		25,666		25,737		410			409			—			—
Credit card		99,731		103,566		n/a			n/a			1,334			1,401
Direct/Indirect consumer (2)		106,984		107,122		167			186			1			1
Other consumer		153		151		—			—			—			—
Consumer loans excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option		$	467,780	$	464,775	$	2,613		$	2,647		$	1,569		$	1,631
Loans accounted for under the fair value option (3)		221		221
Total consumer loans and leases		$	468,001	$	464,996
Percentage of outstanding consumer loans and leases (4)		n/a		n/a		0.56		%	0.57		%	0.34		%	0.35		%
Percentage of outstanding consumer loans and leases, excluding fully-insured loan portfolios (4)		n/a		n/a		0.57			0.58			0.29			0.31

(1)Residential mortgage loans accruing past due 90 days or more are fully-insured loans. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, residential mortgage included $124 million and $119 million of loans on which interest had been curtailed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), and therefore were no longer accruing interest, although principal was still insured, and $110 million and $110 million of loans on which interest was still accruing.

(2)Outstandings primarily includes auto and specialty lending loans and leases of $54.1 billion and $54.9 billion, U.S. securities-based lending loans of $49.3 billion and $48.7 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and non-U.S. consumer loans of $2.8 billion at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(3)For more information on the fair value option, see Note 15 – Fair Value Option to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(4)Excludes consumer loans accounted for under the fair value option. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, loans accounted for under the fair value option that were past due 90 days or more and not accruing interest were insignificant.

n/a= not applicable

Table 17 presents net charge-offs and related ratios for consumer loans and leases.



Table 17	Consumer Net Charge-offs and Related Ratios

		Net Charge-offs				Net Charge-off Ratios (1)
		Three Months Ended March 31

(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024			2025		2024
Residential mortgage		$	—	$	3		—	%	0.01	%
Home equity		(12)		(13)			(0.19)		(0.20)
Credit card		1,001		899			4.05		3.62

Direct/Indirect consumer		70		65			0.27		0.26
Other consumer		60		74			n/m		n/m
Total		$	1,119	$	1,028		0.98		0.91

(1)Net charge-off ratios are calculated as annualized net charge-offs divided by average outstanding loans and leases, excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option.

n/m = not meaningful


25 Bank of America

We believe that the presentation of information adjusted to exclude the impact of the fully-insured loan portfolio and loans accounted for under the fair value option is more representative of the ongoing operations and credit quality of the business. As a result, in the following tables and discussions of the residential mortgage and home equity portfolios, we exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option and provide information that excludes the impact of the fully-insured loan portfolio in certain credit quality statistics.

Residential Mortgage

The residential mortgage portfolio made up the largest percentage of our consumer loan portfolio at 50 percent of consumer loans and leases at March 31, 2025. Approximately 50 percent of the residential mortgage portfolio was in Consumer Banking, 45 percent was in GWIM and the remaining portion was in Global Markets and All Other.

Outstanding balances in the residential mortgage portfolio increased $7.0 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily due to a loan portfolio acquisition.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the residential mortgage portfolio included $9.7 billion and $9.9 billion of outstanding fully-insured loans, of which $1.9 billion and $2.0 billion had FHA insurance, with the remainder protected by Fannie Mae long-term standby agreements.

Table 18 presents certain residential mortgage key credit statistics on both a reported basis and excluding the fully-insured loan portfolio. The following discussion presents the residential mortgage portfolio excluding the fully-insured loan portfolio.



Table 18	Residential Mortgage – Key Credit Statistics

		Reported Basis (1)						Excluding Fully-insured Loans (1)


(Dollars in millions)		March 31 2025			December 31 2024			March 31 2025			December 31 2024
Outstandings		$	235,246		$	228,199		$	225,596		$	218,287
Accruing past due 30 days or more		1,477			1,494			1,017			1,007
Accruing past due 90 days or more		234			229			—			—
Nonperforming loans (2)		2,036			2,052			2,036			2,052
Percent of portfolio
Refreshed LTV greater than 90 but less than or equal to 100		1		%	1		%	1		%	1		%
Refreshed LTV greater than 100		—			—			—			—
Refreshed FICO below 620		2			1			1			1

(1)Outstandings, accruing past due, nonperforming loans and percentages of portfolio exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

(2)Includes loans that are contractually current that have not yet demonstrated a sustained period of payment performance following a modification.

Nonperforming outstanding balances in the residential mortgage portfolio remained relatively unchanged during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Of the nonperforming residential mortgage loans at March 31, 2025, $1.3 billion, or 62 percent, were current on contractual payments. Excluding fully-insured loans, loans accruing past due 30 days or more of $1.0 billion also remained relatively unchanged.

Of the $225.6 billion in total residential mortgage loans outstanding at March 31, 2025, $64.0 billion, or 28 percent, of loans were originated as interest-only. The outstanding balance of interest-only residential mortgage loans that had entered the amortization period was $3.5 billion, or six percent, at March 31, 2025. Residential mortgage loans that have entered the amortization period generally experience a higher rate of early stage delinquencies and nonperforming status compared to the residential mortgage portfolio as a whole. At March 31, 2025, $68 million, or two percent, of outstanding interest-only residential mortgages that had entered the amortization period were accruing past due 30 days or more compared to $1.0 billion, or less than one percent, for the entire residential mortgage portfolio. In addition, at March 31, 2025, $191

million, or five percent, of outstanding interest-only residential mortgage loans that had entered the amortization period were nonperforming, of which $60 million were contractually current. Loans that have yet to enter the amortization period in our interest-only residential mortgage portfolio are primarily well-collateralized loans to our wealth management clients and have an interest-only period of three years to 10 years. Substantially all of these loans that have yet to enter the amortization period will not be required to make a fully-amortizing payment until 2026 or later.

Table 19 presents outstandings, nonperforming loans and net charge-offs by certain state concentrations for the residential mortgage portfolio. In the New York area, the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) made up 15 percent of outstandings at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana MSA within California represented 14 percent of outstandings at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.


						Bank of America 26



Table 19	Residential Mortgage State Concentrations

		Outstandings (1)				Nonperforming (1)					Net Charge-offs
		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)											2025		2024



California		$	81,595	$	81,729	$	606	$	602		$	—	$	3
New York		26,022		25,827		319		318			—		—
Florida		16,433		15,715		142		142			—		(1)
Massachusetts		9,816		7,926		46		43			—		—
New Jersey		9,496		8,568		86		88			—		—
Other		82,234		78,522		837		859			—		1
Residential mortgage loans		$	225,596	$	218,287	$	2,036	$	2,052		$	—	$	3
Fully-insured loan portfolio		9,650		9,912

Total residential mortgage loan portfolio		$	235,246	$	228,199

(1)Outstandings and nonperforming loans exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Home Equity

At March 31, 2025, the home equity portfolio made up five percent of the consumer portfolio and was comprised of home equity lines of credit (HELOCs), home equity loans and reverse mortgages. HELOCs generally have an initial draw period of 10 years, and after the initial draw period ends, the loans generally convert to 15- or 20-year amortizing loans. We no longer originate home equity loans or reverse mortgages.

At March 31, 2025, 85 percent of the home equity portfolio was in Consumer Banking, 10 percent was in GWIM and the remainder of the portfolio was in All Other. Outstanding balances in the home equity portfolio decreased $71 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily due to paydowns outpacing draws on existing lines and new originations. Of the

total home equity portfolio at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $9.0 billion and $9.2 billion, or 35 percent and 36 percent, were in first-lien positions. At March 31, 2025, outstanding balances in the home equity portfolio that were in a second-lien or more junior-lien position and where we also held the first-lien loan totaled $4.5 billion, or 18 percent, of our total home equity portfolio.

Unused HELOCs totaled $44.2 billion and $44.3 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The HELOC utilization rate was 36 percent at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Table 20 presents certain home equity portfolio key credit statistics.



Table 20	Home Equity – Key Credit Statistics (1)



(Dollars in millions)							March 31 2025		December 31 2024

Outstandings							$	25,666	$	25,737
Accruing past due 30 days or more				82		84
Nonperforming loans (2)							410		409
Percent of portfolio
Refreshed CLTV greater than 90 but less than or equal to 100		—	%	—	%
Refreshed CLTV greater than 100				—		—
Refreshed FICO below 620							3		2

(1)Outstandings, accruing past due, nonperforming loans and percentages of the portfolio exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

(2)Includes loans that are contractually current that have not yet demonstrated a sustained period of payment performance following a modification.

Nonperforming outstanding balances in the home equity portfolio remained relatively unchanged during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Of the nonperforming home equity loans at March 31, 2025, $249 million, or 61 percent, were current on contractual payments. In addition, $85 million, or 21 percent, were 180 days or more past due and had been written down to the estimated fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell. Accruing loans that were 30 days or more past due remained relatively unchanged during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Of the $25.7 billion in total home equity portfolio outstandings at March 31, 2025, as shown in Table 20, eight percent require interest-only payments. The outstanding balance of HELOCs that had reached the end of their draw period and entered the amortization period was $3.3 billion at March 31, 2025. The HELOCs that have entered the amortization period have experienced a higher percentage of early stage delinquencies and nonperforming status when compared to the HELOC portfolio as a whole. At March 31, 2025, $31 million, or one percent, of outstanding HELOCs that had entered the

amortization period were accruing past due 30 days or more. In addition, at March 31, 2025, $239 million, or seven percent, were nonperforming.

For our interest-only HELOC portfolio, we do not actively track how many of our home equity customers pay only the minimum amount due on their home equity loans and lines; however, we can infer some of this information through a review of our HELOC portfolio that we service and is still in its revolving period. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, 24 percent of these customers with an outstanding balance did not pay any principal on their HELOCs.

Table 21 presents outstandings, nonperforming balances and net recoveries by certain state concentrations for the home equity portfolio. In the New York area, the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island MSA made up 11 percent of the outstanding home equity portfolio at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana MSA within California made up 10 percent and 11 percent of the outstanding home equity portfolio at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.


27 Bank of America



Table 21	Home Equity State Concentrations

		Outstandings (1)				Nonperforming (1)					Net Charge-offs


		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)											2025		2024
California		$	7,015	$	7,038	$	103	$	102		$	(2)	$	(3)
Florida		2,526		2,542		48		47			(1)		(2)
New Jersey		1,799		1,817		32		34			(1)		(2)
Texas		1,553		1,521		19		17			—		—
New York		1,423		1,447		61		62			(2)		—
Other		11,350		11,372		147		147			(6)		(6)
Total home equity loan portfolio		$	25,666	$	25,737	$	410	$	409		$	(12)	$	(13)

(1)Outstandings and nonperforming loans exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Credit Card

At March 31, 2025, 97 percent of the credit card portfolio was managed in Consumer Banking with the remainder in GWIM. Outstandings in the credit card portfolio decreased $3.8 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $99.7 billion, primarily driven by a seasonal decline in purchase volume. Net charge-offs increased $102 million to $1.0 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to

the same period in 2024. Credit card loans 30 days or more past due decreased $141 million, and 90 days or more past due decreased $67 million at March 31, 2025.

Unused lines of credit for credit card increased to $407.6 billion at March 31, 2025 from $398.7 billion at December 31, 2024.

Table 22 presents certain state concentrations for the credit card portfolio.



Table 22	Credit Card State Concentrations

		Outstandings				Past Due 90 Days or More					Net Charge-offs


		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)											2025		2024
California		$	16,648	$	17,289	$	243	$	253		$	193	$	161
Florida		10,446		10,794		179		199			141		123
Texas		8,894		9,121		138		142			99		90
New York		5,549		5,765		81		84			60		62
Washington		5,362		5,586		46		46			31		27
Other		52,832		55,011		647		677			477		436
Total credit card portfolio		$	99,731	$	103,566	$	1,334	$	1,401		$	1,001	$	899

Direct/Indirect Consumer

At March 31, 2025, 51 percent of the direct/indirect portfolio was included in Consumer Banking (consumer auto and recreational vehicle lending) and 49 percent was included in GWIM (principally securities-based lending loans). Outstandings

in the direct/indirect portfolio of $107.0 billion were relatively unchanged during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Table 23 presents certain state concentrations for the direct/indirect consumer loan portfolio.



Table 23	Direct/Indirect State Concentrations

		Outstandings				Nonperforming					Net Charge-offs


		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)											2025		2024

California		$	15,964	$	16,017	$	34	$	38		$	17	$	15
Florida		14,570		14,573		20		23			8		9
Texas		10,162		10,164		18		18			8		8
New York		7,645		7,820		13		15			5		4
New Jersey		4,359		4,429		7		7			1		2
Other		54,284		54,119		75		85			31		27
Total direct/indirect loan portfolio		$	106,984	$	107,122	$	167	$	186		$	70	$	65

Nonperforming Consumer Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity

Table 24 presents nonperforming consumer loans, leases and foreclosed properties activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, nonperforming consumer loans of $2.6 billion remained relatively unchanged.

At March 31, 2025, $450 million, or 17 percent, of nonperforming loans were 180 days or more past due and had

been written down to their estimated property value less costs to sell. In addition, at March 31, 2025, $1.6 billion, or 60 percent, of nonperforming consumer loans were current and classified as nonperforming loans in accordance with applicable policies.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, foreclosed properties decreased $24 million to $88 million.


						Bank of America 28



Table 24	Nonperforming Consumer Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity

		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)			2025			2024
Nonperforming loans and leases, January 1			$	2,647		$	2,712
Additions			242			254
Reductions:
Paydowns and payoffs			(111)			(131)
Sales			(1)			(1)
Returns to performing status (1)			(154)			(113)
Charge-offs			(5)			(10)
Transfers to foreclosed properties			(5)			(14)

Total net reductions to nonperforming loans and leases			(34)			(15)
Total nonperforming loans and leases, March 31			2,613			2,697
Foreclosed properties, March 31			88			112
Nonperforming consumer loans, leases and foreclosed properties, March 31 (2)			$	2,701		$	2,809
Nonperforming consumer loans and leases as a percentage of outstanding consumer loans and leases (3)			0.56		%	0.59		%
Nonperforming consumer loans, leases and foreclosed properties as a percentage of outstanding consumer loans, leases and foreclosed properties (3)			0.58			0.62

(1)Consumer loans may be returned to performing status when all principal and interest is current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected, or when the loan otherwise becomes well-secured and is in the process of collection.

(2)Includes repossessed non-real estate assets of $32 million and $22 million at March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(3)Outstanding consumer loans and leases exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management

Commercial credit risk is evaluated and managed with the goal that concentrations of credit exposure continue to be aligned with our risk appetite. We review, measure and manage concentrations of credit exposure by industry, product, geography, customer relationship and loan size. We also review, measure and manage commercial real estate loans by geographic location and property type. In addition, within our non-U.S. portfolio, we evaluate exposures by region and by country. Tables 29, 31 and 34 summarize our concentrations. We also utilize syndications of exposure to third parties, loan sales, hedging and other risk mitigation techniques to manage the size and risk profile of the commercial credit portfolio. For more information on our industry concentrations, see Table 31 and Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Industry Concentrations on page 33.

For more information on our accounting policies regarding delinquencies, nonperforming status and net charge-offs, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Commercial Credit Portfolio

Outstanding commercial loans and leases increased $11.8 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2025 due to growth in U.S. and non-U.S. commercial, primarily in Global Markets and Global Banking. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, commercial credit quality deteriorated as reservable criticized utilized exposure increased primarily driven by commercial real estate due to the sustained high interest rate environment. Nonperforming commercial loans increased $142 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily in non-U.S. commercial and commercial real estate. Commercial net charge-offs decreased $137 million compared

to the same period in 2024 primarily due to lower charge-offs in the commercial real estate office portfolio.

With the exception of the office property type, which is further discussed in the Commercial Real Estate section herein, credit quality of commercial borrowers has remained relatively stable since December 31, 2024; however, we are closely monitoring emerging trends, including ongoing negotiations regarding international trade policies, as well as borrower performance in the current environment. Recent demand for office space continues to be stagnant, and future demand for office space continues to be uncertain as companies evaluate space needs with employment models that utilize a mix of remote and conventional office use.

The commercial allowance for loan and lease losses of $4.7 billion remained relatively unchanged during the three months ended March 31, 2025. For more information, see Allowance for Credit Losses on page 36.

Total commercial utilized credit exposure increased $1.3 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $740.8 billion driven by higher loans and leases partially offset by decreases in derivative assets and loans held-for-sale. The utilization rate for loans and leases, standby letters of credit (SBLCs) and financial guarantees, and commercial letters of credit, in the aggregate, was 56 percent and 55 percent at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Table 25 presents commercial credit exposure by type for utilized, unfunded and total binding committed credit exposure. Commercial utilized credit exposure includes SBLCs and financial guarantees and commercial letters of credit that have been issued and for which we are legally bound to advance funds under prescribed conditions during a specified time period, and excludes exposure related to trading account assets. Although funds have not yet been advanced, these exposure types are considered utilized for credit risk management purposes.


29 Bank of America



Table 25	Commercial Credit Exposure by Type

		Commercial Utilized (1)				Commercial Unfunded (2, 3, 4)				Total Commercial Committed


(Dollars in millions)		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025		December 31 2024
Loans and leases		$	642,624	$	630,839	$	536,966	$	535,675	$	1,179,590	$	1,166,514
Derivative assets (5)		36,206		40,948		—		—		36,206		40,948
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees		32,732		33,147		2,426		1,889		35,158		35,036
Debt securities and other investments		17,312		19,133		4,392		4,407		21,704		23,540
Loans held-for-sale		4,597		7,985		6,823		5,003		11,420		12,988
Operating leases		5,406		5,608		—		—		5,406		5,608
Commercial letters of credit		770		839		—		111		770		950
Other		1,136		1,004		—		—		1,136		1,004
Total		$	740,783	$	739,503	$	550,607	$	547,085	$	1,291,390	$	1,286,588

(1)Commercial utilized exposure includes loans of $5.2 billion and $4.0 billion accounted for under the fair value option at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2)Commercial unfunded exposure includes commitments accounted for under the fair value option with a notional amount of $2.0 billion and $2.2 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(3)Excludes unused business card lines, which are not legally binding.

(4)Includes the notional amount of unfunded legally binding lending commitments, net of amounts distributed (i.e., syndicated or participated) to other financial institutions. The distributed amounts were $10.6 billion and $10.4 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(5)Derivative assets are carried at fair value, reflect the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and have been reduced by cash collateral of $26.5 billion and $30.1 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Not reflected in utilized and committed exposure is additional non-cash derivative collateral held of $56.7 billion and $59.7 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which consists primarily of other marketable securities.

Nonperforming commercial loans increased $142 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily in non-U.S. commercial and commercial real estate. Table 26 presents our commercial loans and leases portfolio and related credit quality information at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 26	Commercial Credit Quality

		Outstandings				Nonperforming				Accruing Past Due 90 Days or More

(Dollars in millions)		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025		December 31 2024
Commercial and industrial:
U.S. commercial		$	393,413	$	386,990	$	1,157	$	1,204	$	85	$	90
Non-U.S. commercial		141,327		137,518		111		8		1		4
Total commercial and industrial		534,740		524,508		1,268		1,212		86		94
Commercial real estate		65,539		65,730		2,145		2,068		5		6
Commercial lease financing		15,698		15,708		26		20		8		3
		615,977		605,946		3,439		3,300		99		103
U.S. small business commercial (1)		21,482		20,865		31		28		199		197
Commercial loans excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option		$	637,459	$	626,811	$	3,470	$	3,328	$	298	$	300
Loans accounted for under the fair value option (2)		5,165		4,028
Total commercial loans and leases		$	642,624	$	630,839

(1)Includes card-related products.

(2)Commercial loans accounted for under the fair value option includes U.S. commercial of $4.0 billion and $2.8 billion and non-U.S. commercial of $1.2 billion and $1.3 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 For more information on the fair value option, see Note 15 – Fair Value Option to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table 27 presents net charge-offs and related ratios for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.



Table 27	Commercial Net Charge-offs and Related Ratios

			Net Charge-offs				Net Charge-off Ratios (1)
		Three Months Ended March 31

(Dollars in millions)			2025		2024		2025		2024
Commercial and industrial:
U.S. commercial			$	70	$	66	0.07	%	0.07	%
Non-U.S. commercial			7		(9)		0.02		(0.03)
Total commercial and industrial			77		57		0.06		0.05
Commercial real estate			123		304		0.75		1.70
Commercial lease financing			—		1		—		0.03
			200		362		0.13		0.26
U.S. small business commercial			133		108		2.57		2.22
Total commercial			$	333	$	470	0.22		0.32

(1)Net charge-off ratios are calculated as annualized net charge-offs divided by average outstanding loans and leases, excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Table 28 presents commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure by loan type. Criticized exposure corresponds to the

Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful asset categories as defined by regulatory authorities. Total commercial reservable


						Bank of America 30

criticized utilized exposure increased $1.2 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily driven by commercial real estate. At March 31, 2025 and December 31,

2024, 92 percent and 91 percent of commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure was secured.



Table 28	Commercial Reservable Criticized Utilized Exposure (1, 2)




(Dollars in millions)		March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
Commercial and industrial:
U.S. commercial		$	13,342	3.17	%	$	13,387	3.23	%
Non-U.S. commercial		1,804		1.23		1,955		1.37
Total commercial and industrial		15,146		2.67		15,342		2.75
Commercial real estate		11,483		17.19		10,168		15.17
Commercial lease financing		281		1.79		291		1.85
		26,910		4.14		25,801		4.03
U.S. small business commercial		742		3.45		694		3.33
Total commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure		$	27,652	4.12		$	26,495	4.01

(1)Total commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure includes loans and leases of $26.7 billion and $25.5 billion and commercial letters of credit of $994 million and $977 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2)Percentages are calculated as commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure divided by total commercial reservable utilized exposure for each exposure category.

Commercial and Industrial

Commercial and industrial loans include U.S. commercial and non-U.S. commercial portfolios.

U.S. Commercial

At March 31, 2025, 60 percent of the U.S. commercial loan portfolio, excluding small business, was managed in Global Banking, 23 percent in Global Markets, 16 percent in GWIM (loans that provide financing for asset purchases, business investments and other liquidity needs for high net worth clients) and the remainder primarily in Consumer Banking. U.S. commercial loans increased $6.4 billion, or two percent, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily driven by Global Banking and Global Markets. Reservable criticized utilized exposure remained relatively unchanged.

Non-U.S. Commercial

At March 31, 2025, 57 percent of the non-U.S. commercial loan portfolio was managed in Global Banking and 43 percent in Global Markets. Non-U.S. commercial loans increased $3.8 billion, or three percent, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily driven by Global Banking. Reservable criticized utilized exposure decreased $151 million, or eight percent. For information on the non-U.S. commercial portfolio, see Non-U.S. Portfolio on page 35.

Commercial Real Estate

Commercial real estate primarily includes commercial loans secured by non-owner-occupied real estate and is dependent on the sale or lease of the real estate as the primary source of repayment. Outstanding loans of $65.5 billion remained relatively unchanged during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The commercial real estate portfolio is primarily managed in Global Banking and consists of loans made primarily to public

and private developers, and commercial real estate firms. The portfolio remains diversified across property types and geographic regions. California represented the largest state concentration at 21 percent of commercial real estate at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Reservable criticized utilized exposure increased $1.3 billion, or 13 percent, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily driven by industrial/warehouse and multi-family rental loans that are being impacted by the elevated interest rate environment. Office loans represented the largest property type concentration at 22 percent of the commercial real estate portfolio at March 31, 2025, and approximately one percent of total loans for the Corporation. This property type is roughly 75 percent Class A and had an origination loan-to-value of approximately 55 percent.

Reservable criticized exposure for the office property type was $5.2 billion at March 31, 2025, representing an increase of $168 million, or three percent, from December 31, 2024, with an aggregate loan-to-value of approximately 85 percent based on property appraisals completed in the last twelve months. Approximately $3.4 billion of office loans are scheduled to mature by the end of 2025.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net charge-offs decreased $181 million to $123 million compared to the same period in 2024 driven by office loans. We use a number of proactive risk mitigation initiatives to reduce adversely rated exposure in the commercial real estate portfolio, including transfers of deteriorating exposures for management by independent special asset officers and the pursuit of loan restructurings or asset sales to achieve the best results for our customers and the Corporation.


31 Bank of America

Table 29 presents outstanding commercial real estate loans by geographic region, based on the geographic location of the collateral, and by property type.



Table 29	Outstanding Commercial Real Estate Loans


(Dollars in millions)		March 31 2025		December 31 2024
By Geographic Region
Northeast		$	15,073	$	14,708
California		13,955		13,712
Southwest		7,369		7,719
Southeast		7,044		6,914
Florida		4,706		4,410
Illinois		2,896		2,996
Midsouth		2,598		2,487
Midwest		2,501		2,468
Northwest		1,672		1,979
Non-U.S.		5,810		6,109
Other		1,915		2,228
Total outstanding commercial real estate loans		$	65,539	$	65,730
By Property Type
Non-residential
Office		$	14,419	$	15,061
Industrial / Warehouse		13,036		13,166
Multi-family rental		10,792		11,022
Shopping centers / Retail		5,713		5,603
Hotel / Motels		4,531		4,680

Multi-use		1,978		2,162

Other		14,098		13,179
Total non-residential		64,567		64,873
Residential		972		857
Total outstanding commercial real estate loans		$	65,539	$	65,730

U.S. Small Business Commercial

The U.S. small business commercial loan portfolio is comprised of small business card loans and small business loans primarily managed in Consumer Banking. Credit card-related products were 53 percent of the U.S. small business commercial portfolio at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and represented 98 percent of net charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Accruing loans that were past due 90 days or more remained relatively unchanged during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Nonperforming Commercial Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity

Table 30 presents the nonperforming commercial loans, leases and foreclosed properties activity during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Nonperforming loans do not include loans accounted for under the fair value option. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, nonperforming commercial loans and leases increased $142 million to $3.5 billion. At March 31, 2025, nearly 100 percent of commercial nonperforming loans, leases and foreclosed properties were secured, and 36 percent were contractually current. Commercial nonperforming loans were carried at 86 percent of their unpaid principal balance, as the carrying value of these loans has been reduced to the estimated collateral value less costs to sell.


						Bank of America 32



Table 30	Nonperforming Commercial Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity (1, 2)

		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024
Nonperforming loans and leases, January 1		$	3,328		$	2,773
Additions		644			1,006


Reductions:
Paydowns		(275)			(220)
Sales		—			(1)
Returns to performing status (3)		(9)			(4)
Charge-offs		(218)			(368)


Total net additions to nonperforming loans and leases		142			413
Total nonperforming loans and leases, March 31		3,470			3,186






Foreclosed properties, March 31		30			39
Nonperforming commercial loans, leases and foreclosed properties, March 31		$	3,500		$	3,225
Nonperforming commercial loans and leases as a percentage of outstanding commercial loans and leases (4)		0.54		%	0.54		%
Nonperforming commercial loans, leases and foreclosed properties as a percentage of outstanding commercial loans, leases and foreclosed properties (4)		0.55			0.54

(1)Balances do not include nonperforming loans held-for-sale of $583 million and $379 million at March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(2)Includes U.S. small business commercial activity. Small business card loans are excluded as they are not classified as nonperforming.

(3)Commercial loans and leases may be returned to performing status when all principal and interest is current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected, when the loan otherwise becomes well-secured and is in the process of collection, or when a modified loan demonstrates a sustained period of payment performance.

(4)Outstanding commercial loans exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Industry Concentrations

Table 31 presents commercial committed and utilized credit exposure by industry. For information on net notional credit protection purchased to hedge funded and unfunded exposures for which we elected the fair value option, as well as certain other credit exposures, see Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Risk Mitigation.

Commercial credit exposure is diversified across a broad range of industries. Total commercial committed exposure increased $4.8 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2025 to $1.3 trillion. The increase in commercial committed exposure was concentrated in Finance companies, Government & public education and Capital goods.

For information on industry limits, see Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Risk Mitigation in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Asset managers and funds, our largest industry concentration with committed exposure of $190.2 billion, decreased $3.7 billion, or two percent, during the three months ended March 31, 2025, which was primarily driven by investment-grade exposures.

Finance companies, our second largest industry concentration with committed exposure of $109.8 billion, increased $8.0 billion, or eight percent, during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in committed exposure was primarily driven by increases in Consumer finance, Thrifts and mortgage finance and Diversified financials.

Capital goods, our third largest industry concentration with committed exposure of $101.9 billion, increased $3.1 billion, or three percent, during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in committed exposure was driven by increases in Trading companies and distributors, Machinery and Electrical equipment, partially offset by a decrease in Industrial conglomerates.

Various macroeconomic challenges, including geopolitical tensions, higher costs associated with inflationary pressures experienced over the past several years and elevated interest rates, have led to uncertainty in the U.S. and global economies and have adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, a number of industries. We continue to monitor these risks as well as the ongoing negotiations regarding international trade policies.


33 Bank of America



Table 31	Commercial Credit Exposure by Industry (1)

		Commercial Utilized				Total Commercial Committed (2)

(Dollars in millions)		March 31 2025		December 31 2024		March 31 2025		December 31 2024
Asset managers and funds		$	116,857	$	118,123	$	190,223	$	193,947
Finance companies		77,795		74,975		109,820		101,828
Capital goods		52,912		51,367		101,909		98,780
Real estate (3)		68,311		69,841		95,300		95,981
Healthcare equipment and services		36,501		35,964		65,887		65,819
Materials		28,434		26,797		61,164		58,128
Retailing		26,606		24,449		53,773		53,471
Consumer services		29,144		28,391		52,708		53,054
Government and public education		32,872		32,682		52,009		48,204
Food, beverage and tobacco		25,209		25,763		50,875		54,370
Individuals and trusts		35,181		35,457		50,091		50,353
Commercial services and supplies		25,724		24,409		45,275		43,451
Utilities		18,822		18,186		42,774		42,107
Transportation		23,426		24,135		35,836		35,743
Energy		13,968		13,857		35,560		35,510
Technology hardware and equipment		9,758		11,526		28,358		30,093
Software and services		11,169		11,158		25,229		27,383
Global commercial banks		20,802		22,641		24,341		25,220
Vehicle dealers		18,050		18,194		23,542		23,855
Media		10,120		12,130		22,911		24,023
Insurance		10,820		12,640		22,050		23,445
Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology		7,704		7,378		21,911		21,717
Consumer durables and apparel		9,615		8,987		21,292		21,823
Telecommunication services		9,320		8,571		17,824		18,759
Automobiles and components		8,136		8,172		17,270		16,268
Food and staples retailing		7,129		7,206		12,594		12,777
Financial markets infrastructure (clearinghouses)		3,956		4,219		6,676		6,413
Religious and social organizations		2,442		2,285		4,188		4,066

Total commercial credit exposure by industry		$	740,783	$	739,503	$	1,291,390	$	1,286,588

(1)Includes U.S. small business commercial exposure.

(2)Includes the notional amount of unfunded legally binding lending commitments, net of amounts distributed (i.e., syndicated or participated) to other financial institutions. The distributed amounts were $10.6 billion and $10.4 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(3)Industries are viewed from a variety of perspectives to best isolate the perceived risks. For purposes of this table, the real estate industry is defined based on the primary business activity of the borrowers or counterparties using operating cash flows and primary source of repayment as key factors.

Risk Mitigation

We purchase credit protection to cover the funded portion as well as the unfunded portion of certain credit exposures. To lower the cost of obtaining our desired credit protection levels, we may add credit exposure within an industry, borrower or counterparty group by selling protection.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, net notional credit default protection purchased in our credit derivatives portfolio to hedge our funded and unfunded exposures for which we elected the fair value option, as well as certain other credit exposures, was $12.0 billion and $10.4 billion. We recorded net gains of $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to net losses of $25 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The gains and losses on these instruments were largely offset by gains and losses on the related exposures. The Value-at-Risk (VaR) results for the exposures under the fair value option are included in the fair value option portfolio information in Table 37. For more information, see Trading Risk Management on page 38.

Tables 32 and 33 present the maturity profiles and the credit exposure debt ratings of the net credit default protection portfolio at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 32	Net Credit Default Protection by Maturity


		March 31 2025		December 31 2024
Less than or equal to one year		16	%	24	%
Greater than one year and less than or equal to five years		76		76
Greater than five years		8		—
Total net credit default protection		100	%	100	%


						Bank of America 34



Table 33	Net Credit Default Protection by Credit Exposure Debt Rating

		Net Notional (1)		Percent of Total		Net Notional (1)		Percent of Total


(Dollars in millions)		March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
Ratings (2, 3)
AAA		$	(195)	1.6	%	$	(120)	1.1	%
AA		(1,071)		8.9		(960)		9.2
A		(5,223)		43.6		(4,978)		47.7
BBB		(3,761)		31.4		(3,385)		32.4
BB		(1,060)		8.8		(526)		5.0
B		(402)		3.4		(385)		3.7
CCC and below		(88)		0.7		(82)		0.8
NR (4)		(189)		1.6		—		0.1
Total net credit default protection		$	(11,989)	100.0	%	$	(10,436)	100.0	%

(1)Represents net credit default protection purchased.

(2)Ratings are refreshed on a quarterly basis.

(3)Ratings of BBB- or higher are considered to meet the definition of investment grade.

(4)NR is comprised of index positions held and any names that have not been rated.

For more information on credit derivatives and counterparty credit risk valuation adjustments, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Non-U.S. Portfolio

Our non-U.S. credit and trading portfolios are subject to country risk. We define country risk as the risk of loss from unfavorable economic and political conditions, currency fluctuations, social instability and changes in government policies. A risk management framework is in place to measure, monitor and manage non-U.S. risk and exposures. In addition to the direct risk of doing business in a country, we also are exposed to indirect country risks (e.g., related to the collateral received on secured financing transactions or related to client clearing activities). These indirect exposures are managed in the normal course of business through credit, market and operational risk governance rather than through country risk governance. For more information on our non-U.S. credit and trading portfolios, see Non-U.S. Portfolio in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on risks related to our non-U.S. portfolio, see the Geopolitical section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table 34 presents our 20 largest non-U.S. country exposures at March 31, 2025. These exposures accounted for 89 percent of our total non-U.S. exposure at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Net country exposure for these 20 countries increased $6.1 billion from December 31, 2024 primarily driven by increases in Germany, India and Singapore.



Table 34	Top 20 Non-U.S. Countries Exposure

(Dollars in millions)		Funded Loans and Loan Equivalents		Unfunded Loan Commitments		Net Counterparty Exposure		Securities/ Other Investments		Country Exposure at March 31 2025		Hedges and Credit Default Protection		Net Country Exposure at March 31 2025		Increase (Decrease) from December 31 2024
United Kingdom		$	34,482	$	18,275	$	4,568	$	4,373	$	61,698	$	(1,768)	$	59,930	$	(2,115)
Germany		26,714		11,297		1,897		1,660		41,568		(1,548)		40,020		2,982
Canada		14,100		11,300		1,308		3,522		30,230		(501)		29,729		(1,743)
France		16,583		9,190		1,076		2,465		29,314		(1,564)		27,750		1,596
Australia		15,498		4,742		610		2,257		23,107		(343)		22,764		628
Brazil		10,248		1,351		1,032		4,642		17,273		(92)		17,181		443
Japan		11,057		1,352		1,200		3,988		17,597		(740)		16,857		(2,384)
India		8,107		372		772		7,081		16,332		(59)		16,273		2,487
Singapore		5,720		631		169		5,185		11,705		(38)		11,667		1,780
Switzerland		5,366		5,065		294		274		10,999		(142)		10,857		256
China		4,490		260		703		4,826		10,279		(264)		10,015		793
Ireland		6,952		1,629		118		419		9,118		(146)		8,972		711
South Korea		4,624		1,290		739		2,113		8,766		(208)		8,558		115
Netherlands		3,341		3,568		646		1,386		8,941		(608)		8,333		204
Italy		5,034		2,369		266		735		8,404		(570)		7,834		(55)
Mexico		4,467		1,767		400		1,283		7,917		(237)		7,680		(362)
Spain		3,287		2,124		54		1,085		6,550		(334)		6,216		113
Hong Kong		3,049		591		728		1,228		5,596		(80)		5,516		426
Indonesia		1,185		—		29		3,593		4,807		(31)		4,776		355
Belgium		968		1,281		152		1,042		3,443		(169)		3,274		(101)
Total top 20 non-U.S. countries exposure		$	185,272	$	78,454	$	16,761	$	53,157	$	333,644	$	(9,442)	$	324,202	$	6,129

Our largest non-U.S. country exposure at March 31, 2025 was the United Kingdom with net exposure of $59.9 billion, which decreased $2.1 billion from December 31, 2024 primarily due to lower deposits with the central bank. Our second largest non-U.S. country exposure was Germany with net exposure of $40.0 billion at March 31, 2025, which increased $3.0 billion from December 31, 2024 primarily due to increased exposure to sovereign institutions.


35 Bank of America

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses increased $30 million from December 31, 2024 to $14.4 billion at March 31, 2025, which included a reserve decrease of $18 million and a reserve increase of $48 million related to the consumer and commercial

portfolios, respectively.

Table 35 presents an allocation of the allowance for credit losses by product type at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 35	Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses by Product Type


		Amount		Percent of Total		Percent of Loans and Leases Outstanding (1)			Amount		Percent of Total		Percent of Loans and Leases Outstanding (1)
(Dollars in millions)		March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Allowance for loan and lease losses
Residential mortgage		$	290	2.19	%	0.12	%		$	264	1.99	%	0.12	%
Home equity		50		0.38		0.19			29		0.22		0.11
Credit card		7,434		56.08		7.45			7,515		56.76		7.26

Direct/Indirect consumer		710		5.36		0.66			700		5.29		0.65
Other consumer		68		0.51		n/m			62		0.47		n/m
Total consumer		8,552		64.52		1.83			8,570		64.73		1.84
U.S. commercial (2)		2,739		20.66		0.66			2,637		19.91		0.65
Non-U.S. commercial		720		5.43		0.51			778		5.88		0.57
Commercial real estate		1,204		9.08		1.84			1,219		9.21		1.85
Commercial lease financing		41		0.31		0.27			36		0.27		0.23
Total commercial		4,704		35.48		0.74			4,670		35.27		0.75
Allowance for loan and lease losses		13,256		100.00	%	1.20			13,240		100.00	%	1.21


Reserve for unfunded lending commitments		1,110							1,096
Allowance for credit losses		$	14,366						$	14,336

(1)Ratios are calculated as allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of loans and leases outstanding excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option.

(2)Includes allowance for loan and lease losses for U.S. small business commercial loans of $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

n/m = not meaningful

Net charge-offs of $1.5 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were relatively unchanged compared to the same period in 2024. The provision for credit losses increased $161 million to $1.5 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily driven by credit card loans. The provision for credit losses for the consumer portfolio, including unfunded lending commitments, increased $140 million to $1.1 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The provision for credit losses for the commercial portfolio, including unfunded lending commitments,

increased $21 million to $381 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024.

Table 36 presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses, including certain loan and allowance ratios for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. For more information on the Corporation’s credit loss accounting policies and activity related to the allowance for credit losses, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements.


						Bank of America 36



Table 36	Allowance for Credit Losses

		Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024


Allowance for loan and lease losses, January 1		$	13,240		$	13,342
Loans and leases charged off
Residential mortgage		(3)			(8)
Home equity		(3)			(3)
Credit card		(1,178)			(1,045)
Direct/Indirect consumer		(105)			(102)
Other consumer		(66)			(78)
Total consumer charge-offs		(1,355)			(1,236)
U.S. commercial (1)		(244)			(196)
Non-U.S. commercial		(8)			(1)
Commercial real estate		(126)			(304)
Commercial lease financing		—			(1)
Total commercial charge-offs		(378)			(502)
Total loans and leases charged off		(1,733)			(1,738)
Recoveries of loans and leases previously charged off
Residential mortgage		3			5
Home equity		15			16
Credit card		177			146
Direct/Indirect consumer		35			37
Other consumer		6			4
Total consumer recoveries		236			208
U.S. commercial (2)		41			22
Non-U.S. commercial		1			10
Commercial real estate		3			—
Commercial lease financing		—			—
Total commercial recoveries		45			32
Total recoveries of loans and leases previously charged off		281			240
Net charge-offs		(1,452)			(1,498)

Provision for loan and lease losses		1,466			1,370
Other		2			(1)


Allowance for loan and lease losses, March 31		13,256			13,213


Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, January 1		1,096			1,209
Provision for unfunded lending commitments		14			(51)

Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, March 31		1,110			1,158
Allowance for credit losses, March 31		$	14,366		$	14,371

Loan and allowance ratios (3):
Loans and leases outstanding at March 31		$	1,105,239		$	1,046,218
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total loans and leases outstanding at March 31		1.20		%	1.26		%
Consumer allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total consumer loans and leases outstanding at March 31		1.83			1.87
Commercial allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total commercial loans and leases outstanding at March 31		0.74			0.80
Average loans and leases outstanding		$	1,088,296		$	1,044,723
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases outstanding		0.54		%	0.58		%

Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total nonperforming loans and leases at March 31		218			225
Ratio of the allowance for loan and lease losses at March 31 to annualized net charge-offs		2.25			2.19

Amounts included in allowance for loan and lease losses for loans and leases that are excluded from nonperforming loans and leases at March 31 (4)		$	8,663		$	8,353
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total nonperforming loans and leases, excluding the allowance for loan and lease losses for loans and leases that are excluded from nonperforming loans and leases at March 31 (4)		76		%	83		%

(1)Includes U.S. small business commercial charge-offs of $147 million and $118 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(2)Includes U.S. small business commercial recoveries of $14 million and $10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(3)Ratios are calculated as allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of loans and leases outstanding excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option.

(4)Primarily includes amounts related to credit card and unsecured consumer lending portfolios in Consumer Banking.


37 Bank of America

Market Risk Management

For more information on our market risk management process, see Market Risk Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on market risks, see the Market section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Market risk is the risk that changes in market conditions may adversely impact the value of assets or liabilities, or otherwise negatively impact earnings. This risk is inherent in the financial instruments associated with our operations, primarily within our Global Markets segment. We are also exposed to these risks in other areas of the Corporation (e.g., our ALM activities). In the event of market stress, these risks could have a material impact on our results.

Trading Risk Management

To evaluate risks in our trading activities, we focus on the actual and potential volatility of revenues generated by individual positions as well as portfolios of positions. VaR is a common statistic used to measure market risk. Our primary VaR statistic is equivalent to a 99 percent confidence level, which means that for a VaR with a one-day holding period, there should not be losses in excess of VaR, on average, 99 out of 100 trading days.

Table 37 presents the total market-based portfolio VaR, which is the combination of the total trading positions portfolio

and the fair value option portfolio. Prior to the first quarter of 2025, the Corporation presented its VaR using a total market-based portfolio VaR, which was primarily a combination of our total covered positions and certain less liquid trading positions. An insignificant amount of banking book positions was included in these portfolios. Beginning in the first quarter of 2025, the VaR amounts for all periods presented in Table 37 and Table 38 exclude those banking book positions and include only the financial instruments used in the Corporation’s market risk management of its trading portfolios. For more information on the market risk VaR for trading activities, see Trading Risk Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The total market-based portfolio VaR results in Table 37 include market risk to which we are exposed from all business segments’ trading activities, which exclude credit valuation adjustment (CVA), DVA and the related hedges of these items. The majority of this portfolio is within the Global Markets segment.

Table 37 presents period-end, average, high and low daily trading VaR for the three months ended March 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 using a 99 percent confidence level. The average of the trading portfolio VaR increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the prior quarter due to increased credit risk and reduced diversification benefit across asset classes.



Table 37	Market Risk VaR for Trading Activities

		Three Months Ended

		March 31, 2025								December 31, 2024								March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)		Period End		Average		High (1)		Low (1)		Period End		Average		High (1)		Low (1)		Period End		Average		High (1)		Low (1)
Foreign exchange		$	12	$	18	$	36	$	10	$	24	$	17	$	27	$	9	$	21	$	13	$	21	$	6
Interest rate		52		62		83		46		65		59		83		36		56		62		94		40
Credit		61		56		67		48		56		52		59		44		49		50		60		44
Mortgage		41		34		41		28		27		34		51		26		30		32		35		29
Equity		26		24		38		15		20		23		34		16		18		17		24		12
Commodities		11		10		13		7		9		10		12		7		12		10		12		8
Portfolio diversification		(107)		(113)		n/a		n/a		(114)		(127)		n/a		n/a		(124)		(120)		n/a		n/a


Total trading positions portfolio VaR		96		91		119		66		87		68		89		56		62		64		87		53
Fair value option loans		23		27		35		19		31		21		31		15		14		16		19		12
Fair value option hedges		14		19		28		11		22		13		22		6		6		8		10		5
Fair value option portfolio diversification		(23)		(30)		n/a		n/a		(34)		(21)		n/a		n/a		(9)		(11)		n/a		n/a
Total fair value option portfolio		14		16		20		11		19		13		19		10		11		13		16		10
Portfolio diversification		(4)		(8)		n/a		n/a		(8)		(7)		n/a		n/a		(6)		(7)		n/a		n/a
Total market-based portfolio		$	106	$	99	127		73		$	98	$	74	100		61		$	67	$	70	95		59

(1)The high and low for each portfolio may have occurred on different trading days than the high and low for the components. Therefore the amount of portfolio diversification, which is the difference between the total portfolio and the sum of the individual components, is not relevant.

n/a = not applicable


						Bank of America 38

The following graph presents the trading positions portfolio VaR for the previous five quarters, corresponding to the data in Table 37.

Additional VaR statistics produced within our single VaR model are provided in Table 38 at the same level of detail as in Table 37. Evaluating VaR with additional statistics allows for an increased understanding of the risks in the portfolio, as the historical market data used in the VaR calculation does not necessarily follow a predefined statistical distribution. Table 38 presents average trading VaR statistics at 99 percent and 95 percent confidence levels for the three months ended March 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024.



Table 38	Average Market Risk VaR for Trading Activities – 99 percent and 95 percent VaR Statistics


		Three Months Ended
		March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024				March 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)		99 percent		95 percent		99 percent		95 percent		99 percent		95 percent
Foreign exchange		$	18	$	9	$	17	$	9	$	13	$	6
Interest rate		62		33		59		33		62		34
Credit		56		29		52		28		50		24
Mortgage		34		18		34		21		32		17
Equity		24		12		23		12		17		7
Commodities		10		6		10		5		10		6
Portfolio diversification		(113)		(68)		(127)		(73)		(120)		(63)
Total trading positions portfolio VaR		91		39		68		35		64		31


Fair value option loans		27		16		21		12		16		9
Fair value option hedges		19		11		13		7		8		5
Fair value option portfolio diversification		(30)		(19)		(21)		(12)		(11)		(6)
Total fair value option portfolio		16		8		13		7		13		8
Portfolio diversification		(8)		(3)		(7)		(4)		(7)		(4)
Total market-based portfolio		$	99	$	44	$	74	$	38	$	70	$	35

Backtesting

The accuracy of the VaR methodology is evaluated by backtesting, which compares the daily VaR results, utilizing a one-day holding period, against a comparable subset of trading revenue. For more information on our backtesting process, see Trading Risk Management – Backtesting in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, there were no days where this subset of trading revenue had losses that exceeded our total covered portfolio VaR, utilizing a one-day holding period.


39 Bank of America

Total Trading-related Revenue

Total trading-related revenue, excluding brokerage fees, and CVA, DVA and funding valuation adjustment gains (losses), represents the total amount earned from trading positions, including market-based net interest income, which are taken in

a diverse range of financial instruments and markets. For more information, see Trading Risk Management – Total Trading-related Revenue in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following histogram is a graphic depiction of trading volatility and illustrates the daily level of trading-related revenue

for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, positive trading-related revenue was recorded for 100 percent of the trading days, of which 98 percent were daily trading gains of over $25 million. This compares to the three months ended December 31, 2024 where positive trading-related revenue was recorded for 98 percent of the trading days, of which 86 percent were daily trading gains of over $25 million, and the largest loss was $12 million.

1Q25 Trading Related Revenue Histogram.jpg

Trading Portfolio Stress Testing

Because the very nature of a VaR model suggests results can exceed our estimates and it is dependent on a limited historical window, we also stress test our portfolio using scenario analysis. This analysis estimates the change in the value of our trading portfolio that may result from abnormal market movements. For more information, see Trading Risk Management – Trading Portfolio Stress Testing in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book

The following discussion presents net interest income for banking book activities. For more information, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table 39 presents the spot and 12-month forward rates used in developing the forward curve used in our baseline forecasts at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 39	Forward Rates


		Federal Funds		SOFR		10-Year SOFR
		March 31, 2025
Spot rates		4.50	%	4.41	%	3.76	%
12-month forward rates		3.65		3.53		3.80

		December 31, 2024

Spot rates		4.50	%	4.49	%	4.07	%
12-month forward rates		4.00		3.94		4.07

Table 40 shows the potential pretax impact to forecasted net interest income over the next 12 months from March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 resulting from instantaneous parallel and non-parallel shocks to the market-based forward curve. Periodically, we evaluate the scenarios presented so that they are meaningful in the context of the current rate environment. Amounts presented reflect dynamic deposit sensitivities, which incorporate behavioral customer deposit balance changes that could occur under various scenarios. For more information, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.


						Bank of America 40



Table 40	Estimated Banking Book Net Interest Income Sensitivity to Curve Changes
		Short Rate (bps)	Long Rate (bps)


(Dollars in billions)				March 31 2025		December 31 2024

Parallel Shifts
+100 bps instantaneous shift		+100	+100	$	0.9	$	1.1

-100 bps instantaneous shift		-100	-100	(2.2)		(2.3)
+200 bps instantaneous shift		+200	+200	1.5		2.0
-200 bps instantaneous shift		-200	-200	(5.3)		(5.4)
Flatteners
Short-end instantaneous change		+100	—	0.8		1.1

Long-end instantaneous change		—	-100	(0.2)		(0.1)
Steepeners

Short-end instantaneous change		-100	—	(1.9)		(2.1)
Long-end instantaneous change		—	+100	0.2		0.1

We continue to be asset sensitive to a parallel upward move in interest rates, with the majority of that impact coming from the short end of the yield curve. Additionally, higher interest rates negatively impact the fair value of our debt securities classified as available for sale and adversely affect accumulated OCI and thus capital levels under the Basel 3 capital rules. Under instantaneous upward parallel shifts, the near-term adverse impact to Basel 3 capital would be reduced over time by offsetting positive impacts to net interest income generated from banking book activities. For more information on Basel 3, see Capital Management – Regulatory Capital on page 16.

As part of our ALM activities, we use securities, certain residential mortgages, and interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives in managing interest rate sensitivity. The sensitivity analysis in Table 40 assumes that we take no action in response to these rate shocks and does not assume any change in other macroeconomic variables normally correlated with changes in interest rates. In higher rate scenarios, the analysis assumes that a portion of low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits is replaced with higher yielding deposits or market-based funding. Conversely, in lower rate scenarios, the analysis assumes that a portion of higher yielding deposits or market-based funding is replaced with low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits.

For larger interest rate shift scenarios, the interest rate sensitivity may behave in a non-linear manner as there are numerous estimates and assumptions, which require a high degree of judgment and are often interrelated, that could impact the outcome. Pertaining to the mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage portfolio, if long-end interest rates were to significantly decrease over the next twelve months, for example over 200 bps, there would generally be an increase in customer prepayment behaviors with an incremental reduction to net interest income, noting that the extent of changes in customer prepayment activity can be impacted by multiple factors and is not necessarily limited to long-end interest rates. Conversely, if long-end interest rates were to significantly increase over the next twelve months, for example, over 200 bps, customer prepayments would likely modestly decrease and result in an incremental increase to net interest income. In addition, deposit pricing is rate sensitive in nature. This sensitivity is assumed to have non-linear impacts to larger short-end rate movements. In decreasing interest rate scenarios, and particularly where interest rates have decreased to small amounts, the ability to further reduce rates paid is reduced as customer rates near zero. In higher short-end rate scenarios, deposit pricing will likely increase at a faster rate, leading to incremental interest expense and reducing asset sensitivity. While the impact related to the above assumptions used in the asset sensitivity analysis can provide directional analysis on how net interest income will

be impacted in changing environments, the ultimate impact is dependent upon the interrelationship of the assumptions and factors, which vary in different macroeconomic scenarios.

Economic Value of Equity

In addition to interest rate sensitivity described above, the Corporation’s management of its interest rate exposures in the banking book also considers a long-term view of interest rate sensitivity through the measurement of Economic Value of Equity (EVE). EVE captures changes in the net present value of banking book assets and liabilities under various interest rate scenarios and its impact to Tier 1 capital. Similar to net interest income, the Corporation establishes limits for EVE. EVE is largely driven by the Corporation’s longer duration fixed-rate products, such as investment securities, residential mortgages and deposits. For assets or liabilities that have no stated maturity, such as deposits, the Corporation estimates the duration for measurement purposes.

Interest Rate and Foreign Exchange Derivative Contracts

We use interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts in our ALM activities to manage our interest rate and foreign exchange risks. Specifically, we use those derivatives to manage both the variability in cash flows and changes in fair value of various assets and liabilities arising from those risks. Our interest rate derivative contracts are generally non-leveraged swaps tied to various benchmark interest rates and foreign exchange basis swaps, options, futures and forwards, and our foreign exchange contracts include cross-currency interest rate swaps, foreign currency futures contracts, foreign currency forward contracts and options.

The derivatives used in our ALM activities can be split into two broad categories: designated accounting hedges and other risk management derivatives. Designated accounting hedges are primarily used to manage our exposure to interest rates as described in the Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book section and are included in the sensitivities presented in Table 40. The Corporation also uses foreign currency derivatives in accounting hedges to manage substantially all of the foreign exchange risk of our foreign operations. By hedging the foreign exchange risk of our foreign operations, the Corporation's market risk exposure in this area is not significant.

Risk management derivatives are predominantly used to hedge foreign exchange risks related to various foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities and eliminate substantially all foreign currency exposures in the cash flows of the Corporation’s non-trading foreign currency-denominated financial instruments. These foreign exchange derivatives are sensitive to other market risk exposures such as cross-currency basis


41 Bank of America

spreads and interest rate risk. However, as these features are not a significant component of these foreign exchange derivatives, the market risk related to this exposure is not significant. For more information on the accounting for derivatives, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Mortgage Banking Risk Management

We originate, fund and service mortgage loans, which subject us to credit, liquidity and interest rate risks, among others. We determine whether loans will be held for investment or held for sale at the time of commitment and manage credit and liquidity risks by selling or securitizing a portion of the loans we originate.

Changes in interest rates impact the value of interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) and the related residential first mortgage loans held-for-sale (LHFS), as well as the value of the MSRs. Because the interest rate risks of these hedged items offset, we combine them into one overall hedged item with one combined economic hedge portfolio consisting of derivative contracts and securities. For more information on IRLCs and the related residential mortgage LHFS, see Mortgage Banking Risk Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Climate Risk

Climate risk is divided into two major categories, both of which span the seven key risk types discussed in Managing Risk on page 16: (1) Physical Risk: risks related to the physical impacts of climate change, driven by extreme weather events such as hurricanes and floods, as well as chronic longer-term shifts such as rising average global temperatures and sea levels, and (2) Transition Risk: risks related to the transition to a low-carbon economy, which may entail extensive policy, legal, technology and market changes.

Physical risks of climate change, such as more frequent and severe extreme weather events, can increase the Corporation’s risks, including credit risk by diminishing borrowers’ repayment capacity or collateral values, and operational risk by negatively impacting the Corporation’s facilities, employees, or third parties. Transition risks of climate change may amplify credit risks through the financial impacts of changes in policy, technology or the market on the Corporation or our counterparties. Unanticipated market changes can lead to sudden price adjustments and give rise to heightened market risk.

Our approach to managing climate risk is consistent with our risk management governance structure, from senior management to our Board and its committees, including the ERC and the Corporate Governance Committee (CGC) of the Board, which regularly discuss climate-related topics. The ERC oversees climate risk as set forth in our Risk Framework and Risk Appetite Statement. The CGC is responsible for overseeing the Corporation’s environmental sustainability-related activities and practices, and regularly reviews the Corporation’s related initiatives and policies.

Our Climate Risk Council consists of leaders across risk, Front Line Unit (FLU) and control functions, and meets routinely to discuss our approach to managing climate-related risks. The Corporation has a Climate and Environmental Risk Management function that is responsible for overseeing climate risk management. They are responsible for establishing the Climate Risk Framework (described below) and governance structure, and providing an independent assessment of enterprise-wide climate risks.

Based on the Corporation’s Risk Framework, we created our internal Climate Risk Framework, which addresses various global climate-related laws, rules, regulations and guidance. The framework describes how the Corporation identifies, measures, monitors and controls climate risk by enhancing existing risk management processes, includes examples of how climate risk manifests across the seven risk types, and details the roles and responsibilities for climate risk management across our three lines of defense (i.e., FLUs, Global Risk Management and Corporate Audit).

For more information on our governance framework, see the Managing Risk section in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on climate risk, see Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on climate- and sustainability-related matters and their importance in supporting our customers and clients, see the Corporation’s website, including its 2024 Sustainability at Bank of America document. The contents of the Corporation’s website, including the 2024 Sustainability at Bank of America document, are not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Complex Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting principles, are essential in understanding the MD&A. Many of our significant accounting principles require complex judgments to estimate the values of assets and liabilities. We have procedures and processes in place to facilitate making these judgments. For more information, see Complex Accounting Estimates in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.


						Bank of America 42

Non-GAAP Reconciliations

Table 41 provides reconciliations of certain non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.



Table 41	Average and Period-end Supplemental Financial Data and Reconciliations to GAAP Financial Measures (1)




		2025 Quarter		2024 Quarters
(Dollars in millions)		First		Fourth		Third		Second		First














































Reconciliation of average shareholders’ equity to average tangible shareholders’ equity and average tangible common shareholders’ equity
Shareholders’ equity		$	295,787	$	295,134	$	294,985	$	293,403	$	292,511
Goodwill		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)
Intangible assets (excluding MSRs)		(1,912)		(1,932)		(1,951)		(1,971)		(1,990)
Related deferred tax liabilities		851		859		864		869		874
Tangible shareholders’ equity		$	225,705	$	225,040	$	224,877	$	223,280	$	222,374
Preferred stock		(22,307)		(23,493)		(25,984)		(28,113)		(28,397)
Tangible common shareholders’ equity		$	203,398	$	201,547	$	198,893	$	195,167	$	193,977
Reconciliation of period-end shareholders’ equity to period-end tangible shareholders’ equity and period-end tangible common shareholders’ equity




Shareholders’ equity		$	295,581	$	295,559	$	296,512	$	293,892	$	293,552
Goodwill		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)
Intangible assets (excluding MSRs)		(1,899)		(1,919)		(1,938)		(1,958)		(1,977)
Related deferred tax liabilities		846		851		859		864		869
Tangible shareholders’ equity		$	225,507	$	225,470	$	226,412	$	223,777	$	223,423
Preferred stock		(20,499)		(23,159)		(24,554)		(26,548)		(28,397)
Tangible common shareholders’ equity		$	205,008	$	202,311	$	201,858	$	197,229	$	195,026
Reconciliation of period-end assets to period-end tangible assets
Assets		$	3,349,424	$	3,261,519	$	3,324,293	$	3,257,996	$	3,273,803
Goodwill		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)
Intangible assets (excluding MSRs)		(1,899)		(1,919)		(1,938)		(1,958)		(1,977)
Related deferred tax liabilities		846		851		859		864		869
Tangible assets		$	3,279,350	$	3,191,430	$	3,254,193	$	3,187,881	$	3,203,674

(1)For more information on non-GAAP financial measures and ratios we use in assessing the results of the Corporation, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 5.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

See Market Risk Management on page 38 in the MD&A and the sections referenced therein for Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Corporation’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness and design of the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the three months ended March 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.


43 Bank of America

Part I. Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries



Consolidated Statement of Income

	Three Months Ended March 31
(In millions, except per share information)		2025		2024
Net interest income
Interest income		$	34,066	$	36,285
Interest expense		19,623		22,253
Net interest income		14,443		14,032

Noninterest income
Fees and commissions		9,415		8,660
Market making and similar activities		3,584		3,888
Other income (loss)		(76)		(762)
Total noninterest income		12,923		11,786
Total revenue, net of interest expense		27,366		25,818

Provision for credit losses		1,480		1,319

Noninterest expense
Compensation and benefits		10,889		10,195
Information processing and communications		1,894		1,800
Occupancy and equipment		1,856		1,811
Product delivery and transaction related		914		851
Professional fees		652		548
Marketing		506		455
Other general operating		1,059		1,577


Total noninterest expense		17,770		17,237
Income before income taxes		8,116		7,262
Income tax expense		720		588
Net income		$	7,396	$	6,674
Preferred stock dividends		406		532
Net income applicable to common shareholders		$	6,990	$	6,142

Per common share information
Earnings		$	0.91	$	0.77
Diluted earnings		0.90		0.76

Average common shares issued and outstanding		7,677.9		7,968.2
Average diluted common shares issued and outstanding		7,770.8		8,031.4



Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024
Net income		$	7,396	$	6,674
Other comprehensive income (loss), net-of-tax:
Net change in debt securities		366		332
Net change in debit valuation adjustments		297		(188)
Net change in derivatives		1,313		(416)
Employee benefit plan adjustments		27		23
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments		11		(20)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		2,014		(269)
Comprehensive income (loss)		$	9,410	$	6,405

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


						Bank of America 44

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries



Consolidated Balance Sheet

		March 31 2025		December 31 2024
(Dollars in millions)
Assets
Cash and due from banks		$	24,734	$	26,003
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve, non-U.S. central banks and other banks		248,845		264,111
Cash and cash equivalents		273,579		290,114
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments		7,282		6,372
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell (includes $181,232 and $144,501 measured at fair value)		328,365		274,709
Trading account assets (includes $171,255 and $170,328 pledged as collateral)		339,614		314,460
Derivative assets		36,206		40,948
Debt securities:
Carried at fair value		388,559		358,607
Held-to-maturity, at cost (fair value $454,408 and $450,548)		550,720		558,677
Total debt securities		939,279		917,284
Loans and leases (includes $5,386 and $4,249 measured at fair value)		1,110,625		1,095,835
Allowance for loan and lease losses		(13,256)		(13,240)
Loans and leases, net of allowance		1,097,369		1,082,595
Premises and equipment, net		12,151		12,168
Goodwill		69,021		69,021
Loans held-for-sale (includes $2,672 and $2,214 measured at fair value)		6,867		9,545
Customer and other receivables		80,329		82,247
Other assets (includes $9,952 and $13,176 measured at fair value)		159,362		162,056
Total assets		$	3,349,424	$	3,261,519

Liabilities
Deposits in U.S. offices:
Noninterest-bearing		$	513,905	$	507,561
Interest-bearing (includes $403 and $310 measured at fair value)		1,346,423		1,329,014
Deposits in non-U.S. offices:
Noninterest-bearing		16,105		16,297
Interest-bearing		113,131		112,595
Total deposits		1,989,564		1,965,467
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase (includes $222,734 and $192,859 measured at fair value)		376,070		331,758
Trading account liabilities		105,470		92,543
Derivative liabilities		35,365		39,353
Short-term borrowings (includes $6,534 and $6,245 measured at fair value)		41,470		43,391
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (includes $9,061 and $13,199 measured at fair value and $1,110 and $1,096 of reserve for unfunded lending commitments)		201,758		210,169
Long-term debt (includes $54,545 and $50,005 measured at fair value)		304,146		283,279
Total liabilities		3,053,843		2,965,960
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6 – Securitizations and Other Variable Interest Entities and Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies)
Shareholders’ equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; authorized – 100,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding – 3,771,164 and 3,877,917 shares		20,499		23,159
Common stock and additional paid-in capital, $0.01 par value; authorized – 12,800,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding – 7,560,084,716 and 7,610,862,311 shares		41,038		45,336
Retained earnings		247,315		242,349
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		(13,271)		(15,285)

Total shareholders’ equity		295,581		295,559
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		$	3,349,424	$	3,261,519

	Assets of consolidated variable interest entities included in total assets above (isolated to settle the liabilities of the variable interest entities)
	Trading account assets	$	6,062	$	5,575


	Loans and leases	18,045		19,144
	Allowance for loan and lease losses	(911)		(919)
	Loans and leases, net of allowance	17,134		18,225

	All other assets	608		319
	Total assets of consolidated variable interest entities	$	23,804	$	24,119
	Liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities included in total liabilities above
	Short-term borrowings (includes $0 and $0 of non-recourse short-term borrowings)	$	4,289	$	3,329
	Long-term debt (includes $8,368 and $8,457 of non-recourse debt)	8,368		8,457
	All other liabilities (includes $30 and $21 of non-recourse liabilities)	30		21
	Total liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities	$	12,687	$	11,807

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


45 Bank of America

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries



Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

	Preferred Stock		Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Shareholders’ Equity
(In millions)			Shares	Amount
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	28,397	7,895.5	$	56,365	$	224,672	$	(17,788)	$	291,646


Net income						6,674				6,674
Net change in debt securities								332		332
Net change in debit valuation adjustments								(188)		(188)
Net change in derivatives								(416)		(416)
Employee benefit plan adjustments								23		23
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments								(20)		(20)
Dividends declared:
Common						(1,910)				(1,910)
Preferred						(532)				(532)


Common stock issued under employee plans, net, and other			44.0	445		(2)				443
Common stock repurchased			(72.6)	(2,500)						(2,500)
Balance, March 31, 2024	$	28,397	7,866.9	$	54,310	$	228,902	$	(18,057)	$	293,552
Balance, December 31, 2024	$	23,159	7,610.9	$	45,336	$	242,349	$	(15,285)	$	295,559


Net income						7,396				7,396
Net change in debt securities								366		366
Net change in debit valuation adjustments								297		297
Net change in derivatives								1,313		1,313
Employee benefit plan adjustments								27		27
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments								11		11
Dividends declared:
Common						(1,992)				(1,992)
Preferred						(397)				(397)

Redemption of preferred stock	(2,660)					(9)				(2,669)
Common stock issued under employee plans, net, and other			51.7	223		(32)				191
Common stock repurchased			(102.5)	(4,521)						(4,521)
Balance, March 31, 2025	$	20,499	7,560.1	$	41,038	$	247,315	$	(13,271)	$	295,581

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


						Bank of America 46

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries



Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

		Three Months Ended March 31

	(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024
	Operating activities
	Net income	$	7,396	$	6,674
	Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
	Provision for credit losses	1,480		1,319
	(Gains) losses on sales of debt securities	2		(10)
	Depreciation and amortization	565		538
	Net accretion of discount/premium on debt securities	(85)		(352)
	Deferred income taxes	(172)		(512)
	Amortization of stock-based compensation	999		865





	Net change in:
	Trading and derivative assets/liabilities	(10,970)		(23,795)
	Loans held-for-sale	2,599		(2,574)
	Other assets	4,165		(6,026)
	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(8,179)		6,907
	Other operating activities, net	16		1,427
	Net cash used in operating activities	(2,184)		(15,539)
	Investing activities
	Net change in:
	Time deposits placed and other short-term investments	(910)		487
	Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell	(53,656)		(32,969)
	Debt securities carried at fair value:
	Proceeds from sales	26,392		16,266
	Proceeds from paydowns and maturities	20,719		93,060
	Purchases	(72,075)		(157,726)
	Held-to-maturity debt securities:
	Proceeds from paydowns and maturities	7,666		7,407

	Loans and leases:
	Proceeds from sales of loans originally classified as held for investment and instruments from related securitization activities	2,232		2,170
	Purchases	(9,379)		(1,303)
	Other changes in loans and leases, net	(9,200)		2,100
	Other investing activities, net	(799)		(814)
	Net cash used in investing activities	(89,010)		(71,322)
	Financing activities
	Net change in:
	Deposits	24,097		22,669
	Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	44,312		45,771
	Short-term borrowings	(1,921)		6,797
	Long-term debt:
	Proceeds from issuance	33,640		15,662
	Retirement	(16,333)		(16,607)
	Preferred stock:

	Redemption	(2,669)		—
	Common stock repurchased	(4,521)		(2,500)
	Cash dividends paid	(2,552)		(2,519)
	Other financing activities, net	(1,221)		(615)
	Net cash provided by financing activities	72,832		68,658
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1,827		(1,466)
	Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(16,535)		(19,669)
	Cash and cash equivalents at January 1	290,114		333,073
	Cash and cash equivalents at March 31	$	273,579	$	313,404

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


47 Bank of America

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Principles

Bank of America Corporation, a bank holding company and a financial holding company, provides a diverse range of financial services and products throughout the U.S. and in certain international markets. The term “the Corporation” as used herein may refer to Bank of America Corporation, individually, Bank of America Corporation and its subsidiaries, or certain of Bank of America Corporation’s subsidiaries or affiliates.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Corporation and its majority-owned subsidiaries and those variable interest entities (VIEs) where the Corporation is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Results of operations of acquired companies are included from the dates of acquisition, and for VIEs, from the dates that the Corporation became the primary beneficiary. Assets held in an agency or fiduciary capacity are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Corporation accounts for investments in companies for which it

owns a voting interest and for which it has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financing decisions using the equity method of accounting. These investments, which include the Corporation’s interests in affordable housing and renewable energy partnerships, are recorded in other assets. Equity method investments are subject to impairment testing, and the Corporation’s proportionate share of income or loss is included in other income.

The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions.

These unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements, and related notes thereto, of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The nature of the Corporation’s business is such that the results of any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, which consist of normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the interim period results, have been made. The Corporation evaluates subsequent events through the date of filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).


						Bank of America 48

NOTE 2 Net Interest Income and Noninterest Income

The table below presents the Corporation’s net interest income and noninterest income disaggregated by revenue source for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. For more information, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a disaggregation of noninterest income by business segment and All Other, see Note 17 – Business Segment Information.



	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024
Net interest income
Interest income
Loans and leases		$	15,223	$	15,240
Debt securities		6,767		6,137
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell		3,774		5,175
Trading account assets		3,008		2,455
Other interest income (1)		5,294		7,278
Total interest income		34,066		36,285

Interest expense
Deposits		8,632		9,138
Short-term borrowings		6,963		8,535
Trading account liabilities		707		546
Long-term debt		3,321		4,034
Total interest expense		19,623		22,253
Net interest income		$	14,443	$	14,032

Noninterest income
Fees and commissions
Card income
Interchange fees (2)		$	916	$	931
Other card income		602		532
Total card income		1,518		1,463
Service charges
Deposit-related fees		1,228		1,122
Lending-related fees		333		320
Total service charges		1,561		1,442
Investment and brokerage services
Asset management fees		3,738		3,270
Brokerage fees		1,075		917
Total investment and brokerage services		4,813		4,187
Investment banking fees
Underwriting income		770		901
Syndication fees		369		294
Financial advisory services		384		373
Total investment banking fees		1,523		1,568
Total fees and commissions		9,415		8,660
Market making and similar activities		3,584		3,888
Other income (loss)		(76)		(762)
Total noninterest income		$	12,923	$	11,786

(1)Includes interest income on interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve, non-U.S. central banks and other banks of $2.8 billion and $4.5 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(2)Gross interchange fees and merchant income were $3.3 billion and $3.2 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and are presented net of $2.4 billion and $2.3 billion of expenses for rewards and partner payments as well as certain other card costs for the same periods.


49 Bank of America

NOTE 3 Derivatives

Derivative Balances

Derivatives are entered into on behalf of customers, for trading or to support risk management activities. Derivatives used in risk management activities include derivatives that may or may not be designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships. Derivatives that are not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships are referred to as other risk management derivatives. For more information on the Corporation’s derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles and Note 3 –

Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following tables present derivative instruments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in derivative assets and liabilities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and have been reduced by cash collateral received or paid.



			March 31, 2025
			Gross Derivative Assets						Gross Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	Contract/ Notional (1)		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	24,353.4	$	71.6	$	6.3	$	77.9	$	64.9	$	10.8	$	75.7
Futures and forwards	4,221.1		2.5		—		2.5		2.2		—		2.2
Written options (2)	1,941.1		—		—		—		26.1		—		26.1
Purchased options (3)	1,815.7		27.7		—		27.7		—		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts
Swaps	2,389.3		36.9		—		36.9		35.6		—		35.6
Spot, futures and forwards	5,310.3		35.3		0.2		35.5		34.2		0.6		34.8
Written options (2)	788.4		—		—		—		7.8		—		7.8
Purchased options (3)	712.0		7.4		—		7.4		—		—		—
Equity contracts
Swaps	556.9		16.5		—		16.5		18.0		—		18.0
Futures and forwards	123.3		2.4		—		2.4		1.5		—		1.5
Written options (2)	919.4		—		—		—		52.8		—		52.8
Purchased options (3)	869.9		48.5		—		48.5		—		—		—
Commodity contracts
Swaps	72.1		2.9		—		2.9		5.2		—		5.2
Futures and forwards	183.2		6.4		—		6.4		4.1		0.8		4.9
Written options (2)	81.3		—		—		—		3.3		—		3.3
Purchased options (3)	84.1		3.6		—		3.6		—		—		—
Credit derivatives (4)
Purchased credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	477.7		1.9		—		1.9		2.7		—		2.7
Total return swaps/options	94.1		0.7		—		0.7		0.3		—		0.3
Written credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	457.1		2.0		—		2.0		1.8		—		1.8
Total return swaps/options	100.2		0.6		—		0.6		1.2		—		1.2
Gross derivative assets/liabilities			$	266.9	$	6.5	$	273.4	$	261.7	$	12.2	$	273.9
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements							(210.7)						(210.7)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid							(26.5)						(27.8)
Total derivative assets/liabilities							$	36.2					$	35.4

(1)Represents the total contract/notional amount of derivative assets and liabilities outstanding.

(2)Includes certain out-of-the-money purchased options that have a liability amount primarily due to the deferral of option premiums to the end of the contract.

(3)Includes certain out-of-the-money written options that have an asset amount primarily due to the deferral of option premiums to the end of the contract.

(4)The net derivative asset (liability) and notional amount of written credit derivatives for which the Corporation held purchased credit derivatives with identical underlying referenced names were $203 million and $427.6 billion, respectively, at March 31, 2025.


						Bank of America 50



			December 31, 2024
			Gross Derivative Assets						Gross Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	Contract/ Notional (1)		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	20,962.1	$	71.9	$	7.6	$	79.5	$	61.1	$	15.2	$	76.3
Futures and forwards	3,383.0		4.5		—		4.5		4.2		—		4.2
Written options (2)	1,931.2		—		—		—		29.0		—		29.0
Purchased options (3)	1,789.1		29.2		—		29.2		—		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts
Swaps	2,204.0		46.8		0.1		46.9		47.4		—		47.4
Spot, futures and forwards	4,273.5		55.4		2.1		57.5		52.4		0.4		52.8
Written options (2)	652.6		—		—		—		10.7		—		10.7
Purchased options (3)	578.3		10.5		—		10.5		—		—		—
Equity contracts
Swaps	520.4		12.8		—		12.8		14.2		—		14.2
Futures and forwards	129.0		2.3		—		2.3		1.5		—		1.5
Written options (2)	831.6		—		—		—		55.1		—		55.1
Purchased options (3)	770.1		50.1		—		50.1		—		—		—
Commodity contracts
Swaps	64.8		2.1		—		2.1		3.6		—		3.6
Futures and forwards	165.8		4.0		—		4.0		2.3		0.8		3.1
Written options (2)	69.5		—		—		—		2.7		—		2.7
Purchased options (3)	75.2		2.9		—		2.9		—		—		—
Credit derivatives (4)
Purchased credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	408.3		1.7		—		1.7		2.6		—		2.6
Total return swaps/options	98.0		1.0		—		1.0		0.7		—		0.7
Written credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	388.2		2.0		—		2.0		1.6		—		1.6
Total return swaps/options	81.4		1.1		—		1.1		0.2		—		0.2
Gross derivative assets/liabilities			$	298.3	$	9.8	$	308.1	$	289.3	$	16.4	$	305.7
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements							(237.1)						(237.1)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid							(30.1)						(29.2)
Total derivative assets/liabilities							$	40.9					$	39.4

(1)Represents the total contract/notional amount of derivative assets and liabilities outstanding.

(2)Includes certain out-of-the-money purchased options that have a liability amount primarily due to the deferral of option premiums to the end of the contract.

(3)Includes certain out-of-the-money written options that have an asset amount primarily due to the deferral of option premiums to the end of the contract.

(4)The net derivative asset (liability) and notional amount of written credit derivatives for which the Corporation held purchased credit derivatives with identical underlying referenced names were $406 million and $361.2 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2024.

Offsetting of Derivatives

The Corporation enters into International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) master netting agreements or similar agreements with substantially all of the Corporation’s derivative counterparties. For more information, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table presents derivative instruments included in derivative assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by primary risk (e.g., interest rate risk) and the platform, where applicable,

on which these derivatives are transacted. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting. Total gross derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements, which include reducing the balance for counterparty netting and cash collateral received or paid.

For more information on offsetting of securities financing agreements, see Note 9 – Securities Financing Agreements, Collateral and Restricted Cash.


51 Bank of America



Offsetting of Derivatives (1)

	Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
Interest rate contracts
Over-the-counter	$	103.6	$	99.0	$	108.8	$	103.9
Exchange-traded	0.1		0.1		0.1		0.1
Over-the-counter cleared	3.8		3.2		3.4		3.6
Foreign exchange contracts
Over-the-counter	78.2		76.6		112.7		109.1
Over-the-counter cleared	0.6		0.6		0.5		0.5
Equity contracts
Over-the-counter	27.7		32.7		24.6		31.1
Exchange-traded	38.9		38.7		39.8		38.5
Commodity contracts
Over-the-counter	9.6		9.9		6.2		7.0
Exchange-traded	2.5		2.2		2.0		1.6
Over-the-counter cleared	0.3		0.5		0.3		0.5
Credit derivatives
Over-the-counter	5.1		5.9		5.8		5.0

Total gross derivative assets/liabilities, before netting
Over-the-counter	224.2		224.1		258.1		256.1
Exchange-traded	41.5		41.0		41.9		40.2
Over-the-counter cleared	4.7		4.3		4.2		4.6
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received/paid
Over-the-counter	(193.2)		(195.0)		(224.2)		(223.5)
Exchange-traded	(39.6)		(39.6)		(39.0)		(39.0)
Over-the-counter cleared	(4.4)		(3.9)		(4.0)		(3.8)
Derivative assets/liabilities, after netting	33.2		30.9		37.0		34.6
Other gross derivative assets/liabilities (2)	3.0		4.5		3.9		4.8
Total derivative assets/liabilities	36.2		35.4		40.9		39.4
Less: Financial instruments collateral (3)	(17.9)		(13.5)		(18.1)		(14.2)
Total net derivative assets/liabilities	$	18.3	$	21.9	$	22.8	$	25.2

(1)Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives include bilateral transactions between the Corporation and a particular counterparty. Over-the-counter cleared derivatives include bilateral transactions between the Corporation and a counterparty where the transaction is cleared through a clearinghouse. Exchange-traded derivatives include listed options transacted on an exchange.

(2)Consists of derivatives entered into under master netting agreements where the enforceability of these agreements is uncertain under bankruptcy laws in some countries or industries.

(3)Amounts are limited to the derivative asset/liability balance and, accordingly, do not include excess collateral received/pledged. Financial instruments collateral includes securities collateral received or pledged and cash securities held and posted at third-party custodians that are not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet but shown as a reduction to derive net derivative assets and liabilities.

Derivatives Designated as Accounting Hedges

The Corporation uses various types of interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts to protect against changes in the fair value of its assets and liabilities due to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates (fair value hedges). The Corporation also uses these types of contracts to protect against changes in the cash flows of its assets and liabilities, and other forecasted transactions (cash flow hedges). The Corporation hedges its net investment in consolidated non-U.S.

operations determined to have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar using forward exchange contracts and cross-currency basis swaps, and by issuing foreign currency- denominated debt (net investment hedges).

Fair Value Hedges

The table below summarizes information related to fair value hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.



Gains and Losses on Derivatives and Hedged Items Designated in Fair Value Hedges

	Three Months Ended March 31
	2025				2024

(Dollars in millions)	Derivative		Hedged Item		Derivative		Hedged Item
Interest rate risk on long-term debt (1)	$	2,476	$	(2,480)	$	(3,104)	$	3,090
Interest rate and foreign currency risk (2)	(202)		202		344		(329)
Interest rate risk on available-for-sale securities (3)	(3,227)		3,178		2,490		(2,502)
Price risk on commodity inventory (4)	(1,097)		1,097		(220)		220
Total	$	(2,050)	$	1,997	$	(490)	$	479

(1)Amounts are recorded in interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(2)Represents cross-currency interest rate swaps related to available-for-sale debt securities and long-term debt. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the derivative amount includes gains (losses) of $9 million and $9 million in interest income, $(210) million and $324 million in market making and similar activities, and $(1) million and $11 million in accumulated other comprehensive income (OCI). Line item totals are in the Consolidated Statement of Income and on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(3)Amounts are recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(4)Amounts are recorded in market making and similar activities in the Consolidated Statement of Income.


						Bank of America 52

The table below summarizes the carrying value of hedged assets and liabilities that are designated in fair value hedging relationships, along with the cumulative amount of gains and losses on the hedged assets and liabilities that are included in their carrying value. There is no impact to earnings for the cumulative amount of these fair value hedging adjustments as long as the hedging relationships remain open through the

hedged period. Instead, the open hedges have the effect of synthetically converting the hedged assets and liabilities into variable-rate instruments. If an open hedge is de-designated prior to the derivative’s maturity, any cumulative fair value adjustments at the de-designation date are then amortized or accreted into earnings over the remaining life of the hedged assets or liabilities.



Designated Fair Value Hedged Assets and Liabilities

	March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Value		Cumulative Fair Value Adjustments (1)		Carrying Value		Cumulative Fair Value Adjustments (1)

Long-term debt	$	186,956	$	(2,622)	$	188,202	$	(7,263)
Available-for-sale debt securities (2, 3)	264,372		(1,129)		244,664		(4,764)
Trading account assets (4)	9,466		537		3,639		101

(1)Increase (decrease) to carrying value.

(2)These amounts include the amortized cost of the financial assets in closed portfolios used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is a stated layer that is expected to be remaining at the end of the hedging relationship (i.e. portfolio layer hedging relationship). At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amortized cost of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $33.6 billion and $34.8 billion, of which $26.3 billion and $26.1 billion were designated in a portfolio layer hedging relationship. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the cumulative adjustment associated with these hedging relationships was a decrease of $88 million and $435 million.

(3)Carrying value represents amortized cost.

(4)Represents hedging activities related to certain commodities inventory.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value basis adjustments recorded on long-term debt hedges decreased the long-term debt carrying value by $12.9 billion and $11.2 billion. The fair value adjustments from de-designated available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities hedges decreased the AFS debt securities carrying value by $3.8 billion and $4.4 billion. The fair value adjustments are being amortized or accreted into interest over the contractual lives of the assets or liabilities.

Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges

The table below summarizes certain information related to cash flow hedges and net investment hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Of the $4.3 billion after-tax

net loss ($5.7 billion pretax) on derivatives in accumulated OCI at March 31, 2025, losses of $2.4 billion after-tax ($3.2 billion pretax) related to both open and closed cash flow hedges are expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months. These net losses reclassified into earnings are expected to primarily decrease net interest income related to the respective hedged items. For open cash flow hedges, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately five years. For terminated cash flow hedges, the time period over which the forecasted transactions will be recognized in interest income is approximately four years, with the aggregated amount beyond this time period being insignificant.



Gains and Losses on Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges

					Three Months Ended March 31
					2025				2024
	Gains (Losses) Recognized in Accumulated OCI on Derivatives	Gains (Losses) in Income Reclassified from Accumulated OCI	Gains (Losses) Recognized in Accumulated OCI on Derivatives	Gains (Losses) in Income Reclassified from Accumulated OCI
(Dollars in millions, amounts pretax)
Cash flow hedges
Interest rate risk on variable-rate portfolios (1)					$	1,361	$	(393)	$	(1,090)	$	(514)
Price risk on forecasted MBS purchases (1)					—		(2)		—		(2)
Price risk on certain compensation plans (2)					1		7		14		9
Total					$	1,362	$	(388)	$	(1,076)	$	(507)
Net investment hedges
Foreign exchange risk (3)					$	(952)	$	—	$	797	$	—

(1)Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(2)Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in compensation and benefits expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(3)Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in other income in the Consolidated Statement of Income. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, amounts excluded from effectiveness testing and recognized in market making and similar activities were gains of $2 million and $66 million.


53 Bank of America

Other Risk Management Derivatives

Other risk management derivatives are used by the Corporation to reduce certain risk exposures by economically hedging various assets and liabilities. The table below presents gains (losses) on these derivatives for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. These gains (losses) are largely offset by the income or expense recorded on the hedged item.



Gains and Losses on Other Risk Management Derivatives

	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024
Interest rate risk on mortgage activities (1, 2)	$	28	$	(30)
Credit risk on loans (2)	1		(19)
Interest rate and foreign currency risk on asset and liability management activities (3)	(782)		91
Price risk on certain compensation plans (4)	(196)		242

(1)Includes hedges of interest rate risk on mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) and interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) to originate mortgage loans that will be held for sale.

(2)Gains (losses) on these derivatives are recorded in other income.

(3)Gains (losses) on these derivatives are recorded in market making and similar activities.

(4)Gains (losses) on these derivatives are recorded in compensation and benefits expense.

Transfers of Financial Assets with Risk Retained through Derivatives

The Corporation enters into certain transactions involving the transfer of financial assets that are accounted for as sales where substantially all of the economic exposure to the transferred financial assets is retained through derivatives (e.g., interest rate and/or credit), but the Corporation does not retain control over the assets transferred. At both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation had transferred $3.9 billion of non-U.S. government-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities to a third-party trust and retained economic exposure to the transferred assets through derivative contracts. In connection with these transfers, the Corporation received gross cash proceeds of $3.9 billion at both transfer dates. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the transferred securities was $3.7 billion and $3.6 billion.

Sales and Trading Revenue

The Corporation enters into trading derivatives to facilitate client transactions and to manage risk exposures arising from trading account assets and liabilities. It is the Corporation’s policy to

include these derivative instruments in its trading activities, which include derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments. The resulting risk from these derivatives is managed on a portfolio basis as part of the Corporation’s Global Markets business segment. For more information on sales and trading revenue, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The table below, which includes both derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments, identifies the amounts in the respective income statement line items attributable to the Corporation’s sales and trading revenue in Global Markets, categorized by primary risk, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. This table includes debit valuation adjustment (DVA) and funding valuation adjustment (FVA) gains (losses). Global Markets results in Note 17 – Business Segment Information are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) basis. The table below is not presented on an FTE basis.



Sales and Trading Revenue

	Market making and similar activities		Net Interest Income		Other (1)		Total
(Dollars in millions)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
Interest rate risk	$	500	$	655	$	120	$	1,275
Foreign exchange risk	540		17		11		568
Equity risk	1,977		(342)		549		2,184
Credit risk	431		689		281		1,401
Other risk (2)	174		(23)		8		159
Total sales and trading revenue	$	3,622	$	996	$	969	$	5,587

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Interest rate risk	$	853	$	230	$	77	$	1,160
Foreign exchange risk	437		34		23		494
Equity risk	1,864		(429)		427		1,862
Credit risk	551		604		131		1,286
Other risk (2)	125		29		(13)		141
Total sales and trading revenue	$	3,830	$	468	$	645	$	4,943

(1)Represents amounts in investment and brokerage services and other income that are recorded in Global Markets and included in the definition of sales and trading revenue. Includes investment and brokerage services revenue of $626 million and $494 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

(2)Includes commodity risk.

Credit Derivatives

The Corporation enters into credit derivatives primarily to facilitate client transactions and to manage credit risk exposures. Credit derivatives are classified as investment and non-investment grade based on the credit quality of the underlying referenced obligation. The Corporation considers ratings of BBB- or higher as investment grade. Non-investment grade includes non-rated credit derivative instruments. The Corporation discloses internal categorizations of investment grade and non-investment grade consistent with how risk is managed for these instruments. For more information on credit derivatives, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Credit derivative instruments where the Corporation is the seller of credit protection and their expiration at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized in the following table.


						Bank of America 54



Credit Derivative Instruments

	Less than One Year		One to Three Years		Three to Five Years		Over Five Years		Total
	March 31, 2025
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Value
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	—	$	2	$	21	$	31	$	54
Non-investment grade	20		311		917		479		1,727
Total	20		313		938		510		1,781
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	61		—		—		—		61
Non-investment grade	1,090		15		—		—		1,105
Total	1,151		15		—		—		1,166
Total credit derivatives	$	1,171	$	328	$	938	$	510	$	2,947
Credit-related notes:
Investment grade	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	491	$	495
Non-investment grade	5		2		19		1,283		1,309
Total credit-related notes	$	5	$	2	$	23	$	1,774	$	1,804
	Maximum Payout/Notional
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	37,038	$	84,029	$	163,520	$	56,679	$	341,266
Non-investment grade	15,813		33,441		52,938		13,597		115,789
Total	52,851		117,470		216,458		70,276		457,055
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	64,286		1,296		1,147		457		67,186
Non-investment grade	31,842		952		110		100		33,004
Total	96,128		2,248		1,257		557		100,190
Total credit derivatives	$	148,979	$	119,718	$	217,715	$	70,833	$	557,245

	December 31, 2024
	Carrying Value
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	—	$	3	$	24	$	16	$	43
Non-investment grade	33		304		752		441		1,530
Total	33		307		776		457		1,573
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	93		—		—		—		93
Non-investment grade	145		—		—		—		145
Total	238		—		—		—		238
Total credit derivatives	$	271	$	307	$	776	$	457	$	1,811
Credit-related notes:
Investment grade	$	—	$	—	$	9	$	715	$	724
Non-investment grade	5		5		37		1,119		1,166
Total credit-related notes	$	5	$	5	$	46	$	1,834	$	1,890
	Maximum Payout/Notional
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	35,634	$	87,302	$	150,225	$	21,482	$	294,643
Non-investment grade	15,070		30,255		43,969		4,233		93,527
Total	50,704		117,557		194,194		25,715		388,170
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	54,041		1,288		1,185		238		56,752
Non-investment grade	22,762		1,452		292		98		24,604
Total	76,803		2,740		1,477		336		81,356
Total credit derivatives	$	127,507	$	120,297	$	195,671	$	26,051	$	469,526

The notional amount represents the maximum amount payable by the Corporation for most credit derivatives. However, the Corporation does not monitor its exposure to credit derivatives based solely on the notional amount because this measure does not take into consideration the probability of occurrence. As such, the notional amount is not a reliable indicator of the Corporation’s exposure to these contracts. Instead, a risk framework is used to define risk tolerances and establish limits so that certain credit risk-related losses occur within acceptable, predefined limits.

Credit-related notes in the table above include investments in securities issued by collateralized debt obligation (CDO), collateralized loan obligation (CLO) and credit-linked note

vehicles. These instruments are primarily classified as trading securities. The carrying value of these instruments equals the Corporation’s maximum exposure to loss. The Corporation is not obligated to make any payments to the entities under the terms of the securities owned.

Credit-related Contingent Features and Collateral

Certain of the Corporation’s derivative contracts contain credit risk-related contingent features, primarily in the form of ISDA master netting agreements and credit support documentation that enhance the creditworthiness of these instruments compared to other obligations of the respective counterparty with whom the Corporation has transacted. These contingent features may be for the benefit of the Corporation as well as its


55 Bank of America

counterparties with respect to changes in the Corporation’s creditworthiness and the mark-to-market exposure under the derivative transactions. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation held cash and securities collateral of $102.8 billion and $105.9 billion and posted cash and securities collateral of $83.0 billion and $83.1 billion in the normal course of business under derivative agreements, excluding cross-product margining agreements where clients are permitted to margin on a net basis for both derivative and secured financing arrangements.

In connection with certain OTC derivative contracts and other trading agreements, the Corporation can be required to provide additional collateral or to terminate transactions with certain counterparties in the event of a downgrade of the senior debt ratings of the Corporation or certain subsidiaries. The amount of additional collateral required depends on the contract and is usually a fixed incremental amount and/or the market value of the exposure. For more information on credit-related contingent features and collateral, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

At March 31, 2025, the amount of collateral, calculated based on the terms of the contracts, that the Corporation and certain subsidiaries could be required to post to counterparties but had not yet posted to counterparties was $3.1 billion, including $1.5 billion for Bank of America, National Association (BANA).

Some counterparties are currently able to unilaterally terminate certain contracts, or the Corporation or certain subsidiaries may be required to take other action such as find a suitable replacement or obtain a guarantee. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the liability recorded for these derivative contracts was not significant.

The following table presents the amount of additional collateral that would have been contractually required by derivative contracts and other trading agreements at March 31, 2025 if the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for the Corporation or certain subsidiaries by one incremental notch and by an additional second incremental notch. The table also presents derivative liabilities that would be subject to unilateral termination by counterparties upon downgrade of the Corporation's or certain subsidiaries’ long-term senior debt ratings.



Additional Collateral Required to be Posted and Derivative Liabilities Subject to Unilateral Termination Upon Downgrade at March 31, 2025

(Dollars in millions)	One Incremental Notch		Second Incremental Notch
Additional collateral required to be posted upon downgrade
Bank of America Corporation	$	164	$	905
Bank of America, N.A. and subsidiaries (1)	43		754

Derivative liabilities subject to unilateral termination upon downgrade
Derivative liabilities	$	20	$	50
Collateral posted	17		32

(1)Included in Bank of America Corporation collateral requirements in this table.

Valuation Adjustments on Derivatives

The table below presents credit valuation adjustment (CVA), DVA and FVA gains (losses) on derivatives (excluding the effect of any related hedge activities), which are recorded in market making and similar activities, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. For more information on the valuation adjustments on derivatives, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.



Valuation Adjustments Gains (Losses) on Derivatives (1)

	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024
Derivative assets (CVA)	$	(25)	$	62
Derivative assets/liabilities (FVA)	(15)		14
Derivative liabilities (DVA)	27		(69)

(1)At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, cumulative CVA reduced the derivative assets balance by $353 million and $328 million, cumulative FVA reduced the net derivative balance by $81 million and $66 million and cumulative DVA reduced the derivative liabilities balance by $299 million and $272 million.


						Bank of America 56

NOTE 4 Securities

The table below presents the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of AFS debt securities, other debt securities carried at fair value and held-to-maturity (HTM) debt securities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Debt Securities

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
(Dollars in millions)	March 31, 2025								December 31, 2024
Available-for-sale debt securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	$	31,974	$	42	$	(1,448)	$	30,568	$	32,781	$	35	$	(1,614)	$	31,202
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	20,718		13		(198)		20,533		19,519		17		(218)		19,318
Commercial	30,030		85		(465)		29,650		26,032		73		(503)		25,602
Non-agency residential (1)	282		52		(52)		282		287		50		(52)		285
Total mortgage-backed securities	83,004		192		(2,163)		81,033		78,619		175		(2,387)		76,407
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	260,631		213		(999)		259,845		235,582		150		(1,153)		234,579
Non-U.S. securities	23,956		26		(18)		23,964		22,453		20		(42)		22,431

Other taxable securities	3,032		3		(38)		2,997		4,646		2		(45)		4,603

Tax-exempt securities	8,601		15		(206)		8,410		8,628		17		(233)		8,412
Total available-for-sale debt securities	379,224		449		(3,424)		376,249		349,928		364		(3,860)		346,432
Other debt securities carried at fair value (2)	12,306		114		(110)		12,310		12,352		59		(236)		12,175
Total debt securities carried at fair value	391,530		563		(3,534)		388,559		362,280		423		(4,096)		358,607
Held-to-maturity debt securities

Agency mortgage-backed securities	422,326		—		(79,614)		342,712		430,135		—		(88,458)		341,677




U.S. Treasury and government agencies	121,708		—		(15,826)		105,882		121,696		—		(18,661)		103,035


Other taxable securities	6,722		2		(910)		5,814		6,882		1		(1,047)		5,836


Total held-to-maturity debt securities	550,756		2		(96,350)		454,408		558,713		1		(108,166)		450,548
Total debt securities (3,4)	$	942,286	$	565	$	(99,884)	$	842,967	$	920,993	$	424	$	(112,262)	$	809,155

(1)At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the underlying collateral type included approximately 26 percent and 25 percent prime and 74 percent and 75 percent subprime.

(2)Primarily includes non-U.S. securities used to satisfy certain international regulatory requirements. Any changes in value are reported in market making and similar activities. For detail on the components, see Note 14 – Fair Value Measurements.

(3)Includes securities pledged as collateral of $189.7 billion and $184.6 billion at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(4)The Corporation held debt securities from Fannie Mae (FNMA) and Freddie Mac (FHLMC) that each exceeded 10 percent of shareholders’ equity, with an amortized cost of $259.3 billion and $167.0 billion, and a fair value of $213.1 billion and $137.7 billion at March 31, 2025, and an amortized cost of $260.9 billion and $169.0 billion, and a fair value of $209.6 billion and $136.5 billion at December 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2025, the accumulated net unrealized loss on AFS debt securities, excluding the amount related to debt securities previously transferred to held to maturity, included in accumulated OCI was $2.2 billion, net of the related income tax benefit of $748 million. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, nonperforming AFS debt securities held by the Corporation were not significant.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $892.7 billion and $871.1 billion of AFS and HTM debt securities, which were predominantly U.S. agency and U.S. Treasury securities, have a zero credit loss assumption. For the same periods, the expected credit losses on the remaining $37.3 billion and $37.5 billion of AFS and HTM debt securities were insignificant. For more information on the zero credit loss assumption, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

At both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation held equity securities at an aggregate fair value of $247 million and other equity securities, as valued under

the measurement alternative, at a carrying value of $453 million and $438 million, both of which are included in other assets. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation also held money market investments at a fair value of $1.5 billion and $1.3 billion, which are included in time deposits placed and other short-term investments.

The gross realized gains and losses on sales of AFS debt securities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are presented in the table below.



Gains and Losses on Sales of AFS Debt Securities

	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024
Gross gains		$	11	$	11
Gross losses		(13)		(1)
Net gains (losses) on sales of AFS debt securities		$	(2)	$	10
Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to realized net gains (losses) on sales of AFS debt securities		$	—	$	2


57 Bank of America

The table below presents the fair value and the associated gross unrealized losses on AFS debt securities and whether these securities have had gross unrealized losses for less than 12 months or for 12 months or longer at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Total AFS Debt Securities in a Continuous Unrealized Loss Position

	Less than Twelve Months				Twelve Months or Longer				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
(Dollars in millions)	March 31, 2025
Continuously unrealized loss-positioned AFS debt securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	$	923	$	(2)	$	21,037	$	(1,446)	$	21,960	$	(1,448)
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	12,022		(32)		1,475		(166)		13,497		(198)
Commercial	11,957		(49)		4,993		(416)		16,950		(465)
Non-agency residential	—		—		160		(52)		160		(52)
Total mortgage-backed securities	24,902		(83)		27,665		(2,080)		52,567		(2,163)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	89,932		(82)		66,905		(917)		156,837		(999)
Non-U.S. securities	3,128		(2)		5,084		(16)		8,212		(18)

Other taxable securities	1,363		(3)		868		(35)		2,231		(38)

Tax-exempt securities	1,042		(7)		2,226		(199)		3,268		(206)



Total AFS debt securities in a continuous unrealized loss position	$	120,367	$	(177)	$	102,748	$	(3,247)	$	223,115	$	(3,424)

	December 31, 2024
Continuously unrealized loss-positioned AFS debt securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	$	2,908	$	(22)	$	20,085	$	(1,592)	$	22,993	$	(1,614)
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	9,597		(21)		1,493		(197)		11,090		(218)
Commercial	11,486		(57)		4,667		(446)		16,153		(503)
Non-agency residential	—		—		160		(52)		160		(52)
Total mortgage-backed securities	23,991		(100)		26,405		(2,287)		50,396		(2,387)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	75,753		(135)		69,027		(1,018)		144,780		(1,153)
Non-U.S. securities	3,367		(26)		4,906		(16)		8,273		(42)

Other taxable securities	3,192		(5)		814		(40)		4,006		(45)

Tax-exempt securities	1,025		(20)		2,194		(213)		3,219		(233)



Total AFS debt securities in a continuous unrealized loss position	$	107,328	$	(286)	$	103,346	$	(3,574)	$	210,674	$	(3,860)


						Bank of America 58

The remaining contractual maturity distribution and yields of the Corporation’s debt securities carried at fair value and HTM debt securities at March 31, 2025 are summarized in the table below. Actual duration and yields may differ as prepayments on the loans underlying the mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or other asset-backed securities (ABS) are passed through to the Corporation.



Maturities of Debt Securities Carried at Fair Value and Held-to-maturity Debt Securities

	Due in One Year or Less				Due after One Year through Five Years				Due after Five Years through Ten Years				Due after Ten Years				Total
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)
Amortized cost of debt securities carried at fair value
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	$	—	—	%	$	5	3.00	%	$	5	4.20	%	$	31,964	4.53	%	$	31,974	4.53	%
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	—		—		—		—		1		1.00		20,717		5.64		20,718		5.64
Commercial	119		3.55		11,845		4.21		15,897		4.30		2,182		3.71		30,043		4.22
Non-agency residential	—		—		—		—		—		—		549		11.62		549		11.62
Total mortgage-backed securities	119		3.55		11,850		4.21		15,903		4.30		55,412		4.98		83,284		4.74
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	33,717		4.54		218,753		3.87		11,615		2.70		34		3.94		264,119		3.91
Non-U.S. securities	20,778		2.98		5,054		2.37		3,816		4.15		2,846		3.61		32,494		3.08

Other taxable securities	888		5.75		1,613		5.24		389		4.36		142		4.51		3,032		5.24

Tax-exempt securities	787		2.87		3,432		3.54		956		3.01		3,426		3.62		8,601		3.45
Total amortized cost of debt securities carried at fair value	$	56,289	3.96		$	240,702	3.87		$	32,679	3.68		$	61,860	4.84		$	391,530	4.02
Amortized cost of HTM debt securities

Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	9	2.89	%	$	422,317	2.12	%	$	422,326	2.12	%