Bank of America Corporation Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Derivatives

Derivatives

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2018

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Balances

Derivatives are entered into on behalf of customers, for trading or to support risk management activities. Derivatives used in risk management activities include derivatives that may or may not be designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships. Derivatives that are not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships are referred to as other risk management derivatives. For more information on the Corporation’s derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following tables present derivative instruments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in derivative assets and liabilities at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and have been reduced by cash collateral received or paid.




			September 30, 2018
			Gross Derivative Assets							Gross Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	Contract/ Notional ⁽¹⁾		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total			Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	17,788.7	$	138.9	$	1.3	$	140.2		$	132.7	$	4.5	$	137.2
Futures and forwards	6,270.1		1.3		—		1.3			1.2		—		1.2
Written options	1,433.4		—		—		—			26.7		—		26.7
Purchased options	1,488.2		28.7		—		28.7			—		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts
Swaps	1,904.9		49.6		1.6		51.2			50.4		2.4		52.8
Spot, futures and forwards	4,568.7		42.1		0.7		42.8			41.7		0.5		42.2
Written options	300.4		—		—		—			5.1		—		5.1
Purchased options	296.0		4.4		—		4.4			—		—		—
Equity contracts
Swaps	278.2		4.9		—		4.9			4.7		—		4.7
Futures and forwards	104.8		1.0		—		1.0			1.3		—		1.3
Written options	651.4		—		—		—			30.0		—		30.0
Purchased options	586.1		40.0		—		40.0			—		—		—
Commodity contracts
Swaps	48.2		2.4		—		2.4			5.0		—		5.0
Futures and forwards	63.5		3.2		—		3.2			0.5		—		0.5
Written options	32.5		—		—		—			2.1		—		2.1
Purchased options	29.5		2.1		—		2.1			—		—		—
Credit derivatives ⁽²⁾
Purchased credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	430.3		4.9		—		4.9			9.8		—		9.8
Total return swaps/options	64.6		0.4		—		0.4			0.9		—		0.9
Written credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	398.2		9.3		—		9.3			4.3		—		4.3
Total return swaps/options	62.5		0.5		—		0.5			0.3		—		0.3
Gross derivative assets/liabilities			$	333.7	$	3.6	$	337.3		$	316.7	$	7.4	$	324.1
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements							(259.7		)					(259.7		)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid							(32.0		)					(28.2		)
Total derivative assets/liabilities							$	45.6						$	36.2


⁽¹⁾	Represents the total contract/notional amount of derivative assets and liabilities outstanding.


⁽²⁾	The net derivative asset and notional amount of written credit derivatives for which the Corporation held purchased credit derivatives with identical underlying referenced names were $4.3 billion and $429.2 billion at September 30, 2018.




			December 31, 2017
			Gross Derivative Assets							Gross Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	Contract/ Notional ⁽¹⁾		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total			Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	15,416.4	$	175.1	$	2.9	$	178.0		$	172.5	$	1.7	$	174.2
Futures and forwards	4,332.4		0.5		—		0.5			0.5		—		0.5
Written options	1,170.5		—		—		—			35.5		—		35.5
Purchased options	1,184.5		37.6		—		37.6			—		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts
Swaps	2,011.1		35.6		2.2		37.8			36.1		2.7		38.8
Spot, futures and forwards	3,543.3		39.1		0.7		39.8			39.1		0.8		39.9
Written options	291.8		—		—		—			5.1		—		5.1
Purchased options	271.9		4.6		—		4.6			—		—		—
Equity contracts
Swaps	265.6		4.8		—		4.8			4.4		—		4.4
Futures and forwards	106.9		1.5		—		1.5			0.9		—		0.9
Written options	480.8		—		—		—			23.9		—		23.9
Purchased options	428.2		24.7		—		24.7			—		—		—
Commodity contracts
Swaps	46.1		1.8		—		1.8			4.6		—		4.6
Futures and forwards	47.1		3.5		—		3.5			0.6		—		0.6
Written options	21.7		—		—		—			1.4		—		1.4
Purchased options	22.9		1.4		—		1.4			—		—		—
Credit derivatives ⁽²⁾
Purchased credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	470.9		4.1		—		4.1			11.1		—		11.1
Total return swaps/options	54.1		0.1		—		0.1			1.3		—		1.3
Written credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	448.2		10.6		—		10.6			3.6		—		3.6
Total return swaps/options	55.2		0.8		—		0.8			0.2		—		0.2
Gross derivative assets/liabilities			$	345.8	$	5.8	$	351.6		$	340.8	$	5.2	$	346.0
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements							(279.2		)					(279.2		)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid							(34.6		)					(32.5		)
Total derivative assets/liabilities							$	37.8						$	34.3


⁽¹⁾	Represents the total contract/notional amount of derivative assets and liabilities outstanding.


⁽²⁾	The net derivative asset and notional amount of written credit derivatives for which the Corporation held purchased credit derivatives with identical underlying referenced names were $6.4 billion and $435.1 billion at December 31, 2017.

Offsetting of Derivatives

The Corporation enters into International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) master netting agreements or similar agreements with substantially all of the Corporation’s derivative counterparties. For additional information, see Note 2 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table presents derivative instruments included in derivative assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 by primary risk (e.g., interest rate risk) and the platform, where applicable, on which these derivatives are transacted. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting. Total gross derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements which include reducing the balance for counterparty netting and cash collateral received or paid.

For more information on offsetting of securities financing agreements, see Note 9 – Federal Funds Sold or Purchased, Securities Financing Agreements, Short-term Borrowings and Restricted Cash.




Offsetting of Derivatives ⁽¹⁾

	Derivative Assets			Derivative Liabilities			Derivative Assets			Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	September 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
Interest rate contracts
Over-the-counter	$	165.9		$	161.0		$	211.7		$	206.0
Over-the-counter cleared	2.7			2.5			1.9			1.8
Foreign exchange contracts
Over-the-counter	95.2			97.1			78.7			80.8
Over-the-counter cleared	1.1			1.0			0.9			0.7
Equity contracts
Over-the-counter	27.2			17.3			18.3			16.2
Exchange-traded	13.5			12.2			9.1			8.5
Commodity contracts
Over-the-counter	3.6			5.1			2.9			4.4
Exchange-traded	1.0			1.1			0.7			0.8
Credit derivatives
Over-the-counter	7.9			8.4			9.1			9.6
Over-the-counter cleared	6.9			6.6			6.1			6.0
Total gross derivative assets/liabilities, before netting
Over-the-counter	299.8			288.9			320.7			317.0
Exchange-traded	14.5			13.3			9.8			9.3
Over-the-counter cleared	10.7			10.1			8.9			8.5
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received/paid
Over-the-counter	(270.1		)	(266.1		)	(296.9		)	(294.6		)
Exchange-traded	(11.9		)	(11.9		)	(8.6		)	(8.6		)
Over-the-counter cleared	(9.7		)	(9.9		)	(8.3		)	(8.5		)
Derivative assets/liabilities, after netting	33.3			24.4			25.6			23.1
Other gross derivative assets/liabilities ⁽²⁾	12.3			11.8			12.2			11.2
Total derivative assets/liabilities	45.6			36.2			37.8			34.3
Less: Financial instruments collateral ⁽³⁾	(18.4		)	(9.3		)	(11.2		)	(10.4		)
Total net derivative assets/liabilities	$	27.2		$	26.9		$	26.6		$	23.9


⁽¹⁾	Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives include bilateral transactions between the Corporation and a particular counterparty. OTC-cleared derivatives include bilateral transactions between the Corporation and a counterparty where the transaction is cleared through a clearinghouse, and exchange-traded derivatives include listed options transacted on an exchange.


⁽²⁾	Consists of derivatives entered into under master netting agreements where the enforceability of these agreements is uncertain under bankruptcy laws in some countries or industries.

⁽³⁾

Amounts are limited to the derivative asset/liability balance and, accordingly, do not include excess collateral received/pledged. Financial instruments collateral includes securities collateral received or pledged and cash securities held and posted at third-party custodians that are not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet but shown as a reduction to derive net derivative assets and liabilities.

ALM and Risk Management Derivatives

The Corporation’s asset and liability management (ALM) and risk management activities include the use of derivatives to mitigate risk to the Corporation including derivatives designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships and derivatives used in other risk management activities. For additional information, see Note 2 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Derivatives Designated as Accounting Hedges

The Corporation uses various types of interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts to protect against changes in the fair value of its assets and liabilities due to fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates (fair value hedges). The Corporation also

uses these types of contracts and equity derivatives to protect against changes in the cash flows of its assets and liabilities, and other forecasted transactions (cash flow hedges). The Corporation hedges its net investment in consolidated non-U.S. operations determined to have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar using forward exchange contracts and cross-currency basis swaps, and by issuing foreign currency-denominated debt (net investment hedges).

Effective January 1, 2018, the Corporation early adopted the hedge accounting standard on a prospective basis and, accordingly, prior-period hedge accounting disclosures were not conformed to the current-period presentation. For more information, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles.

Fair Value Hedges

The table below summarizes information related to fair value hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.




Gains and Losses on Derivatives Designated as Fair Value Hedges

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018						Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
(Dollars in millions)	Derivative			Hedged Item			Derivative			Hedged Item			Hedge Ineffectiveness
Interest rate risk on long-term debt ⁽¹⁾	$	(1,129	)	$	1,122		$	(273	)	$	169		$	(104	)
Interest rate and foreign currency risk on long-term debt ^{(2, 3)}	(182		)	207			607			(593		)	14
Interest rate risk on available-for-sale securities ⁽⁴⁾	12			(12		)	(8		)	7			(1		)
Total	$	(1,299	)	$	1,317		$	326		$	(417	)	$	(91	)

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
	Derivative			Hedged Item			Derivative			Hedged Item			Hedge Ineffectiveness
Interest rate risk on long-term debt ⁽¹⁾	$	(4,303	)	$	4,179		$	(751	)	$	313		$	(438	)
Interest rate and foreign currency risk on long-term debt ^{(2, 3)}	(927		)	795			1,631			(1,603		)	28
Interest rate risk on available-for-sale securities ⁽⁴⁾	(20		)	19			(71		)	40			(31		)
Total	$	(5,250	)	$	4,993		$	809		$	(1,250	)	$	(441	)


⁽¹⁾	Amounts are recorded in interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

⁽²⁾

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the derivative amount includes losses of $96 million and $672 million in other income and losses of $117 million and $156 million in interest expense. For the same periods in 2017, the derivative amount includes gains of $635 million and $1.9 billion in other income and losses of $29 million and $310 million in interest expense. Line item totals are in the Consolidated Statement of Income.


⁽³⁾	For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the derivative amount includes gains of $31 million and losses of $99 million related to certain changes in the fair value of derivatives that were excluded from effectiveness testing and recognized in accumulated OCI. None of the excluded amounts have been reclassified into earnings.


⁽⁴⁾	Amounts are recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The table below summarizes the carrying value of hedged assets and liabilities that are designated and qualifying in fair value hedging relationships along with the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying value that have been recorded in the current hedging relationships. These fair value hedging adjustments are open basis adjustments that are not subject to amortization as long as the hedging relationship remains designated.




Designated Fair Value Hedged Assets (Liabilities)

	September 30, 2018
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Value			Cumulative Fair Value Adjustments ⁽¹⁾
Long-term debt	$	(137,610	)	$	1,839
Available-for-sale securities ⁽²⁾	951			(61		)


⁽¹⁾	For assets, increase (decrease) to carrying value and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to carrying value.


⁽²⁾	The amortized cost of available-for-sale securities in fair value hedging relationships was $948 million and is included in debt securities carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

At September 30, 2018, the cumulative fair value adjustments remaining on long-term debt and available-for-sale (AFS) securities from discontinued hedging relationships were a decrease of $400 million of the related liability, and a decrease of $34 million of the related asset, which are being amortized over the remaining contractual life of the de-designated hedged items.

Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges

The following table summarizes certain information related to cash flow hedges and net investment hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. Of the $1.3 billion after-tax net loss ($1.7 billion pretax) on derivatives in accumulated OCI at September 30, 2018, $280 million after-tax ($368 million pretax) is expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months. These net losses reclassified into earnings are expected to primarily reduce net interest income related to the respective hedged items. For terminated cash flow hedges, the time period over which the majority of the forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately six years, with a maximum length of time for certain forecasted transactions of 18 years.




Gains and Losses on Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges

	Gains (Losses) Recognized in Accumulated OCI on Derivatives			Gains (Losses) in Income Reclassified from Accumulated OCI			Gains (Losses) Recognized in Accumulated OCI on Derivatives			Gains (Losses) in Income Reclassified from Accumulated OCI
(Dollars in millions, amounts pretax)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Cash flow hedges
Interest rate risk on variable-rate assets ⁽¹⁾	$	(54	)	$	(51	)	$	(553	)	$	(134	)
Price risk on certain restricted stock awards ⁽²⁾	—			—			4			27
Total	$	(54	)	$	(51	)	$	(549	)	$	(107	)
Net investment hedges
Foreign exchange risk ⁽³⁾	$	181		$	383		$	860		$	382

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Cash flow hedges
Interest rate risk on variable-rate assets ⁽¹⁾	$	11		$	(54	)	$	38		$	(274	)
Price risk on certain restricted stock awards ⁽²⁾	7			32			41			103
Total	$	18		$	(22	)	$	79		$	(171	)
Net investment hedges
Foreign exchange risk ⁽³⁾	$	(427	)	$	(3	)	$	(1,541	)	$	1,811


⁽¹⁾	Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.


⁽²⁾	Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in personnel expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

⁽³⁾

Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in other income in the Consolidated Statement of Income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, amounts excluded from effectiveness testing and recognized in other income were gains of $3 million and $32 million. For the same periods in 2017, amounts excluded from effectiveness testing and recognized in other income were losses of $33 million and $82 million.

Other Risk Management Derivatives

Other risk management derivatives are used by the Corporation to reduce certain risk exposures by economically hedging various assets and liabilities. The gains and losses on these derivatives are recognized in other income. The table below presents gains (losses) on these derivatives for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. These gains (losses) are largely offset by the income or expense that is recorded on the hedged item.




Gains and Losses on Other Risk Management Derivatives

	Three Months Ended September 30					Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2018			2017		2018			2017
Interest rate risk on mortgage activities ⁽¹⁾	$	(45	)	$	1	$	(206	)	$	32
Credit risk on loans	(2		)	—		(7		)	(3		)
Interest rate and foreign currency risk on ALM activities ⁽²⁾	487			26		1,050			(26		)

⁽¹⁾

Primarily related to hedges of interest rate risk on mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) and interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) to originate mortgage loans that will be held for sale. The net gains on IRLCs, which are not included in the table but are considered derivative instruments, were $8 million and $36 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $76 million and $192 million for the same periods in 2017.


⁽²⁾	Primarily related to hedges of debt securities carried at fair value and hedges of foreign currency-denominated debt.

Transfers of Financial Assets with Risk Retained through Derivatives

The Corporation enters into certain transactions involving the transfer of financial assets that are accounted for as sales where substantially all of the economic exposure to the transferred financial assets is retained through derivatives (e.g., interest rate and/or credit), but the Corporation does not retain control over the assets transferred. As of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Corporation had transferred $6.0 billion of non-U.S. government-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities (MBS) to a third-party trust and retained economic exposure to the transferred assets through derivative contracts. In connection with these transfers, the Corporation received gross cash proceeds of $6.0 billion at the transfer dates. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of the transferred securities was $5.9 billion and $6.1 billion. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, derivative assets of $58 million and $46 million and liabilities of $1 million and $3 million were recorded and are included in credit derivatives in the derivative instruments table on page 63.

Sales and Trading Revenue

The Corporation enters into trading derivatives to facilitate client transactions and to manage risk exposures arising from trading account assets and liabilities. It is the Corporation’s policy to include these derivative instruments in its trading activities which include derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments. The resulting risk from these derivatives is managed on a portfolio basis as part of the Corporation’s Global Markets business segment. For more information on sales and trading revenue, see Note 2 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The table below, which includes both derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments, identifies the amounts in the respective income statement line items attributable to the Corporation’s sales and trading revenue in Global Markets, categorized by primary risk, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The difference between total trading account profits in the following table and in the Consolidated Statement of Income represents trading activities in business segments other than Global Markets. This table includes debit valuation adjustment (DVA) and funding valuation adjustment (FVA) gains (losses). Global Markets results in Note 17 – Business Segment Information are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) basis. The table below is not presented on an FTE basis.




Sales and Trading Revenue

	Trading Account Profits		Net Interest Income			Other ⁽¹⁾		Total		Trading Account Profits		Net Interest Income			Other ⁽¹⁾		Total
(Dollars in millions)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018									Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Interest rate risk	$	182	$	307		$	134	$	623	$	1,070	$	946		$	203	$	2,219
Foreign exchange risk	379		(2		)	2		379		1,175		(15		)	5		1,165
Equity risk	853		(215		)	350		988		3,105		(542		)	1,196		3,759
Credit risk	266		465			106		837		1,093		1,424			377		2,894
Other risk	47		26			19		92		171		39			60		270
Total sales and trading revenue	$	1,727	$	581		$	611	$	2,919	$	6,614	$	1,852		$	1,841	$	10,307

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017									Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Interest rate risk	$	330	$	365		$	49	$	744	$	833	$	1,182		$	200	$	2,215
Foreign exchange risk	348		2			2		352		1,063		(2		)	5		1,066
Equity risk	639		(142		)	467		964		2,088		(372		)	1,427		3,143
Credit risk	362		482			105		949		1,482		1,467			450		3,399
Other risk	35		8			16		59		168		18			67		253
Total sales and trading revenue	$	1,714	$	715		$	639	$	3,068	$	5,634	$	2,293		$	2,149	$	10,076


⁽¹⁾	Represents amounts in investment and brokerage services and other income that are recorded in Global Markets and included in the definition of sales and trading revenue. Includes investment and brokerage services revenue of $378 million and $1.3 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $488 million and $1.5 billion for the same periods in 2017.

Credit Derivatives

The Corporation enters into credit derivatives primarily to facilitate client transactions and to manage credit risk exposures. Credit derivatives derive value based on an underlying third-party referenced obligation or a portfolio of referenced obligations and generally require the Corporation, as the seller of credit protection, to make payments to a buyer upon the occurrence of a predefined credit event. Such credit events generally include bankruptcy of the referenced credit entity and failure to pay under the obligation, as well as acceleration of indebtedness and payment repudiation or moratorium. For credit derivatives based on a portfolio of referenced credits or credit indices, the Corporation may not be required to make payment until a specified amount of loss has occurred and/or may only be required to make payment up to a specified amount.

Credit derivative instruments where the Corporation is the seller of credit protection and their expiration at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized in the table below.




Credit Derivative Instruments

	Less than One Year		One to Three Years		Three to Five Years		Over Five Years		Total
	September 30, 2018
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Value
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	2	$	38	$	335	$	590	$	965
Non-investment grade	61		492		1,007		1,802		3,362
Total	63		530		1,342		2,392		4,327
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	22		—		—		—		22
Non-investment grade	263		28		—		—		291
Total	285		28		—		—		313
Total credit derivatives	$	348	$	558	$	1,342	$	2,392	$	4,640
Credit-related notes:
Investment grade	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	602	$	607
Non-investment grade	3		1		4		1,455		1,463
Total credit-related notes	$	3	$	1	$	9	$	2,057	$	2,070
	Maximum Payout/Notional
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	61,224	$	93,646	$	82,657	$	30,883	$	268,410
Non-investment grade	22,980		37,907		47,164		21,785		129,836
Total	84,204		131,553		129,821		52,668		398,246
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	40,115		1,263		62		76		41,516
Non-investment grade	20,648		207		39		72		20,966
Total	60,763		1,470		101		148		62,482
Total credit derivatives	$	144,967	$	133,023	$	129,922	$	52,816	$	460,728

	December 31, 2017
	Carrying Value
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	4	$	3	$	61	$	245	$	313
Non-investment grade	203		453		484		2,133		3,273
Total	207		456		545		2,378		3,586
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	30		—		—		—		30
Non-investment grade	150		—		—		3		153
Total	180		—		—		3		183
Total credit derivatives	$	387	$	456	$	545	$	2,381	$	3,769
Credit-related notes:
Investment grade	$	—	$	—	$	7	$	689	$	696
Non-investment grade	12		4		34		1,548		1,598
Total credit-related notes	$	12	$	4	$	41	$	2,237	$	2,294
	Maximum Payout/Notional
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	61,388	$	115,480	$	107,081	$	21,579	$	305,528
Non-investment grade	39,312		49,843		39,098		14,420		142,673
Total	100,700		165,323		146,179		35,999		448,201
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	37,394		2,581		—		143		40,118
Non-investment grade	13,751		514		143		697		15,105
Total	51,145		3,095		143		840		55,223
Total credit derivatives	$	151,845	$	168,418	$	146,322	$	36,839	$	503,424

Credit derivatives are classified as investment and non-investment grade based on the credit quality of the underlying referenced obligation. The Corporation considers ratings of BBB- or higher as investment grade. Non-investment grade includes non-rated credit derivative instruments. The Corporation discloses internal categorizations of investment grade and non-investment grade consistent with how risk is managed for these instruments.

The notional amount represents the maximum amount payable by the Corporation for most credit derivatives. However, the Corporation does not monitor its exposure to credit derivatives based solely on the notional amount because this measure does not take into consideration the probability of occurrence. As such, the notional amount is not a reliable indicator of the Corporation’s exposure to these contracts. Instead, a risk framework is used to define risk tolerances and establish limits so that certain credit risk-related losses occur within acceptable, predefined limits.

Credit-related notes in the table above include investments in securities issued by collateralized debt obligation (CDO), collateralized loan obligation and credit-linked note vehicles. These instruments are primarily classified as trading securities. The carrying value of these instruments equals the Corporation’s maximum exposure to loss. The Corporation is not obligated to make any payments to the entities under the terms of the securities owned.

Credit-related Contingent Features and Collateral

A majority of the Corporation’s derivative contracts contain credit risk-related contingent features, primarily in the form of ISDA master netting agreements and credit support documentation that enhance the creditworthiness of these instruments compared to other obligations of the respective counterparty with whom the Corporation has transacted. These contingent features may be for the benefit of the Corporation as well as its counterparties with respect to changes in the Corporation’s creditworthiness and the mark-to-market exposure under the derivative transactions. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Corporation held cash and securities collateral of $83.7 billion and $77.2 billion, and posted cash and securities collateral of $55.1 billion and $59.2 billion in the normal course of business under derivative agreements, excluding cross-product margining agreements where clients are permitted to margin on a net basis for both derivative and secured financing arrangements.

In connection with certain OTC derivative contracts and other trading agreements, the Corporation can be required to provide additional collateral or to terminate transactions with certain counterparties in the event of a downgrade of the senior debt ratings of the Corporation or certain subsidiaries. The amount of

additional collateral required depends on the contract and is usually a fixed incremental amount and/or the market value of the exposure. For more information on credit-related contingent features and collateral, see Note 2 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

At September 30, 2018, the amount of collateral, calculated based on the terms of the contracts, that the Corporation and certain subsidiaries could be required to post to counterparties but had not yet posted to counterparties was $2.3 billion, including $1.2 billion for Bank of America, National Association (Bank of America, N.A. or BANA).

Some counterparties are currently able to unilaterally terminate certain contracts, or the Corporation or certain subsidiaries may be required to take other action such as find a suitable replacement or obtain a guarantee. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the liability recorded for these derivative contracts was not significant.

The table below presents the amount of additional collateral that would have been contractually required by derivative contracts and other trading agreements at September 30, 2018 if the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for the Corporation or certain subsidiaries by one incremental notch and by an additional second incremental notch.




Additional Collateral Required to be Posted Upon Downgrade at September 30, 2018

(Dollars in millions)	One incremental notch		Second incremental notch
Bank of America Corporation	$	554	$	314
Bank of America, N.A. and subsidiaries ⁽¹⁾	212		264


⁽¹⁾	Included in Bank of America Corporation collateral requirements in this table.

The table below presents the derivative liabilities that would be subject to unilateral termination by counterparties and the amounts of collateral that would have been contractually required at September 30, 2018 if the long-term senior debt ratings for the Corporation or certain subsidiaries had been lower by one incremental notch and by an additional second incremental notch.




Derivative Liabilities Subject to Unilateral Termination Upon Downgrade at September 30, 2018

(Dollars in millions)	One incremental notch		Second incremental notch
Derivative liabilities	$	260	$	607
Collateral posted	201		399

Valuation Adjustments on Derivatives

The table below presents credit valuation adjustment (CVA), DVA and FVA gains (losses) on derivatives, which are recorded in trading account profits, on a gross and net of hedge basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. For more information on the valuation adjustments on derivatives, see Note 2 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.




Valuation Adjustments on Derivatives ⁽¹⁾

Gains (Losses)	Three Months Ended September 30
	2018						2017
(Dollars in millions)	Gross			Net			Gross			Net
Derivative assets (CVA)	$	71		$	27		$	23		$	15
Derivative assets/liabilities (FVA)	45			35			37			43
Derivative liabilities (DVA)	(69		)	(79		)	29			17

	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2018						2017
Derivative assets (CVA)	$	186		$	172		$	281		$	93
Derivative assets/liabilities (FVA)	36			16			113			140
Derivative liabilities (DVA)	(112		)	(132		)	(249		)	(201		)


⁽¹⁾	At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, cumulative CVA reduced the derivative assets balance by $491 million and $677 million, cumulative FVA reduced the net derivatives balance by $100 million and $136 million, and cumulative DVA reduced the derivative liabilities balance by $338 million and $450 million, respectively.