October 31, 2025 - 10-Q: Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number:

1-6523

Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter:

Bank of America Corporation

State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization:

Delaware

IRS Employer Identification No.:

56-0906609

Address of principal executive offices:

Bank of America Corporate Center

100 N. Tryon Street

Charlotte, North Carolina 28255

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(704) 386-5681

Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	BAC	New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrE	New York Stock Exchange
of Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrB	New York Stock Exchange
of 6.000% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series GG
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrK	New York Stock Exchange
of 5.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series HH
7.25% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock, Series L	BAC PrL	New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,200th interest in a share	BML PrG	New York Stock Exchange
of Bank of America Corporation Floating Rate
Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series 1


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,200th interest in a share	BML PrH	New York Stock Exchange
of Bank of America Corporation Floating Rate
Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series 2
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,200th interest in a share	BML PrJ	New York Stock Exchange
of Bank of America Corporation Floating Rate
Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series 4
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,200th interest in a share	BML PrL	New York Stock Exchange
of Bank of America Corporation Floating Rate
Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series 5
Floating Rate Preferred Hybrid Income Term Securities of BAC Capital	BAC/PF	New York Stock Exchange
Trust XIII (and the guarantee related thereto)
5.63% Fixed to Floating Rate Preferred Hybrid Income Term Securities	BAC/PG	New York Stock Exchange
of BAC Capital Trust XIV (and the guarantee related thereto)
Income Capital Obligation Notes initially due December 15, 2066 of	MER PrK	New York Stock Exchange
Bank of America Corporation
Senior Medium-Term Notes, Series A, Step Up Callable Notes, due	BAC/31B	New York Stock Exchange
November 28, 2031 of BofA Finance LLC (and the guarantee
of the Registrant with respect thereto)
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of	BAC PrM	New York Stock Exchange
5.375% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series KK
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrN	New York Stock Exchange
of 5.000% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series LL
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of	BAC PrO	New York Stock Exchange
4.375% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series NN
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of	BAC PrP	New York Stock Exchange
4.125% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series PP
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of	BAC PrQ	New York Stock Exchange
4.250% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series QQ
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share	BAC PrS	New York Stock Exchange
of 4.750% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series SS

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☑

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).

Yes ☐ No ☑

On October 30, 2025, there were 7,302,495,550 shares of Bank of America Corporation Common Stock outstanding.

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries

September 30, 2025

Form 10-Q

INDEX

Part I. Financial Information


Item 1. Financial Statements						Page
Consolidated Statement of Income						48
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income						48
Consolidated Balance Sheet						49
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity						50
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows						51
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements						52
Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles						52
Note 2 – Net Interest Income and Noninterest Income						53
Note 3 – Derivatives						54
Note 4 – Securities						61
Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses						64

Note 6 – Securitizations and Other Variable Interest Entities						75
Note 7 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets						80
Note 8 – Leases						80
Note 9 – Securities Financing Agreements, Collateral and Restricted Cash						81
Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies						82
Note 11 – Shareholders’ Equity						85
Note 12 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)						86
Note 13 – Earnings Per Common Share						87

Note 14 – Fair Value Measurements						87
Note 15 – Fair Value Option						94
Note 16 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments						96
Note 17 – Business Segment Information						97
Glossary						101
Acronyms						103



Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Executive Summary						3
Recent Developments						3
Financial Highlights						4

Supplemental Financial Data						7
Business Segment Operations						11
Consumer Banking						11
Global Wealth & Investment Management						13
Global Banking						15
Global Markets						17

All Other						19
Managing Risk						20

Capital Management						20
Liquidity Risk						25
Credit Risk Management						28
Consumer Portfolio Credit Risk Management						28
Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management						33
Non-U.S. Portfolio						39

Allowance for Credit Losses						40
Market Risk Management						42
Trading Risk Management						42
Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book						44
Mortgage Banking Risk Management						46



Climate Risk						46
Complex Accounting Estimates						46
Non-GAAP Reconciliations						47

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk						47
Item 4. Controls and Procedures						47

1 Bank of America

Part II. Other Information


Item 1. Legal Proceedings						104
Item 1A. Risk Factors						104
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds						104
Item 5. Other Information						104
Item 6. Exhibits						105
Signature						105

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Bank of America Corporation (the Corporation) and its management may make certain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements often use words such as “anticipates,” “targets,” “expects,” “hopes,” “estimates,” “intends,” “plans,” “goals,” “outlook,” “believes,” “continue” and other similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “would” and “could.” Forward-looking statements represent the Corporation’s current expectations, plans or forecasts of its future results, revenues, liquidity, net interest income, provision for credit losses, expenses, efficiency ratio, capital measures, strategy, deposits, assets, and future business and economic conditions more generally, and other future matters. These statements are not guarantees of future results or performance and involve certain known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict and are often beyond the Corporation’s control. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, any of these forward-looking statements.

You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement and should consider the following uncertainties and risks, as well as the risks and uncertainties more fully discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and in any of the Corporation’s subsequent U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings: the Corporation’s potential judgments, orders, settlements, penalties, fines and reputational damage, which are inherently difficult to predict, resulting from pending, threatened or future litigation and regulatory inquiries, demands, requests, investigations, proceedings and enforcement actions, which the Corporation is subject to in the ordinary course of business, including matters related to our processing of unemployment benefits for California and certain other states, the features of our automatic credit card payment service, the adequacy of the Corporation’s anti-money laundering and economic sanctions programs and the processing of electronic payments, including through the Zelle network, and related fraud, which are in various stages; in connection with ongoing litigation, the impact of certain changes to Visa’s and Mastercard’s respective card payment network rules and reductions in interchange fees for U.S.-based merchants; the possibility that the Corporation's future liabilities may be in excess of its recorded liability and estimated range of possible loss for litigation, and regulatory and government actions; the Corporation's ability to resolve representations and warranties repurchase and related claims; the impact of U.S. and global interest rates (including the potential for ongoing fluctuations in interest rates), inflation, currency exchange rates, economic conditions, trade policies and tensions, including changes in, or the imposition of, tariffs and/or trade barriers and the economic impacts, volatility and uncertainty resulting therefrom, which may have varying effects across industries and geographies, and

geopolitical instability; the risks related to the discontinuation of reference rates, including increased expenses and litigation and the effectiveness of hedging strategies; uncertainties about the financial stability and growth rates of non-U.S. jurisdictions, the risk that those jurisdictions may face difficulties servicing their sovereign debt, and related stresses on financial markets, currencies and trade, and the Corporation’s exposures to such risks, including direct, indirect and operational; the impact of the interest rate, inflationary, macroeconomic, banking and regulatory environment on the Corporation’s assets, business, financial condition and results of operations; the impact of adverse developments affecting the U.S. or global banking industry, including bank failures and liquidity concerns, resulting in worsening economic and market volatility, and regulatory responses thereto; the possibility that future credit losses may be higher than currently expected due to changes in economic assumptions, which may include unemployment rates, real estate prices, gross domestic product levels and corporate bond spreads, customer behavior, adverse developments with respect to U.S. or global economic conditions and other uncertainties, including the impact of trade policies, supply chain disruptions, inflationary pressures and labor shortages on economic conditions and our business; potential losses related to the Corporation’s concentration of credit risk; the Corporation’s ability to achieve its expense targets and expectations regarding revenue, net interest income, provision for credit losses, net charge-offs, effective tax rate, loan growth or other projections; variances to the underlying assumptions and judgments used in estimating banking book net interest income sensitivity; adverse changes to the Corporation’s credit ratings from the major credit rating agencies; an inability to access capital markets or maintain deposits or borrowing costs; estimates of the fair value and other accounting values, subject to impairment assessments, of certain of the Corporation’s assets and liabilities; the estimated or actual impact of changes in accounting standards or assumptions in applying those standards; uncertainty regarding the content, timing and impact of regulatory capital and liquidity requirements; the impact of adverse changes to total loss-absorbing capacity requirements, stress capital buffer requirements and/or global systemically important bank surcharges; the potential impact of actions of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on the Corporation’s capital plans; the effect of changes in or interpretations of income tax laws and regulations, including impacts from the 2025 budget reconciliation legislation; the impact of implementation and compliance with U.S. and international laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations, including recovery and resolution planning requirements, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation assessments, the Volcker Rule, fiduciary standards, derivatives regulations and potential changes to loss allocations between financial institutions and customers, including for losses incurred from the use of our products and services, including electronic payments and payment of checks, that were authorized by the customer but induced by fraud; the impact of failures or disruptions in or breaches of the

Bank of America 2

Corporation’s operations or information systems, or those of various third parties, including regulators and federal and state governments, such as from cybersecurity incidents; the risks related to the development, implementation, use and management of emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence and machine learning; the risks related to the transition and physical impacts of climate change; our ability to achieve environmental goals or the impact of any changes in the Corporation’s sustainability or human capital management strategy or goals; the impact of uncertain or changing political conditions, federal government shutdowns and uncertainty regarding the federal government’s debt limit or changes in fiscal, monetary, trade or regulatory policy; the emergence of widespread health emergencies or pandemics; the impact of natural disasters, extreme weather events, military conflicts (including the Russia/Ukraine conflict, the conflicts in the Middle East, the possible expansion of such conflicts and potential geopolitical consequences), civil unrest, terrorism or other geopolitical events; and other matters.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and the Corporation undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect the impact of circumstances or events that arise after the date the forward-looking statement was made.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements referred to in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) are incorporated by reference into the MD&A. Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current-period presentation. Throughout the MD&A, the Corporation uses certain acronyms and abbreviations which are defined in the Glossary.

Executive Summary

Business Overview

The Corporation is a Delaware corporation, a bank holding company (BHC) and a financial holding company. When used in this report, “Bank of America,” “the Corporation,” “we,” “us” and “our” may refer to Bank of America Corporation individually, Bank of America Corporation and its subsidiaries, or certain of Bank of America Corporation’s subsidiaries or affiliates. Our principal executive offices are located in Charlotte, North Carolina. Through our various bank and nonbank subsidiaries throughout the U.S. and in international markets, we provide a diversified range of banking and nonbank financial services and products through four business segments: Consumer Banking, Global Wealth & Investment Management (GWIM), Global Banking and Global Markets, with the remaining operations recorded in All Other. We operate our banking activities primarily under the Bank of America, National Association (Bank of America, N.A. or BANA) charter. At September 30, 2025, the Corporation had $3.4 trillion in assets and a headcount of approximately 213,000 employees. As of September 30, 2025, we served clients through operations across the U.S., its

territories and more than 35 countries and/or jurisdictions. Our retail banking footprint covers all major markets in the U.S., and we serve approximately 69 million consumer and small business clients with approximately 3,600 retail financial centers, approximately 15,000 automated teller machines (ATMs), and leading digital banking platforms (www.bankofamerica.com) with approximately 49 million active users, including approximately 41 million active mobile users. We offer industry-leading support to approximately four million small business households. Our GWIM businesses, with client balances of $4.6 trillion, provide tailored solutions to meet client needs through a full set of investment management, brokerage, banking, trust and retirement products. We are a global leader in corporate and investment banking and trading across a broad range of asset classes serving corporations, governments, institutions and individuals around the world.

The Corporation’s website is www.bankofamerica.com, and the Investor Relations portion of our website is https://investor.bankofamerica.com. We use our website to distribute company information, including as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. We routinely post and make accessible financial and other information regarding the Corporation on our website. Investors should monitor our website, including the Investor Relations portion, in addition to our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls and webcasts. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the information contained on our website as referenced in this paragraph is not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Recent Developments

Capital Management

In June 2025, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve) announced the results of the 2025 Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) supervisory stress tests, which included preliminary stress capital buffers (SCBs) that were finalized in August 2025. Based on the results under the current regulatory framework, our SCB decreased to 2.5 percent from 3.2 percent, effective October 1, 2025.

On July 23, 2025, the Board of Directors (Board) authorized a $40 billion common stock repurchase program, effective August 1, 2025, that replaced the Corporation’s $25 billion repurchase program authorized by the Board in July 2024. For more information about the Corporation’s common stock repurchase programs, see Part II, Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds on page 104.

On October 23, 2025, the Board declared a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.28 per share, payable on December 26, 2025 to shareholders of record as of December 5, 2025.

For more information on our capital resources and regulatory developments, see Capital Management beginning on page 20.

3 Bank of America

Financial Highlights



Table 1	Summary Income Statement and Selected Financial Data

		Three Months Ended September 30						Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions, except per share information)		2025			2024			2025			2024
Income statement
Net interest income		$	15,233		$	13,967		$	44,346		$	41,701
Noninterest income		12,855			11,378			37,571			34,839
Total revenue, net of interest expense		28,088			25,345			81,917			76,540
Provision for credit losses		1,295			1,542			4,367			4,369
Noninterest expense		17,337			16,479			52,290			50,025
Income before income taxes		9,456			7,324			25,260			22,146
Income tax expense		987			428			2,279			1,679
Net income		8,469			6,896			22,981			20,467
Preferred stock dividends and other		429			516			1,126			1,363
Net income applicable to common shareholders		$	8,040		$	6,380		$	21,855		$	19,104
Per common share information
Earnings		$	1.08		$	0.82		$	2.89		$	2.42
Diluted earnings		1.06			0.81			2.85			2.40
Dividends paid		0.28			0.26			0.80			0.74
Performance ratios
Return on average assets (1)		0.98		%	0.83		%	0.90		%	0.84		%
Return on average common shareholders’ equity (1)		11.53			9.44			10.63			9.59
Return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity (2)		15.43			12.76			14.27			13.02
Efficiency ratio (1)		61.73			65.02			63.83			65.36
								September 30 2025			December 31 2024

Balance sheet
Total loans and leases								$	1,165,900		$	1,095,835
Total assets								3,403,716			3,261,519
Total deposits								2,002,208			1,965,467
Total liabilities								3,099,564			2,965,960
Total common shareholders’ equity								278,160			272,400
Total shareholders’ equity								304,152			295,559

(1)For definitions, see Key Metrics on page 102.

(2)Return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity is a non-GAAP financial measure. For more information and a corresponding reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measures defined by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), see Non-GAAP Reconciliations on page 47.

Net income was $8.5 billion and $23.0 billion, or $1.06 and $2.85 per diluted share, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $6.9 billion and $20.5 billion, or $0.81 and $2.40 per diluted share, for the same periods in 2024. The increases in net income were primarily due to higher noninterest income and net interest income, and lower provision for credit losses, partially offset by higher noninterest expense.

Total assets increased $142.2 billion from December 31, 2024 to $3.4 trillion primarily driven by higher loans and leases due to growth in commercial loans and residential mortgages, higher securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell and higher trading account assets to support Global Markets client activity, as well as higher debt securities due to investment of excess cash from deposit inflows.

Total liabilities increased $133.6 billion from December 31, 2024 to $3.1 trillion primarily driven by higher deposits in Global Banking and higher long-term debt issuances, as well as higher trading account liabilities, customer trade payables, and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase to support Global Markets client activity.

Shareholders’ equity increased $8.6 billion from December 31, 2024 primarily due to net income, preferred stock issuances and an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income (OCI), partially offset by returns of capital to shareholders through common stock repurchases and common and preferred stock dividends, as well as preferred stock redemptions.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income increased $1.3 billion to $15.2 billion, and $2.6 billion to $44.3 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. Net interest yield on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) basis increased nine basis points (bps) to 2.01 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and three bps to 1.98 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase in net interest income in the three-month period was primarily driven by higher net interest income related to Global Markets activity, fixed-asset repricing, and deposit and loan growth, partially offset by the impact of lower interest rates. The increase in net interest income in the nine-month period was primarily driven by fixed-asset repricing, higher net interest income related to Global Markets activity, and deposit and loan growth, partially offset by the impact of lower interest rates and one less day of interest accrual. For more information on net interest yield and FTE basis, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 7, and for more information on interest rate risk management, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book on page 44.

Bank of America 4

Noninterest Income



Table 2	Noninterest Income

		Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024		2025		2024
Fees and commissions:
Card income		$	1,629	$	1,618	$	4,793	$	4,662
Service charges		1,632		1,552		4,808		4,501
Investment and brokerage services		5,063		4,546		14,656		13,053
Investment banking fees		2,013		1,403		4,964		4,532
Total fees and commissions		10,337		9,119		29,221		26,748
Market making and similar activities		3,203		3,278		9,940		10,464


Other income (loss)		(685)		(1,019)		(1,590)		(2,373)

Total noninterest income		$	12,855	$	11,378	$	37,571	$	34,839

Noninterest income increased $1.5 billion to $12.9 billion and $2.7 billion to $37.6 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. The following highlights the significant changes.

● Service charges increased $80 million and $307 million primarily due to higher treasury service charges.

● Investment and brokerage services increased $517 million and $1.6 billion primarily driven by higher asset management fees from higher average equity market valuations and the impact of positive assets under management (AUM) flows, as well as higher brokerage fees due to increased transactional volume.

● Investment banking fees increased $610 million for the three-month period primarily driven by higher debt issuance, advisory and equity issuance fees. The increase of $432 million for the nine-month period was primarily driven by higher debt issuance and advisory fees, partially offset by lower equity issuance fees.

● Market making and similar activities decreased $75 million for the three-month period primarily driven by lower trading revenue from macro products in Fixed Income, Currencies and Commodities (FICC), partially offset by higher income from derivatives used in foreign currency risk management

activities. The decrease of $524 million for the nine-month period was primarily driven by lower trading revenue from credit products in FICC and lower income from derivatives used in foreign currency risk management activities.

● Other income increased $334 million for the three-month period primarily due to lower partnership losses on tax-related equity investments and lower valuation losses on certain derivatives. In addition, the prior-year period included losses on leveraged finance positions. The increase of $783 million for the nine-month period was primarily due to gains on leveraged finance positions.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses decreased $247 million to $1.3 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and remained relatively unchanged at $4.4 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the same periods in 2024. For more information on the provision for credit losses, see Allowance for Credit Losses on page 40.

5 Bank of America

Noninterest Expense



Table 3	Noninterest Expense

		Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024		2025		2024
Compensation and benefits		$	10,523	$	9,916	$	31,744	$	29,937
Occupancy and equipment		1,872		1,836		5,564		5,465
Information processing and communications		1,827		1,784		5,540		5,347
Product delivery and transaction related		1,025		849		2,913		2,591
Professional fees		606		723		1,898		1,925
Marketing		572		504		1,641		1,446
Other general operating		912		867		2,990		3,314
Total noninterest expense		$	17,337	$	16,479	$	52,290	$	50,025

Noninterest expense increased $858 million to $17.3 billion and $2.3 billion to $52.3 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases were primarily driven by continued investments in the business, including people, technology and

brand, as well as higher revenue-related expenses. Additionally, the prior-year nine-month period included a $700 million accrual for the increase in the Corporation’s share of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) special assessment.

Income Tax Expense



Table 4	Income Tax Expense

		Three Months Ended September 30						Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024			2025			2024
Income before income taxes		$	9,456		$	7,324		$	25,260		$	22,146
Income tax expense		987			428			2,279			1,679
Effective tax rate		10.4		%	5.8		%	9.0		%	7.6		%

The effective tax rates (ETR) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were primarily driven by our recurring tax preference benefits, which mainly consisted of tax credits from investments in renewable energy and affordable housing. Absent these credits and discrete items totaling $1.2 billion (13 percentage points) and $1.3 billion (18 percentage points) for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the adjusted ETR was 23 percent and 24 percent,

respectively. Absent these credits and discrete items totaling $3.9 billion (15 percentage points) and $3.9 billion (17 percentage points) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the adjusted ETR was 24 percent and 25 percent, respectively. Adjusted ETR is a non-GAAP financial measure. For more information, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 7.

Bank of America 6

Supplemental Financial Data

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we present certain non-GAAP financial measures. Non-GAAP financial measures exclude certain items or otherwise include components that differ from the most directly comparable measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures are provided as additional useful information to assess our financial condition, results of operations (including period-to-period operating performance) or compliance with prospective regulatory requirements. These non-GAAP financial measures are not intended as a substitute for GAAP financial measures and may not be defined or calculated the same way as non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies.

When presented on a consolidated basis, we view net interest income on an FTE basis as a non-GAAP financial measure. To derive the FTE basis, net interest income is adjusted to reflect tax-exempt income on an equivalent before-tax basis with a corresponding increase in income tax expense. For purposes of this calculation, we use the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent and a representative state tax rate. Net interest yield, which measures the basis points we earn over the cost of funds, utilizes net interest income on an FTE basis. We believe that presentation of these items on an FTE basis allows for comparison of amounts from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practices.

We may present certain key performance indicators and ratios excluding certain items (e.g., debit valuation adjustment (DVA) gains (losses)), which result in non-GAAP financial measures. We believe that the presentation of measures that exclude these items is useful because such measures provide additional information to assess the underlying operational performance and trends of our businesses and to allow better comparison of period-to-period operating performance.

We may present an adjusted ETR to exclude the tax rate effects of certain tax credits and discrete tax items (adjusted ETR). We believe the presentation of adjusted ETR is useful because it provides additional information to assess the Corporation’s results of operations.

We also evaluate our business based on certain ratios that utilize tangible equity, a non-GAAP financial measure. Tangible equity represents shareholders’ equity or common shareholders’ equity reduced by goodwill and intangible assets (excluding mortgage servicing rights (MSRs)), net of related deferred tax liabilities (“adjusted” shareholders’ equity or common shareholders’ equity). These measures are used to

evaluate our use of equity. In addition, profitability, relationship and investment models use both return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity and return on average tangible shareholders’ equity as key measures to support our overall growth objectives. These ratios are:

● Return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity measures our net income applicable to common shareholders as a percentage of adjusted average common shareholders’ equity. The tangible common equity ratio represents adjusted ending common shareholders’ equity divided by total tangible assets.

● Return on average tangible shareholders’ equity measures our net income as a percentage of adjusted average total shareholders’ equity. The tangible equity ratio represents adjusted ending shareholders’ equity divided by total tangible assets.

● Tangible book value per common share represents adjusted ending common shareholders’ equity divided by ending common shares outstanding.

We believe ratios utilizing tangible equity provide additional useful information because they present measures of those assets that can generate income. Tangible book value per common share provides additional useful information about the level of tangible assets in relation to outstanding shares of common stock.

The aforementioned supplemental data and performance measures are presented in Table 5 on page 8.

For more information on the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP financial measures, see Non-GAAP Reconciliations on page 47.

Key Performance Indicators

We present certain key financial and nonfinancial performance indicators (key performance indicators) that management uses when assessing our consolidated and/or segment results. We believe they are useful to investors because they provide additional information about our underlying operational performance and trends. These key performance indicators (KPIs) may not be defined or calculated in the same way as similar KPIs used by other companies. For information on how these metrics are defined, see Key Metrics on page 102.

Our consolidated key performance indicators, which include various equity and credit metrics, are presented in Table 1 on page 4, and Table 5 on page 8.

For information on key segment performance metrics, see Business Segment Operations on page 11.

7 Bank of America




Table 5	Selected Financial Data
																	Nine Months Ended September 30
		2025 Quarters									2024 Quarters
(In millions, except per share information)		Third			Second			First			Fourth			Third			2025			2024
Income statement
Net interest income		$	15,233		$	14,670		$	14,443		$	14,359		$	13,967		$	44,346		$	41,701
Noninterest income		12,855			11,793			12,923			10,988			11,378			37,571			34,839
Total revenue, net of interest expense		28,088			26,463			27,366			25,347			25,345			81,917			76,540
Provision for credit losses		1,295			1,592			1,480			1,452			1,542			4,367			4,369
Noninterest expense		17,337			17,183			17,770			16,787			16,479			52,290			50,025
Income before income taxes		9,456			7,688			8,116			7,108			7,324			25,260			22,146
Income tax expense		987			572			720			443			428			2,279			1,679
Net income		8,469			7,116			7,396			6,665			6,896			22,981			20,467
Net income applicable to common shareholders		8,040			6,825			6,990			6,399			6,380			21,855			19,104
Average common shares issued and outstanding		7,466.0			7,581.2			7,677.9			7,738.4			7,818.0			7,574.5			7,894.7
Average diluted common shares issued and outstanding		7,627.1			7,651.6			7,770.8			7,843.7			7,902.1			7,724.7			7,965.0
Performance ratios
Return on average assets (1)		0.98		%	0.83		%	0.89		%	0.80		%	0.83		%	0.90		%	0.84		%
Four-quarter trailing return on average assets (2)		0.88			0.84			0.84			0.83			0.72			n/a			n/a
Return on average common shareholders’ equity (1)		11.53			9.98			10.36			9.37			9.44			10.63			9.59
Return on average tangible common shareholders’ equity (3)		15.43			13.40			13.94			12.63			12.76			14.27			13.02
Return on average shareholders’ equity (1)		11.13			9.61			10.14			8.98			9.30			10.30			9.31
Return on average tangible shareholders’ equity (3)		14.49			12.58			13.29			11.78			12.20			13.47			12.23
Total ending equity to total ending assets		8.94			8.71			8.82			9.06			8.92			8.94			8.92
Common equity ratio (1)		8.17			8.02			8.21			8.35			8.18			8.17			8.18
Total average equity to total average assets		8.79			8.65			8.83			8.89			8.95			8.75			8.97
Dividend payout (1)		25.86			28.71			28.51			31.29			31.70			27.60			30.46
Per common share data
Earnings		$	1.08		$	0.90		$	0.91		$	0.83		$	0.82		$	2.89		$	2.42
Diluted earnings		1.06			0.89			0.90			0.82			0.81			2.85			2.40
Dividends paid		0.28			0.26			0.26			0.26			0.26			0.80			0.74
Book value (1)		37.95			37.13			36.39			35.79			35.37			37.95			35.37
Tangible book value (3)		28.39			27.71			27.12			26.58			26.25			28.39			26.25




Market capitalization		$	378,125		$	351,904		$	315,482		$	334,497		$	305,090		$	378,125		$	305,090
Average balance sheet
Total loans and leases		$	1,153,035		$	1,128,453		$	1,093,738		$	1,081,009		$	1,059,728
Total assets		3,435,943			3,432,734			3,351,423			3,318,094			3,296,171
Total deposits		1,991,434			1,973,761			1,958,332			1,957,950			1,920,748
Long-term debt		247,425			249,104			241,036			238,988			247,338
Common shareholders’ equity		276,743			274,344			273,480			271,641			269,001
Total shareholders’ equity		301,975			296,917			295,787			295,134			294,985
Asset quality
Allowance for credit losses (4)		$	14,361		$	14,434		$	14,366		$	14,336		$	14,351
Nonperforming loans, leases and foreclosed properties (5)		5,470			6,104			6,201			6,120			5,824
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total loans and leases outstanding (5)		1.14		%	1.17		%	1.20		%	1.21		%	1.24		%
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total nonperforming loans and leases (5)		248			222			218			222			235
Net charge-offs		$	1,367		$	1,525		$	1,452		$	1,466		$	1,534
Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases outstanding (5)		0.47		%	0.55		%	0.54		%	0.54		%	0.58		%







Capital ratios at period end (6)

Common equity tier 1 capital		11.6		%	11.5		%	11.8		%	11.9		%	11.8		%

Tier 1 capital		13.1			12.9			13.0			13.2			13.2
Total capital		15.0			14.8			15.0			15.1			14.9
Tier 1 leverage		6.8			6.7			6.8			6.9			6.9
Supplementary leverage ratio		5.8			5.7			5.7			5.9			5.9
Tangible equity (3)		7.0			6.8			6.9			7.1			7.0
Tangible common equity (3)		6.2			6.1			6.3			6.3			6.2
Total loss-absorbing capacity and long-term debt metrics
Total loss-absorbing capacity to risk-weighted assets		27.0		%	27.1		%	27.4		%	27.1		%	27.4		%
Total loss-absorbing capacity to supplementary leverage exposure		11.9			12.0			12.1			12.0			12.2
Eligible long-term debt to risk-weighted assets		13.1			13.5			13.6			13.0			13.3
Eligible long-term debt to supplementary leverage exposure		5.8			6.0			6.0			5.8			6.0

(1)For definitions, see Key Metrics on page 102.

(2)Calculated as total net income for four consecutive quarters divided by annualized average assets for four consecutive quarters.

(3)Tangible equity ratios and tangible book value per share of common stock are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information on these ratios and corresponding reconciliations to GAAP financial measures, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 7 and Non-GAAP Reconciliations on page 47.

(4)Includes the allowance for loan and lease losses and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments.

(5)Balances and ratios do not include loans accounted for under the fair value option. For additional exclusions from nonperforming loans, leases and foreclosed properties, see Consumer Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Nonperforming Consumer Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity on page 33 and corresponding Table 25 and Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Nonperforming Commercial Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity on page 37 and corresponding Table 31.

(6)For more information, including which approach is used to assess capital adequacy, see Capital Management on page 20.

n/a = not applicable

Bank of America 8



Table 6	Quarterly Average Balances and Interest Rates - FTE Basis

		Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense (1)		Yield/ Rate		Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense (1)		Yield/ Rate
(Dollars in millions)		Third Quarter 2025						Third Quarter 2024
Earning assets
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve, non-U.S. central banks and other banks		$	264,233	$	2,698	4.05	%	$	320,781	$	4,129	5.12	%
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments		9,716		88		3.59		10,031		108		4.29
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell		316,603		3,802		4.76		323,119		5,196		6.40
Trading account assets		239,048		3,222		5.35		214,980		2,749		5.09
Debt securities		932,588		6,975		2.97		883,562		6,859		3.08
Loans and leases (2)
Residential mortgage		235,301		2,070		3.52		227,800		1,872		3.29
Home equity		26,413		390		5.86		25,664		418		6.48
Credit card		100,966		2,932		11.52		99,908		2,924		11.64

Direct/Indirect and other consumer		110,127		1,525		5.49		104,732		1,512		5.74

Total consumer		472,807		6,917		5.82		458,104		6,726		5.85
U.S. commercial		443,274		5,953		5.33		391,728		5,358		5.44
Non-U.S. commercial		154,458		2,121		5.45		125,377		2,222		7.05
Commercial real estate (3)		66,494		1,044		6.23		69,404		1,275		7.31
Commercial lease financing		16,002		216		5.37		15,115		201		5.30
Total commercial		680,228		9,334		5.45		601,624		9,056		5.99
Total loans and leases		1,153,035		16,251		5.60		1,059,728		15,782		5.93
Other earning assets		124,965		2,484		7.89		105,496		2,815		10.62
Total earning assets		3,040,188		35,520		4.64		2,917,697		37,638		5.14
Cash and due from banks		24,963						23,435
Other assets, less allowance for loan and lease losses		370,792						355,039
Total assets		$	3,435,943					$	3,296,171
Interest-bearing liabilities
U.S. interest-bearing deposits

Demand and money market deposits (4)		$	1,095,931	$	6,063	2.19	%	$	1,043,182	$	6,603	2.52	%

Time and savings deposits (4)		257,475		1,941		2.99		259,999		2,367		3.62
Total U.S. interest-bearing deposits		1,353,406		8,004		2.35		1,303,181		8,970		2.74




Non-U.S. interest-bearing deposits		125,309		928		2.94		110,527		1,155		4.16
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,478,715		8,932		2.40		1,413,708		10,125		2.85
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase		392,431		4,800		4.85		383,334		6,193		6.43
Short-term borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities		178,368		2,372		5.28		147,579		2,747		7.41
Trading account liabilities		52,452		672		5.08		52,973		538		4.04
Long-term debt		247,425		3,357		5.40		247,338		3,921		6.32
Total interest-bearing liabilities		2,349,391		20,133		3.40		2,244,932		23,524		4.17
Noninterest-bearing sources
Noninterest-bearing deposits		512,719						507,040
Other liabilities (5)		271,858						249,214
Shareholders’ equity		301,975						294,985
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		$	3,435,943					$	3,296,171
Net interest spread						1.24	%					0.97	%
Impact of noninterest-bearing sources						0.77						0.95
Net interest income/yield on earning assets (6)				$	15,387	2.01	%			$	14,114	1.92	%

(1)Includes the impact of interest rate risk management contracts. For more information, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book on page 44.

(2)Nonperforming loans are included in the respective average loan balances. Income on these nonperforming loans is generally recognized on a cost recovery basis.

(3)Includes U.S. commercial real estate loans of $60.6 billion and $63.1 billion, and non-U.S. commercial real estate loans of $5.9 billion and $6.3 billion for the third quarter of 2025 and 2024.

(4)Certain prior-period time and savings deposits have been reclassified to demand and money market deposits.

(5)Includes $66.2 billion and $49.5 billion of structured notes and liabilities for the third quarter of 2025 and 2024.

(6)Net interest income includes FTE adjustments of $154 million and $147 million for the third quarter of 2025 and 2024.

9 Bank of America



Table 7	Year-to-Date Average Balances and Interest Rates - FTE Basis

		Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense (1)		Yield/ Rate		Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense (1)		Yield/ Rate
		Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)		2025						2024
Earning assets
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve, non-U.S. central banks and other banks		$	270,333	$	8,351	4.13	%	$	337,495	$	13,158	5.21	%
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments		9,776		269		3.67		10,200		347		4.54
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell		330,629		11,670		4.72		315,468		15,530		6.58
Trading account assets		234,950		9,337		5.31		206,609		7,773		5.02
Debt securities		929,833		20,693		2.96		859,578		19,373		3.00
Loans and leases (2)
Residential mortgage		233,047		6,017		3.44		227,705		5,499		3.22
Home equity		26,153		1,135		5.80		25,572		1,213		6.33
Credit card		100,387		8,616		11.48		99,570		8,535		11.45

Direct/Indirect and other consumer		108,655		4,441		5.46		103,934		4,339		5.58

Total consumer		468,242		20,209		5.77		456,781		19,586		5.73
U.S. commercial		427,532		17,089		5.34		385,864		15,861		5.49
Non-U.S. commercial		147,509		6,195		5.62		124,501		6,562		7.04
Commercial real estate (3)		66,034		3,087		6.25		70,906		3,871		7.29
Commercial lease financing		15,976		645		5.39		15,003		597		5.31
Total commercial		657,051		27,016		5.50		596,274		26,891		6.02
Total loans and leases		1,125,293		47,225		5.61		1,053,055		46,477		5.89
Other earning assets		118,534		7,204		8.13		106,437		8,437		10.59
Total earning assets		3,019,348		104,749		4.64		2,888,842		111,095		5.14
Cash and due from banks		24,486						23,941
Other assets, less allowance for loan and lease losses		363,176						360,073
Total assets		$	3,407,010					$	3,272,856
Interest-bearing liabilities
U.S. interest-bearing deposits

Demand and money market deposits (4)		$	1,081,175	$	17,329	2.14	%	$	1,044,707	$	19,024	2.43	%

Time and savings deposits (4)		259,796		6,057		3.12		247,155		6,582		3.56
Total U.S. interest-bearing deposits		1,340,971		23,386		2.33		1,291,862		25,606		2.65




Non-U.S. interest-bearing deposits		121,352		2,859		3.15		107,144		3,312		4.13
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,462,323		26,245		2.40		1,399,006		28,918		2.76
Federal funds purchased, securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase		397,419		14,375		4.84		368,459		18,390		6.67
Short-term borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities		173,935		7,195		5.53		147,138		8,155		7.40
Trading account liabilities		53,307		2,055		5.15		52,876		1,624		4.10
Long-term debt		245,878		10,089		5.48		248,597		11,842		6.36
Total interest-bearing liabilities		2,332,862		59,959		3.44		2,216,076		68,929		4.15
Noninterest-bearing sources
Noninterest-bearing deposits		512,307						513,735
Other liabilities (5)		263,592						249,407
Shareholders’ equity		298,249						293,638
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		$	3,407,010					$	3,272,856
Net interest spread						1.20	%					0.99	%
Impact of noninterest-bearing sources						0.78						0.96
Net interest income/yield on earning assets (6)				$	44,790	1.98	%			$	42,166	1.95	%

(1)Includes the impact of interest rate risk management contracts. For more information, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book on page 44.

(2)Nonperforming loans are included in the respective average loan balances. Income on these nonperforming loans is generally recognized on a cost recovery basis.

(3)Includes U.S. commercial real estate loans of $60.1 billion and $64.9 billion, and non-U.S. commercial real estate loans of $5.9 billion and $6.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(4)Certain prior-period time and savings deposits have been reclassified to demand and money market deposits.

(5)Includes $59.6 billion and $46.7 billion of structured notes and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(6)Net interest income includes FTE adjustments of $444 million and $465 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Bank of America 10

Business Segment Operations

Segment Description and Basis of Presentation

We report our results of operations through four business segments: Consumer Banking, GWIM, Global Banking and Global Markets, with the remaining operations recorded in All Other. We manage our segments and report their results on an FTE basis. For more information, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We periodically review capital allocated to our businesses and allocate capital annually during the strategic and capital planning processes. We utilize a methodology that considers the effect of regulatory capital requirements in addition to internal risk-based capital models. The capital allocated to the business segments is referred to as allocated capital. Allocated equity in the reporting units is comprised of allocated capital plus capital

for the portion of goodwill and intangibles specifically assigned to the reporting unit. For more information, including the definition of a reporting unit, see Note 7 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

For more information on our presentation of financial information on an FTE basis, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 7, and for reconciliations to consolidated total revenue, net income and period-end total assets, see Note 17 – Business Segment Information to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Key Performance Indicators

We present certain key financial and nonfinancial performance indicators that management uses when evaluating segment results. We believe they are useful to investors because they provide additional information about our segments’ operational performance, client trends and business growth.

Consumer Banking




	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025			2024			% Change		2025			2024			% Change
Net interest income	$	8,988		$	8,278		9	%	$	26,219		$	24,593		7	%
Noninterest income:
Card income	1,403			1,402			—		4,115			4,035			2
Service charges	645			631			2		1,890			1,823			4
All other income	130			107			21		248			339			(27)
Total noninterest income	2,178			2,140			2		6,253			6,197			1
Total revenue, net of interest expense	11,166			10,418			7		32,472			30,790			5

Provision for credit losses	1,009			1,302			(23)		3,583			3,733			(4)
Noninterest expense	5,575			5,534			1		16,968			16,473			3
Income before income taxes	4,582			3,582			28		11,921			10,584			13
Income tax expense	1,145			895			28		2,980			2,646			13
Net income	$	3,437		$	2,687		28		$	8,941		$	7,938		13

Effective tax rate	25.0		%	25.0		%			25.0		%	25.0		%

Net interest yield	3.59			3.35					3.53			3.32
Efficiency ratio	49.92			53.12					52.25			53.50
Return on average allocated capital	31			25					27			25

Balance Sheet



	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30
Average	2025			2024			% Change		2025			2024			% Change
Total loans and leases	$	320,297		$	313,781		2	%	$	318,178		$	313,027		2	%
Total earning assets	992,007			982,058			1		993,484			989,944			—
Total assets	1,029,529			1,019,085			1		1,030,874			1,027,291			—
Total deposits	947,414			938,364			1		948,983			946,640			—
Allocated capital	44,000			43,250			2		44,000			43,250			2


Period end									September 30 2025			December 31 2024			% Change
Total loans and leases									$	321,905		$	318,754		1	%
Total earning assets									994,931			995,369			—
Total assets									1,032,826			1,034,370			—
Total deposits									949,100			952,311			—

Consumer Banking offers a diversified range of lending, deposit and investment products and services to consumers and small businesses. For more information about Consumer Banking, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Consumer Banking Results

Three-Month Comparison

Net income for Consumer Banking increased $750 million to $3.4 billion primarily due to higher revenue and lower provision

for credit losses, partially offset by higher noninterest expense. Net interest income increased $710 million to $9.0 billion primarily driven by higher deposit spreads, as well as loan and deposit balances. Noninterest income was $2.2 billion, relatively unchanged from the same period a year ago.

The provision for credit losses decreased $293 million to $1.0 billion primarily due to improved asset quality in credit card. Noninterest expense increased $41 million to $5.6 billion primarily driven by investments in the business, including people.

11 Bank of America

The return on average allocated capital was 31 percent, up from 25 percent, due to higher net income, partially offset by an increase in allocated capital. For information on capital allocated to the business segments, see Business Segment Operations on page 11.

Average loans and leases increased $6.5 billion to $320.3 billion due to growth across all products.

Average deposits increased $9.1 billion to $947.4 billion primarily due to growth in time deposits of $15.5 billion and net inflows of $11.2 billion in checking, partially offset by net outflows of $17.6 billion in money market and other savings.

Nine-Month Comparison

Net income for Consumer Banking increased $1.0 billion to $8.9 billion due to higher revenue and lower provision for credit losses, partially offset by higher noninterest expense. Net interest income increased $1.6 billion to $26.2 billion primarily driven by higher deposit spreads and loan balances, partially offset by one less day of interest accrual. Noninterest income was $6.3 billion, largely unchanged from the same period a year ago.

The provision for credit losses decreased $150 million to $3.6 billion driven by improved asset quality in credit card,

partially offset by the dampened macroeconomic outlook. Noninterest expense increased $495 million to $17.0 billion primarily driven by investments in the business, including operations, people and technology.

The return on average allocated capital was 27 percent, up from 25 percent, due to higher net income, partially offset by an increase in allocated capital.

Average loans and leases increased $5.2 billion to $318.2 billion due to the same factor as described in the three-month discussion.

Average deposits increased $2.3 billion to $949.0 billion primarily due to growth in time deposits of $18.4 billion and net inflows of $6.9 billion in checking, partially offset by net outflows of $22.9 billion in money market and other savings.

Consumer investment assets increased $83.8 billion to $580.4 billion driven by higher market valuations and positive net client flows.

Key Statistics

The table below provides key performance indicators for deposit spreads, other period-end information, credit and debit card and loan production activities.



Key Statistics

	Three Months Ended September 30						Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025			2024			2025			2024
Deposit Spreads
Total deposit spreads (excludes noninterest costs)	2.94%			2.81%			2.90%			2.76%

Period end
Consumer investment assets (in millions) (1)							$	580,391		$	496,582
Active digital banking users (in thousands) (2)							49,198			47,830
Active mobile banking users (in thousands) (3)							41,258			39,638
Financial centers							3,649			3,741
ATMs							14,920			14,900

Credit and Debit Card
Total credit card (4)
Gross interest yield (5)	12.17		%	12.49		%	12.12		%	12.35		%
Risk-adjusted margin (6)	7.48			7.22			7.08			6.93
New accounts (in thousands)	929			970			2,676			2,919
Purchase volumes	$	95,116		$	92,592		$	278,138		$	272,899
Debit card purchase volumes	150,048			139,352			439,533			412,105

Loan Production (7)
Consumer Banking:
First mortgage	$	3,052		$	2,684		$	7,961		$	7,068
Home equity	2,326			1,897			6,401			5,524
Total (8):
First mortgage	$	6,751		$	5,348		$	17,863		$	14,519
Home equity	2,800			2,289			7,780			6,573

(1)Includes client brokerage assets, deposit sweep balances, brokered CDs and AUM in Consumer Banking.

(2)Represents mobile and/or online active users over the past 90 days.

(3)Represents mobile active users over the past 90 days.

(4)Includes consumer credit card portfolios in Consumer Banking and GWIM.

(5)Calculated as the effective annual percentage rate divided by average loans.

(6)Calculated as the difference between total revenue, net of interest expense, and net charge-offs divided by average loans.

(7)The loan production amounts represent the unpaid principal balance of loans and, in the case of home equity, the principal amount of the total line of credit.

(8)In addition to loan production in Consumer Banking, there is also first mortgage and home equity loan production in GWIM.

Bank of America 12

Active mobile banking users increased approximately two million, reflecting client growth and continuing changes in our clients’ banking preferences. We had a net decrease of 92 financial centers and an increase of 20 ATMs as we continued to optimize our consumer banking network.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the total risk-adjusted margin increased 26 bps primarily driven by lower net charge-offs and higher net interest margin. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the total risk-adjusted margin increased 15 bps primarily driven by higher net interest margin and fee income, partially offset by higher net charge-offs. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, total credit card purchase volumes increased $2.5 billion and $5.2 billion, and debit card purchase volumes increased $10.7

billion and $27.4 billion, reflecting higher levels of consumer spending.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, first mortgage loan originations for Consumer Banking increased $368 million and $893 million, and first mortgage loan originations for the total Corporation increased $1.4 billion and $3.3 billion for the same periods, primarily driven by higher demand.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, home equity production in Consumer Banking increased $429 million and $877 million, and home equity production for the total Corporation increased $511 million and $1.2 billion for the same periods, primarily driven by higher demand.

Global Wealth & Investment Management



	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025			2024			% Change		2025			2024			% Change
Net interest income	$	1,800		$	1,709		5	%	$	5,327		$	5,216		2	%
Noninterest income:
Investment and brokerage services	4,334			3,874			12		12,456			11,181			11
All other income	178			179			(1)		482			530			(9)
Total noninterest income	4,512			4,053			11		12,938			11,711			10
Total revenue, net of interest expense	6,312			5,762			10		18,265			16,927			8

Provision for credit losses	4			7			(43)		38			1			n/m
Noninterest expense	4,622			4,340			6		13,874			12,803			8
Income before income taxes	1,686			1,415			19		4,353			4,123			6
Income tax expense	421			354			19		1,088			1,031			6
Net income	$	1,265		$	1,061		19		$	3,265		$	3,092		6

Effective tax rate	25.0		%	25.0		%			25.0		%	25.0		%

Net interest yield	2.33			2.20					2.30			2.19
Efficiency ratio	73.22			75.32					75.96			75.64
Return on average allocated capital	26			23					22			22


Balance Sheet

	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30
Average	2025			2024			% Change		2025			2024			% Change

Total loans and leases	$	245,523		$	225,355		9	%	$	238,457		$	222,260		7	%
Total earning assets	306,384			309,231			(1)		309,882			318,026			(3)
Total assets	320,484			322,924			(1)		323,735			331,635			(2)
Total deposits	276,534			279,999			(1)		279,883			288,319			(3)
Allocated capital	19,750			18,500			7		19,750			18,500			7

Period end									September 30 2025			December 31 2024			% Change


Total loans and leases									$	252,986		$	231,981		9	%
Total earning assets									310,732			323,496			(4)
Total assets									325,605			338,367			(4)
Total deposits									278,931			292,278			(5)

n/m = not meaningful

GWIM consists of two primary businesses: Merrill Wealth Management and Bank of America Private Bank. For more information on GWIM, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Three-Month Comparison

Net income for GWIM increased $204 million to $1.3 billion primarily due to higher revenue, partially offset by higher noninterest expense. The operating margin was 27 percent compared to 25 percent.

Net interest income increased $91 million to $1.8 billion primarily driven by loan growth.

Noninterest income, which primarily includes investment and brokerage services income, increased $459 million to $4.5

billion. The increase was primarily driven by higher asset management fees, which increased 12 percent to $3.9 billion, due to higher average equity market valuations and the impact of positive AUM flows.

Noninterest expense increased $282 million to $4.6 billion primarily due to higher revenue-related incentives and investments in people.

The return on average allocated capital was 26 percent, up from 23 percent, primarily due to higher net income, partially offset by an increase in allocated capital. For information on capital allocated to the business segments, see Business Segment Operations on page 11.

Average loans and leases increased $20.2 billion to $245.5 billion primarily driven by custom lending, securities-based

13 Bank of America

lending and residential mortgage. Average deposits decreased $3.5 billion to $276.5 billion primarily driven by clients moving deposits to higher yielding investment cash alternatives, including offerings on our investment and brokerage platforms, as well as a higher level of client tax payments.

Merrill Wealth Management revenue of $5.3 billion increased 10 percent primarily driven by higher asset management fees due to higher average equity market valuations and the impact of positive AUM flows.

Bank of America Private Bank revenue of $1.1 billion increased eight percent primarily driven by higher net interest income from deposit and loan growth, as well as higher asset management fees due to higher average equity market valuations and the impact of positive AUM flows.

Nine-Month Comparison

Net income for GWIM increased $173 million to $3.3 billion primarily due to the same factors as described in the three-month discussion. The operating margin was 24 percent at both September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Net interest income increased $111 million to $5.3 billion primarily due to the same factor as described in the three-month discussion.

Noninterest income, which primarily includes investment and brokerage services income, increased $1.2 billion to $12.9 billion due to the same factors as described in the three-month discussion.

Noninterest expense increased $1.1 billion to $13.9 billion primarily driven by revenue-related incentives and investments in the business, including people and technology.

The return on average allocated capital was 22 percent, unchanged from the same period a year ago.

Average loans and leases increased $16.2 billion to $238.5 billion due to the same factors as described in the three-month discussion.

Average deposits decreased $8.4 billion to $279.9 billion due to the same factors as described in the three-month discussion.

Merrill Wealth Management revenue of $15.2 billion increased eight percent, and Bank of America Private Bank revenue of $3.0 billion increased six percent primarily driven by the same factors as described in the three-month discussion.



Key Indicators and Metrics

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenue by Business
Merrill Wealth Management	$	5,261	$	4,789	$	15,222	$	14,059
Bank of America Private Bank	1,051		973		3,043		2,868

Total revenue, net of interest expense	$	6,312	$	5,762	$	18,265	$	16,927

Client Balances by Business, at period end
Merrill Wealth Management					$	3,896,124	$	3,527,319
Bank of America Private Bank					744,675		666,622

Total client balances					$	4,640,799	$	4,193,941

Client Balances by Type, at period end


Assets under management					$	2,109,946	$	1,861,124
Brokerage and other assets					2,040,748		1,856,806

Deposits					278,931		283,432
Loans and leases (1)					255,381		230,062
Less: Managed deposits in assets under management					(44,207)		(37,483)
Total client balances					$	4,640,799	$	4,193,941

Assets Under Management Rollforward
Assets under management, beginning of period	$	1,986,523	$	1,758,875	$	1,882,211	$	1,617,740


Net client flows	23,517		21,289		61,788		56,734
Market valuation/other	99,906		80,960		165,947		186,650
Total assets under management, end of period	$	2,109,946	$	1,861,124	$	2,109,946	$	1,861,124

(1)Includes margin receivables, which are classified in customer and other receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Client Balances

Client balances increased $446.9 billion, or 11 percent, to $4.6 trillion at September 30, 2025 compared to September 30, 2024. The increase in client balances was primarily due to the impact of higher market valuations and positive net client flows.

Bank of America 14

Global Banking



	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025			2024			% Change		2025			2024			% Change
Net interest income	$	3,141		$	3,230		(3)	%	$	9,373		$	9,965		(6)	%
Noninterest income:
Service charges	863			802			8		2,553			2,327			10
Investment banking fees	1,155			783			48		2,769			2,468			12
All other income	1,086			1,019			7		3,217			3,107			4
Total noninterest income	3,104			2,604			19		8,539			7,902			8
Total revenue, net of interest expense	6,245			5,834			7		17,912			17,867			—

Provision for credit losses	269			229			17		700			693			1
Noninterest expense	3,044			2,991			2		9,298			8,902			4
Income before income taxes	2,932			2,614			12		7,914			8,272			(4)
Income tax expense	806			719			12		2,176			2,275			(4)
Net income	$	2,126		$	1,895		12		$	5,738		$	5,997		(4)

Effective tax rate	27.5		%	27.5		%			27.5		%	27.5		%

Net interest yield	1.88			2.22					1.97			2.36
Efficiency ratio	48.72			51.27					51.91			49.82
Return on average allocated capital	17			15					15			16

Balance Sheet

	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30
Average	2025			2024			% Change		2025			2024			% Change

Total loans and leases	$	388,482		$	371,216		5	%	$	385,062		$	372,516		3	%
Total earning assets	663,181			578,988			15		635,629			563,649			13
Total assets	730,779			647,541			13		703,198			631,659			11
Total deposits	631,560			549,629			15		603,591			533,620			13
Allocated capital	50,750			49,250			3		50,750			49,250			3


Period end									September 30 2025			December 31 2024			% Change

Total loans and leases									$	386,828		$	379,473		2	%
Total earning assets									669,970			603,481			11
Total assets									738,273			670,905			10
Total deposits									640,801			578,159			11

Global Banking, which includes Global Corporate Banking, Global Commercial Banking, Business Banking and Global Investment Banking, provides a wide range of lending-related products and services, integrated working capital management and treasury solutions, and underwriting and advisory services through our network of global offices and client relationship teams. For more information about Global Banking, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Three-Month Comparison

Net income for Global Banking increased $231 million to $2.1 billion primarily driven by higher revenue, partially offset by higher noninterest expense and higher provision for credit losses.

Net interest income decreased $89 million to $3.1 billion primarily due to the impact of lower interest rates, partially offset by the benefit of higher average deposit and loan balances.

Noninterest income increased $500 million to $3.1 billion primarily due to higher investment banking fees and treasury service charges.

The provision for credit losses increased $40 million to $269 million primarily driven by the commercial and industrial portfolio, partially offset by improvement within the commercial real estate office portfolio.

Noninterest expense increased $53 million to $3.0 billion primarily due to continued investments in the business, including people.

The return on average allocated capital was 17 percent, up from 15 percent, due to higher net income, partially offset by an increase in allocated capital. For information on capital allocated to the business segments, see Business Segment Operations on page 11.

Nine-Month Comparison

Net income for Global Banking decreased $259 million to $5.7 billion primarily driven by higher noninterest expense, partially offset by higher revenue.

Net interest income decreased $592 million to $9.4 billion primarily due to the same factors as described in the three-month discussion.

Noninterest income increased $637 million to $8.5 billion primarily due to sales of certain leveraged finance positions, higher investment banking fees and higher treasury service charges, partially offset by lower leasing-related revenue.

The provision for credit losses of $700 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was relatively unchanged from the prior year, as improved asset quality in commercial real estate was offset by the commercial and industrial portfolio.

Noninterest expense increased $396 million to $9.3 billion primarily due to continued investments in the business, including technology, operations and people.

The return on average allocated capital was 15 percent, down from 16 percent, due to lower net income and an increase in allocated capital.

15 Bank of America

Global Corporate, Global Commercial and Business Banking

The following table and discussion present a summary of the results, which exclude certain investment banking and other activities in Global Banking.



Global Corporate, Global Commercial and Business Banking

	Global Corporate Banking				Global Commercial Banking				Business Banking				Total
	Three Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenue
Business Lending	$	1,079	$	1,102	$	1,157	$	1,246	$	56	$	57	$	2,292	$	2,405
Global Transaction Services	1,326		1,243		1,043		968		370		369		2,739		2,580
Total revenue, net of interest expense	$	2,405	$	2,345	$	2,200	$	2,214	$	426	$	426	$	5,031	$	4,985

Balance Sheet
Average
Total loans and leases	$	176,378	$	162,053	$	200,201	$	196,681	$	11,844	$	12,373	$	388,423	$	371,107
Total deposits	357,835		301,070		219,345		195,475		54,378		53,084		631,558		549,629

	Global Corporate Banking				Global Commercial Banking				Business Banking				Total
	Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Revenue
Business Lending	$	2,980	$	3,427	$	3,447	$	3,773	$	165	$	174	$	6,592	$	7,374
Global Transaction Services	3,884		3,839		3,093		2,876		1,091		1,092		8,068		7,807
Total revenue, net of interest expense	$	6,864	$	7,266	$	6,540	$	6,649	$	1,256	$	1,266	$	14,660	$	15,181

Balance Sheet

Average
Total loans and leases	$	174,920	$	163,122	$	198,247	$	196,953	$	11,828	$	12,315	$	384,995	$	372,390
Total deposits	340,142		292,967		210,462		189,415		52,987		51,238		603,591		533,620

Period end
Total loans and leases	$	174,680	$	165,142	$	200,116	$	197,583	$	12,053	$	12,333	$	386,849	$	375,058
Total deposits	360,531		305,000		223,333		198,482		56,931		53,471		640,795		556,953

Business Lending revenue decreased $113 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period a year ago primarily driven by lower net interest income and leasing-related revenue. Business Lending revenue decreased $782 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period a year ago primarily driven by the same factors as described in the three-month discussion.

Global Transaction Services revenue increased $159 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 primarily driven by the benefit of higher average deposit balances and higher treasury service charges, partially offset by the impact of lower interest rates. Global Transaction Services revenue increased $261 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 primarily driven by the same factors as described in the three-month discussion.

Average loans and leases of $388 billion increased five percent for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and average loans and leases of $385 billion increased three percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 due to client demand.

Average deposits of $632 billion increased 15 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and average deposits of $604 billion increased 13 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 due to growth in deposit balances from existing clients and the addition of new clients.

Global Investment Banking

Client teams and product specialists underwrite and distribute debt, equity and loan products, and provide advisory services and tailored risk management solutions. The economics of certain investment banking and underwriting activities are shared primarily between Global Banking and Global Markets under an internal revenue-sharing arrangement. Global Banking originates certain deal-related transactions with our corporate and commercial clients that are executed and distributed by Global Markets. To provide a complete discussion of our consolidated investment banking fees, the following table presents total Corporation investment banking fees and the portion attributable to Global Banking.

Bank of America 16



Investment Banking Fees

	Global Banking				Total Corporation				Global Banking				Total Corporation
	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30

(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Products
Advisory	$	536	$	351	$	583	$	387	$	1,166	$	990	$	1,300	$	1,134
Debt issuance	472		332		1,109		780		1,227		1,078		2,888		2,545
Equity issuance	147		100		362		270		376		400		962		990
Gross investment banking fees	1,155		783		2,054		1,437		2,769		2,468		5,150		4,669
Self-led deals	(12)		(6)		(41)		(34)		(62)		(24)		(186)		(137)
Total investment banking fees	$	1,143	$	777	$	2,013	$	1,403	$	2,707	$	2,444	$	4,964	$	4,532

Total Corporation investment banking fees, which exclude self-led deals and are primarily included within Global Banking and Global Markets, were $2.0 billion and $5.0 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. The three-month period increased 43 percent compared to the same period in 2024 primarily due to higher debt issuance, advisory and equity issuance fees. The nine-month period increased 10 percent compared to the same period in 2024 primarily due to higher debt issuance and advisory fees, partially offset by lower equity issuance fees.

Global Markets



	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025			2024			% Change		2025			2024			% Change
Net interest income	$	1,484		$	898		65	%	$	3,940		$	2,349		68	%
Noninterest income:
Investment and brokerage services	614			562			9		1,883			1,573			20
Investment banking fees	834			589			42		2,181			2,016			8
Market making and similar activities	3,141			3,349			(6)		10,063			10,397			(3)
All other income	151			232			(35)		721			637			13
Total noninterest income	4,740			4,732			—		14,848			14,623			2
Total revenue, net of interest expense	6,224			5,630			11		18,788			16,972			11

Provision for credit losses	9			7			29		59			(42)			n/m
Noninterest expense	3,895			3,443			13		11,512			10,421			10
Income before income taxes	2,320			2,180			6		7,217			6,593			9
Income tax expense	673			632			6		2,093			1,912			9
Net income	$	1,647		$	1,548		6		$	5,124		$	4,681		9

Effective tax rate	29.0		%	29.0		%			29.0		%	29.0		%

Efficiency ratio	62.59			61.17					61.27			61.40
Return on average allocated capital	13			14					14			14


Balance Sheet	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30
Average	2025			2024			% Change		2025			2024			% Change


Trading-related assets:
Trading account securities	$	361,610		$	325,236		11	%	$	350,778		$	323,223		9	%
Reverse repurchases	138,908			150,751			(8)		150,509			141,611			6
Securities borrowed	135,615			133,588			2		139,764			136,040			3
Derivative assets	40,488			36,032			12		40,737			37,551			8
Total trading-related assets	676,621			645,607			5		681,788			638,425			7
Total loans and leases	190,994			140,806			36		175,777			136,572			29
Total earning assets	813,197			728,186			12		802,375			709,208			13
Total assets	1,024,349			924,093			11		1,005,768			909,386			11
Total deposits	37,588			34,952			8		38,141			33,167			15
Allocated capital	49,000			45,500			8		49,000			45,500			8

Period end									September 30 2025			December 31 2024			% Change


Total trading-related assets									$	638,176		$	580,557		10	%
Total loans and leases									196,759			157,450			25
Total earning assets									793,246			687,678			15
Total assets									997,961			876,605			14
Total deposits									36,883			38,848			(5)

n/m = not meaningful

17 Bank of America

Global Markets offers sales and trading services and research services to institutional clients across fixed-income, credit, currency, commodity and equity businesses. Global Markets product coverage includes securities and derivative products in both the primary and secondary markets. For more information about Global Markets, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following explanations for period-over-period changes in results for Global Markets, including those disclosed under Sales and Trading Revenue, are the same for amounts including and excluding net DVA. Amounts excluding net DVA are a non-GAAP financial measure. For more information on net DVA, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 7.

Three-Month Comparison

Net income for Global Markets increased $99 million to $1.6 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Net DVA gains totaled $14 million compared to losses of $8 million in 2024. Excluding net DVA, net income increased $82 million to $1.6 billion. These increases were primarily driven by higher revenue, partially offset by higher noninterest expense.

Revenue increased $594 million to $6.2 billion primarily due to higher sales and trading revenue and investment banking fees. Sales and trading revenue increased $431 million, and excluding net DVA, increased $409 million. These increases were primarily driven by higher revenue in Equities and FICC. For more information, see Sales and Trading Revenue in this section.

Noninterest expense increased $452 million to $3.9 billion primarily driven by higher revenue-related expenses and continued investments in the business, including people and technology.

Average total assets increased $100.3 billion to $1.0 trillion for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 driven by loan growth, higher levels of inventory and increased financing activity.

The return on average allocated capital was 13 percent, down from 14 percent in the same period a year ago, due to an increase in allocated capital, partially offset by higher net income. For information on capital allocated to the business segments, see Business Segment Operations on page 11.

Nine-Month Comparison

Net income for Global Markets increased $443 million to $5.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Net DVA losses were $18 million compared to losses of $94 million in 2024. Excluding net DVA, net income increased $386 million to $5.1 billion. These increases were primarily driven by higher revenue, partially offset by higher noninterest expense.

Revenue increased $1.8 billion to $18.8 billion primarily due to higher sales and trading revenue, higher investment banking fees and sales of certain leveraged finance positions. Sales and trading revenue increased $1.7 billion, and excluding net DVA, increased $1.6 billion. These increases were driven by higher revenue in FICC and Equities. For more information, see Sales and Trading Revenue in this section.

Noninterest expense increased $1.1 billion to $11.5 billion primarily driven by the same factors as described in the three-month discussion.

Average total assets increased $96.4 billion to $1.0 trillion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 driven by loan growth, higher levels of inventory and increased financing activity. Period-end total assets increased $121.4 billion from December 31, 2024 to $998.0 billion driven by the same factors as average total assets.

The return on average allocated capital was 14 percent, unchanged from the same period a year ago.

Sales and Trading Revenue

For a description of sales and trading revenue, see Business Segment Operations in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following table and related discussion present sales and trading revenue, substantially all of which is in Global Markets, with the remainder in Global Banking. In addition, the following table and related discussion also present sales and trading revenue, excluding net DVA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. For more information on net DVA, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 7.



Sales and Trading Revenue (1, 2, 3)

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Sales and trading revenue (2)
Fixed-income, currencies and commodities	$	3,091	$	2,934	$	9,762	$	8,907
Equities	2,270		1,996		6,589		5,794
Total sales and trading revenue	$	5,361	$	4,930	$	16,351	$	14,701

Sales and trading revenue, excluding net DVA (4)
Fixed-income, currencies and commodities	$	3,077	$	2,942	$	9,787	$	8,986
Equities	2,270		1,996		6,582		5,809
Total sales and trading revenue, excluding net DVA	$	5,347	$	4,938	$	16,369	$	14,795

(1)For more information on sales and trading revenue, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(2)Includes FTE adjustments of $154 million and $445 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $262 million and $553 million for the same periods in 2024.

(3)Includes Global Banking sales and trading revenue of $172 million and $347 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $165 million and $495 million for the same periods in 2024.

(4)FICC and Equities sales and trading revenue, excluding net DVA, is a non-GAAP financial measure. FICC net DVA gains (losses) were $14 million and $(25) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $(8) million and $(79) million for the same periods in 2024. Equities net DVA gains (losses) were $0 and $7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $0 and $(15) million for the same periods in 2024.

Bank of America 18

Three-Month Comparison

Including and excluding net DVA, FICC revenue increased $157 million and $135 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. These increases were driven by improved trading performance in credit products. Including and excluding net DVA, Equities revenue increased $274 million driven by increased client financing activity.

Nine-Month Comparison

Including and excluding net DVA, FICC revenue increased $855 million and $801 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024 driven by improved trading performance in macro products. Including and excluding net DVA, Equities revenue increased $795 million and $773 million driven by increased client financing activity and improved trading performance.

All Other



	Three Months Ended September 30						Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		% Change		2025		2024		% Change
Net interest income	$	(26)	$	(1)	n/m		$	(69)	$	43	n/m





Noninterest income (loss)	(1,679)		(2,151)		(22)	%	(5,007)		(5,594)		(10)	%
Total revenue, net of interest expense	(1,705)		(2,152)		(21)		(5,076)		(5,551)		(9)

Provision for credit losses	4		(3)		n/m		(13)		(16)		(19)


Noninterest expense	201		171		18		638		1,426		(55)
Loss before income taxes	(1,910)		(2,320)		(18)		(5,701)		(6,961)		(18)
Income tax benefit	(1,904)		(2,025)		(6)		(5,614)		(5,720)		(2)
Net loss	$	(6)	$	(295)	(98)		$	(87)	$	(1,241)	(93)

Balance Sheet
	Three Months Ended September 30						Nine Months Ended September 30


Average	2025		2024		% Change		2025		2024		% Change
Total loans and leases	$	7,739	$	8,570	(10)	%	$	7,819	$	8,680	(10)	%
Total assets (1)	330,802		382,528		(14)		343,435		372,885		(8)
Total deposits	98,338		117,804		(17)		104,032		110,995		(6)

Period end							September 30 2025		December 31 2024		% Change




Total loans and leases							$	7,422	$	8,177	(9)	%
Total assets (1)							309,051		341,272		(9)
Total deposits							96,493		103,871		(7)

(1)In segments where the total of liabilities and equity exceeds assets, which are generally deposit-taking segments, we allocate assets from All Other to those segments to match liabilities (i.e., deposits) and allocated shareholders’ equity. Average allocated assets were $992.5 billion and $982.3 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $944.4 billion and $948.0 billion for the same periods in 2024, and period-end allocated assets were $1.0 trillion and $978.4 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

n/m = not meaningful

All Other primarily consists of asset and liability management (ALM) activities, liquidating businesses and certain expenses not otherwise allocated to a business segment. ALM activities encompass interest rate and foreign currency risk management activities for which substantially all of the results are allocated to our business segments. For more information on our ALM activities, see Note 17 – Business Segment Information to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Three-Month Comparison

The net loss in All Other decreased $289 million to $6 million primarily due to a lower loss in noninterest income.

The loss in noninterest income decreased $472 million due to lower partnership losses on tax-related equity investments and lower valuation losses.

The income tax benefit decreased $121 million reflecting the impact of lower pretax losses.

Nine-Month Comparison

The net loss in All Other decreased $1.2 billion to $87 million primarily due to lower noninterest expense and a lower loss in noninterest income.

The loss in noninterest income decreased $587 million primarily due to the same factors as described in the three-month discussion.

Noninterest expense decreased $788 million to $638 million primarily due to a $700 million accrual recorded in the prior year for the increase in the Corporation’s estimated share of the FDIC special assessment and lower expenses related to a liquidating business activity.

The income tax benefit decreased $106 million reflecting the impact of lower pretax losses.

19 Bank of America

Managing Risk

Risk is inherent in all our business activities. The seven key types of risk faced by the Corporation are strategic, credit, market, liquidity, compliance, operational and reputational. Sound risk management enables us to serve our customers and deliver for our shareholders. If not managed well, risk can result in financial loss, regulatory sanctions and penalties, and damage to our reputation, each of which may adversely impact our ability to execute our business strategies. We take a comprehensive approach to risk management with a defined Risk Framework and an articulated Risk Appetite Statement, which are approved annually by the Board’s Enterprise Risk Committee (ERC) and the Board.

Our Risk Framework serves as the foundation for the consistent and effective management of risks facing the Corporation. The Risk Framework sets forth roles and responsibilities for the management of risk and provides a blueprint for how the Board, through delegation of authority to committees and executive officers, establishes risk appetite and associated limits for our activities.

Our risk appetite provides a common framework that includes a set of measures to assist senior management and the Board in assessing the Corporation’s risk profile across all risk types against our risk appetite and risk capacity. Our risk appetite is formally articulated in the Risk Appetite Statement, which includes both qualitative statements and quantitative limits.

For more information on the Corporation’s risks, see Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risks are being managed within our Risk Framework and supporting risk management programs. For more information on our Risk Framework, risk management activities and the key types of risk faced by the Corporation, see the Managing Risk section in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Capital Management

The Corporation manages its capital position so that its capital is more than adequate to support its business activities and aligns with risk, risk appetite and strategic planning. For more information, see Capital Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

CCAR and Capital Planning

The Federal Reserve requires large BHCs to submit a capital plan and planned capital actions on an annual basis to help facilitate supervisory stress testing. Based on the results of our 2025 CCAR stress test under the current regulatory framework, our SCB decreased to 2.5 percent from 3.2 percent, resulting in a Common equity tier 1 (CET1) minimum requirement of 10.0 percent, effective October 1, 2025. At September 30, 2025, the Corporation’s CET1 ratio was 11.6 percent under the Standardized approach.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, we repurchased $5.3 billion of common stock pursuant to Board authorizations of the Corporation’s common stock repurchase programs. For more information, see Part II, Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds on page 104 and Capital Management – CCAR and Capital Planning in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The timing and amount of common stock repurchases are subject to various factors, including the Corporation’s capital position, liquidity, financial performance and alternative uses of capital, stock trading price, regulatory requirements and general market conditions, and may be suspended at any time. Such repurchases may be effected through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, including repurchase plans that satisfy the conditions of Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act).

As part of our planned capital actions, during the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Corporation paid common stock dividends of $2.1 billion.

On October 23, 2025, the Board declared a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.28 per share, payable on December 26, 2025 to shareholders of record as of December 5, 2025.

Regulatory Capital

As a BHC, we are subject to regulatory capital rules issued by U.S. banking regulators, including U.S. implementation of the Basel Framework. The Corporation's depository institution subsidiaries are also subject to the Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework. The Corporation and its primary affiliated banking entity, BANA, are Advanced approaches institutions under Basel 3 and are required to report regulatory risk-based capital ratios and risk-weighted assets (RWA) under both the Standardized and Advanced approaches. The lower of the capital ratios under Standardized or Advanced approaches compared to their respective regulatory capital ratio requirements is used to assess capital adequacy, including under the PCA framework. As of September 30, 2025, the Corporation’s binding ratio was the Total capital ratio under the Standardized approach.

Minimum Capital Requirements

In order to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, the Corporation must meet risk-based capital ratio requirements that include a capital conservation buffer of 2.5 percent (under the Advanced approaches only), an SCB (under the Standardized approach only), plus any applicable countercyclical capital buffer and a global systemically important bank (G-SIB) surcharge. The buffers and surcharge must be comprised solely of CET1 capital. For the period from October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025, the Corporation’s minimum CET1 ratio requirements were 10.7 percent under the Standardized approach and 10.0 percent under the Advanced approaches.

The Corporation is required to calculate its G-SIB surcharge on an annual basis under two methods and is subject to the higher of the resulting two surcharges. Method 1 is consistent with the approach prescribed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s assessment methodology and is calculated using specified indicators of systemic importance. Method 2 modifies the Method 1 approach for various factors. The Corporation’s Method 1 G-SIB surcharge is 1.5 percent, and its Method 2 G-SIB surcharge is 3.0 percent. The Corporation’s Method 2 G-SIB surcharge is expected to increase to 3.5 percent on January 1, 2027, unless its surcharge calculated as of December 31, 2025 is lower than 3.5 percent. At September 30, 2025, the Corporation’s CET1 capital ratio of 11.6 percent under the Standardized approach exceeded its

Bank of America 20

minimum CET1 capital ratio requirement of 10.7 percent. Effective October 1, 2025, the Corporation’s minimum CET1 capital ratio requirement was 10.0 percent under the Standardized approach.

The Corporation is also required to maintain a minimum supplementary leverage ratio (SLR) of 3.0 percent plus a leverage buffer of 2.0 percent in order to avoid certain restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. Our insured depository institution subsidiaries are required to maintain a minimum 6.0 percent SLR to be considered well capitalized under the current

PCA framework. At September 30, 2025, both the Corporation and its insured depository institution subsidiaries exceeded their minimum supplementary leverage requirements.

Capital Composition and Ratios

Table 8 presents Bank of America Corporation’s capital ratios and related information in accordance with Basel 3 Standardized and Advanced approaches as measured at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For the periods presented herein, the Corporation met the definition of well capitalized under current regulatory requirements.



Table 8	Bank of America Corporation Regulatory Capital under Basel 3


		Standardized Approach (1)			Advanced Approaches (1)			Regulatory Minimum (2)
(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		September 30, 2025
Risk-based capital metrics:
Common equity tier 1 capital		$	202,875		$	202,875
Tier 1 capital		228,829			228,829
Total capital (3)		263,433			252,730
Risk-weighted assets (in billions)		1,751			1,546
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio		11.6		%	13.1		%	10.7	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		13.1			14.8			12.2
Total capital ratio		15.0			16.3			14.2

Leverage-based metrics:
Adjusted quarterly average assets (in billions) (4)		$	3,357		$	3,357
Tier 1 leverage ratio		6.8		%	6.8		%	4.0

Supplementary leverage exposure (in billions)					$	3,977
Supplementary leverage ratio					5.8		%	5.0

		December 31, 2024
Risk-based capital metrics:
Common equity tier 1 capital		$	201,083		$	201,083
Tier 1 capital		223,458			223,458
Total capital (3)		255,363			244,809
Risk-weighted assets (in billions)		1,696			1,490
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio		11.9		%	13.5		%	10.7	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		13.2			15.0			12.2
Total capital ratio		15.1			16.4			14.2

Leverage-based metrics:
Adjusted quarterly average assets (in billions) (4)		$	3,240		$	3,240
Tier 1 leverage ratio		6.9		%	6.9		%	4.0

Supplementary leverage exposure (in billions)					$	3,818
Supplementary leverage ratio					5.9		%	5.0

(1)As of January 1, 2025, CECL transition provision’s impact was fully phased-in. Capital ratios as of December 31, 2024 were calculated using the regulatory capital rule that allowed a five-year transition period related to the adoption of the current expected credit losses (CECL) accounting standard on January 1, 2020.

(2)The CET1 capital regulatory minimum is the sum of the CET1 capital ratio minimum of 4.5 percent, our G-SIB surcharge of 3.0 percent, and SCB (under the Standardized approach) of 3.2 percent. The countercyclical capital buffer was zero for both periods. The SLR regulatory minimum includes a leverage buffer of 2.0 percent.

(3)Total capital under the Advanced approaches differs from the Standardized approach due to differences in the amount permitted in Tier 2 capital related to the qualifying allowance for credit losses.

(4)Reflects total average assets adjusted for certain Tier 1 capital deductions.

At September 30, 2025, CET1 capital was $202.9 billion, an increase of $1.8 billion from December 31, 2024, primarily due to earnings, partially offset by capital distributions. Tier 1 capital increased $5.4 billion driven by the same factors as CET1 capital as well as preferred stock issuances. Total capital under the Standardized approach increased $8.1 billion driven by the same factors as Tier 1 capital, as well as subordinated debt

issuances and an increase in the adjusted allowance for credit losses included in Tier 2 capital. RWA under the Standardized approach, which drove the lower CET1 capital ratio at September 30, 2025, increased $55.2 billion during 2025 to $1,751 billion primarily driven by client activity in Global Markets and lending activity in GWIM and Global Banking. Supplementary leverage exposure at September 30, 2025 increased $158.3 billion primarily driven by increased activity in Global Markets.

21 Bank of America

Table 9 shows the capital composition at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 9	Capital Composition under Basel 3

(Dollars in millions)		September 30 2025		December 31 2024

Total common shareholders’ equity		$	278,160	$	272,400
CECL transitional amount (1)		—		627
Goodwill, net of related deferred tax liabilities		(68,653)		(68,649)
Deferred tax assets arising from net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards		(8,483)		(8,097)
Intangibles, other than mortgage servicing rights, net of related deferred tax liabilities		(1,401)		(1,440)
Defined benefit pension plan net assets		(838)		(786)
Cumulative unrealized net (gain) loss related to changes in fair value of financial liabilities attributable to own creditworthiness, net-of-tax		1,645		1,491
Accumulated net (gain) loss on certain cash flow hedges (2)		2,464		5,629
Other		(19)		(92)
Common equity tier 1 capital		202,875		201,083
Qualifying preferred stock, net of issuance cost		25,991		22,391
Other		(37)		(16)
Tier 1 capital		228,829		223,458
Tier 2 capital instruments		20,502		18,592
Qualifying allowance for credit losses (3)		14,420		13,558
Other		(318)		(245)
Total capital under the Standardized approach		263,433		255,363
Adjustment in qualifying allowance for credit losses under the Advanced approaches (3)		(10,703)		(10,554)
Total capital under the Advanced approaches		$	252,730	$	244,809

(1)As of January 1, 2025, CECL transition provision’s impact was fully phased-in. December 31, 2024 includes 25 percent of the CECL transition provision’s impact as of December 31, 2021.

(2)Includes amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (OCI) related to the hedging of items that are not recognized at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(3)December 31, 2024 includes the impact of transition provisions related to the CECL accounting standard.

Table 10 shows the components of RWA as measured under Basel 3 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 10	Risk-weighted Assets under Basel 3

		Standardized Approach		Advanced Approaches		Standardized Approach		Advanced Approaches
(Dollars in billions)		September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024

Credit risk		$	1,674	$	1,063	$	1,623	$	1,015
Market risk		77		76		73		73
Operational risk		n/a		357		n/a		359
Risks related to credit valuation adjustments		n/a		50		n/a		43
Total risk-weighted assets		$	1,751	$	1,546	$	1,696	$	1,490

n/a = not applicable

Bank of America 22

Bank of America, N.A. Regulatory Capital

Table 11 presents regulatory capital information for BANA in accordance with Basel 3 Standardized and Advanced approaches as measured at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. BANA met the definition of well capitalized under the PCA framework for both periods.



Table 11	Bank of America, N.A. Regulatory Capital under Basel 3

		Standardized Approach (1)			Advanced Approaches (1)			Regulatory Minimum (2)
(Dollars in millions, except as noted)		September 30, 2025
Risk-based capital metrics:
Common equity tier 1 capital		$	196,596		$	196,596
Tier 1 capital		196,596			196,596
Total capital (3)		212,398			201,942
Risk-weighted assets (in billions)		1,509			1,207
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio		13.0		%	16.3		%	7.0	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		13.0			16.3			8.5
Total capital ratio		14.1			16.7			10.5

Leverage-based metrics:
Adjusted quarterly average assets (in billions) (4)		$	2,606		$	2,606
Tier 1 leverage ratio		7.5		%	7.5		%	5.0

Supplementary leverage exposure (in billions)					$	3,104
Supplementary leverage ratio					6.3		%	6.0

		December 31, 2024
Risk-based capital metrics:
Common equity tier 1 capital		$	194,341		$	194,341
Tier 1 capital		194,341			194,341
Total capital (3)		209,256			198,923
Risk-weighted assets (in billions)		1,444			1,151
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio		13.5		%	16.9		%	7.0	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		13.5			16.9			8.5
Total capital ratio		14.5			17.3			10.5

Leverage-based metrics:
Adjusted quarterly average assets (in billions) (4)		$	2,546		$	2,546
Tier 1 leverage ratio		7.6		%	7.6		%	5.0

Supplementary leverage exposure (in billions)					$	3,015
Supplementary leverage ratio					6.4		%	6.0

(2)Risk-based capital regulatory minimums at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are the minimum ratios under Basel 3 including a capital conservation buffer of 2.5 percent. The regulatory minimums for the leverage ratios as of both period ends are the percent required to be considered well capitalized under the PCA framework.

(4)Reflects total average assets adjusted for certain Tier 1 capital deductions.

Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity Requirements

Total loss-absorbing capacity (TLAC) consists of the Corporation’s Tier 1 capital and eligible long-term debt issued directly by the Corporation. Eligible long-term debt for TLAC ratios is comprised of unsecured debt that has a remaining maturity of at least one year and satisfies additional requirements as prescribed in the TLAC final rule. As with the

risk-based capital ratios and SLR, the Corporation is required to maintain TLAC ratios in excess of minimum requirements plus applicable buffers to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. Table 12 presents the Corporation's TLAC and long-term debt ratios and related information as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

23 Bank of America



Table 12	Bank of America Corporation Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity and Long-Term Debt

		TLAC (1)			Regulatory Minimum (2)		Long-term Debt			Regulatory Minimum (3)
(Dollars in millions)		September 30, 2025
Total eligible balance		$	472,886				$	228,745
Percentage of risk-weighted assets (4)		27.0		%	22.0	%	13.1		%	9.0	%
Percentage of supplementary leverage exposure		11.9			9.5		5.8			4.5

		December 31, 2024
Total eligible balance		$	459,857				$	220,666
Percentage of risk-weighted assets (4)		27.1		%	22.0	%	13.0		%	9.0	%
Percentage of supplementary leverage exposure		12.0			9.5		5.8			4.5

(1)As of January 1, 2025, CECL transition provision’s impact was fully phased-in. TLAC ratios as of December 31, 2024 were calculated using the regulatory capital rule that allowed a five-year transition period related to the adoption of the CECL accounting standard on January 1, 2020.

(2)The TLAC RWA regulatory minimum consists of 18.0 percent plus a TLAC RWA buffer comprised of 2.5 percent plus the Method 1 G-SIB surcharge of 1.5 percent. The countercyclical buffer is zero for both periods. The TLAC supplementary leverage exposure regulatory minimum consists of 7.5 percent plus a 2.0 percent TLAC leverage buffer. The TLAC RWA and leverage buffers must be comprised solely of CET1 capital and Tier 1 capital, respectively.

(3)The long-term debt RWA regulatory minimum is comprised of 6.0 percent plus the Corporation’s Method 2 G-SIB surcharge of 3.0 percent. The long-term debt leverage exposure regulatory minimum is 4.5 percent.

(4)The approach that yields the higher RWA is used to calculate TLAC and long-term debt ratios, which was the Standardized approach as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Regulatory Developments

On October 24, 2025, the Federal Reserve issued two notices of proposed rulemaking (NPRs) related to its annual stress test. The first NPR requests comment on the hypothetical scenarios that will be used in the upcoming 2026 supervisory stress test. The second NPR requests comment on the models the Federal Reserve uses to conduct the supervisory stress test, including proposed updates that would be implemented in 2026. It also outlines proposed changes to the broader stress testing framework and codifies an enhanced disclosure process under which the Federal Reserve would annually publish and invite public comment on stress test scenarios, models and material changes to those models.

On June 27, 2025, the Federal Reserve issued an NPR that would modify enhanced supplementary leverage ratio requirements for bank holding companies and their depository institution subsidiaries, with corresponding revisions to TLAC and long-term debt requirements. Under this NPR, static buffer requirements would be replaced with a dynamic buffer requirement equal to 50 percent of the G-SIB’s Method 1 surcharge, which is expected to reduce leverage-based capital requirements. For more information on Method 1 and Method 2, see Minimum Capital Requirements in this section.

On April 17, 2025, the Federal Reserve issued an NPR to modify the capital plan rule and SCB requirements. Under this NPR, results from the two most recent annual supervisory stress tests would be averaged to determine the Corporation’s SCB requirement. In addition, the annual effective date of the SCB requirement would change from October 1st of the current year to January 1st of the following year, providing banks with additional time to comply with their new capital requirements.

Regulatory Capital and Securities Regulation

The Corporation’s principal U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are BofA Securities, Inc. (BofAS) and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated (MLPF&S). The Corporation's principal European subsidiaries undertaking broker-dealer activities are Merrill Lynch International (MLI) and BofA Securities Europe SA (BofASE).

The U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to the net capital requirements of Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act. BofAS computes its capital requirements as an alternative net capital broker-dealer under Rule 15c3-1(a)(7) and Rule 15c3-1e, which permit the use of SEC-approved models, and MLPF&S computes its capital requirements in accordance with the alternative standard under Rule 15c3-1. BofAS is registered as

a futures commission merchant and is subject to Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Regulation 1.17. The U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are also registered with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA). Pursuant to FINRA Rule 4110, FINRA may impose higher net capital requirements than Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act with respect to each of the broker-dealers.

BofAS provides institutional services, and in accordance with the alternative net capital requirements, is required to maintain tentative net capital in excess of $5.0 billion and net capital in excess of the greater of $1.0 billion or a certain percentage of its reserve requirement in addition to a certain percentage of securities-based swap risk margin. BofAS must also notify the SEC in the event its tentative net capital is less than $6.0 billion. BofAS is also required to hold a certain percentage of its customers' and affiliates' risk-based margin in order to meet its CFTC minimum net capital requirement. At September 30, 2025, BofAS had tentative net capital of $24.0 billion. BofAS also had regulatory net capital of $18.6 billion, which exceeded the minimum requirement of $5.1 billion.

MLPF&S provides retail services. At September 30, 2025, MLPF&S' regulatory net capital was $7.2 billion, which exceeded the minimum requirement of 174 million.

Our European broker-dealers are subject to requirements from U.S. and non-U.S. regulators. MLI, a U.K. investment firm, is regulated by the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority and is subject to certain regulatory capital requirements. At September 30, 2025, MLI’s capital resources were $33.4 billion, which exceeded the minimum Pillar 1 requirement of $14.0 billion.

BofASE, an authorized credit institution with its head office located in France, is regulated by the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution and the Autorité des Marchés Financiers, and supervised under the Single Supervisory Mechanism by the European Central Bank. At September 30, 2025, BofASE's capital resources were $12.4 billion, which exceeded the minimum Pillar 1 requirement of $3.8 billion.

In addition, MLI and BofASE remained conditionally registered with the SEC as security-based swap dealers, and maintained net liquid assets at September 30, 2025 that exceeded the applicable minimum requirements under the Exchange Act. The entities are also registered as swap dealers with the CFTC and met applicable capital requirements at September 30, 2025.

Bank of America 24

Liquidity Risk

Funding and Liquidity Risk Management

Our primary liquidity risk management objective is to meet expected or unexpected cash flow and collateral requirements, including payments under long-term debt agreements, commitments to extend credit and customer deposit withdrawals, while continuing to support our businesses and customers under a range of economic conditions. To achieve that objective, we analyze and monitor our liquidity risk under expected and stressed conditions, maintain liquidity and access to diverse funding sources, including our stable deposit base, and seek to align liquidity-related incentives and risks. These liquidity risk management practices have allowed us to effectively manage market fluctuations from the rising interest rate environment, inflationary pressures and changes in the macroeconomic environment.

We define liquidity as readily available assets, limited to cash and high-quality, liquid, unencumbered securities that we can use to meet our contractual and contingent financial obligations as they arise. We manage our liquidity position through line of business and ALM activities, as well as through our legal entity funding strategy, on both a forward and current (including intraday) basis under both expected and stressed conditions. We believe that a centralized approach to funding and liquidity management enhances our ability to monitor liquidity requirements, maximizes access to funding sources, minimizes borrowing costs and facilitates timely responses to liquidity events.

We provide centralized funding and liquidity management through a variety of activities, including monitoring of established limits, assessing exposures under both normal and stressed conditions and reviewing liquidity risk management processes and controls. Global Risk Management (GRM) provides oversight of liquidity management across the Corporation, including front-line units and legal entities. GRM oversees the liquidity risk management governance structure, establishes liquidity risk policies, and provides independent review and challenge of the Corporation's liquidity risk management processes.

For more information on the Corporation’s liquidity risks, see the Liquidity section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information regarding global funding and liquidity risk management, as well as liquidity sources, liquidity arrangements, contingency planning and credit ratings discussed below, see Liquidity Risk in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

NB Holdings Corporation

Bank of America Corporation, as the parent company (the Parent), which is a separate and distinct legal entity from our bank and nonbank subsidiaries, has an intercompany arrangement with our wholly-owned holding company subsidiary, NB Holdings Corporation (NB Holdings). We have transferred, and agreed to transfer, additional Parent assets not required to satisfy anticipated near-term expenditures to NB Holdings. The Parent is expected to continue to have access to the same flow of dividends, interest and other amounts of cash necessary to service its debt, pay dividends and perform other obligations as it would have had it not entered into these arrangements and transferred any assets. These arrangements support our preferred single point of entry resolution strategy, under which only the Parent would be resolved under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

Global Liquidity Sources and Other Unencumbered Assets

We maintain liquidity available to the Corporation, including the Parent and selected subsidiaries, in the form of cash and high- quality, liquid, unencumbered securities. Our liquidity buffer, referred to as Global Liquidity Sources (GLS), is comprised of assets that are readily available to the Parent and selected subsidiaries, including holding company, bank and broker-dealer subsidiaries, even during stressed market conditions. Our cash is primarily on deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank and, to a lesser extent, central banks outside of the U.S. We limit the composition of high-quality, liquid, unencumbered securities to U.S. government securities, U.S. agency securities, U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities and other investment-grade securities, and a select group of non-U.S. government securities. We can obtain cash for these securities, even in stressed conditions, through repurchase agreements or outright sales. We hold our GLS in legal entities that allow us to meet the liquidity requirements of our global businesses, and we consider the impact of potential regulatory, tax, legal and other restrictions that could limit the transferability of funds among entities.

Table 13 presents average GLS for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 13	Average Global Liquidity Sources

		Three Months Ended

(Dollars in billions)		September 30 2025		December 31 2024

Bank entities		$	768	$	777
Nonbank and other entities (1)		193		176
Total Average Global Liquidity Sources		$	961	$	953

(1) Nonbank includes Parent, NB Holdings and other regulated entities.

Our bank subsidiaries’ liquidity is primarily driven by deposit and lending activity, as well as securities valuation and net debt activity. Bank subsidiaries can also generate incremental liquidity by pledging a range of unencumbered loans and securities to certain Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBs) and the Federal Reserve Discount Window. The cash we could have obtained by borrowing against this pool of specifically-identified eligible assets was $330 billion and $328 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. We have established operational procedures to enable us to borrow against these assets, including regularly monitoring our total pool of eligible loans and securities collateral. Eligibility is defined in guidelines from the FHLBs and the Federal Reserve and is subject to change at their discretion. Due to regulatory restrictions, liquidity generated by the bank subsidiaries can generally be used only to fund obligations within the bank subsidiaries, and transfers to the Parent or nonbank subsidiaries may be subject to prior regulatory approval.

Liquidity is also held in nonbank entities, including the Parent, NB Holdings and other regulated entities. The Parent and NB Holdings liquidity is typically in the form of cash deposited at BANA, which is excluded from the liquidity at bank subsidiaries, and high-quality, liquid, unencumbered securities. Liquidity held in other regulated entities, comprised primarily of broker-dealer subsidiaries, is primarily available to meet the obligations of that entity, and transfers to the Parent or to any other subsidiary may be subject to prior regulatory approval due to regulatory restrictions and minimum requirements. Our other regulated entities also hold unencumbered investment-grade securities and equities that we believe could be used to generate additional liquidity.

25 Bank of America

Table 14 presents the composition of average GLS for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 14	Average Global Liquidity Sources Composition

		Three Months Ended


(Dollars in billions)		September 30 2025		December 31 2024
Cash on deposit		$	260	$	315
U.S. Treasury securities		361		313
U.S. agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, and other investment-grade securities		305		296
Non-U.S. government securities		35		29
Total Average Global Liquidity Sources		$	961	$	953

Our GLS are substantially the same in composition to what qualifies as High Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA) under the final U.S. Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) rules. However, HQLA for purposes of calculating LCR is not reported at market value, but at a lower value that incorporates regulatory deductions and the exclusion of excess liquidity held at certain subsidiaries. The LCR is calculated as the amount of a financial institution’s unencumbered HQLA relative to the estimated net cash outflows the institution could encounter over a 30-day period of significant liquidity stress, expressed as a percentage. Our average consolidated HQLA, on a net basis, was $664 billion and $623 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For both periods, the average consolidated LCR was 113 percent. Our LCR fluctuates due to normal business flows from customer activity.

Liquidity Stress Analysis

We utilize liquidity stress analysis to assist us in determining the appropriate amounts of liquidity to maintain at the Parent and our subsidiaries to meet contractual and contingent cash outflows under a range of scenarios. For more information on liquidity stress analysis, see Liquidity Risk – Liquidity Stress Analysis in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net Stable Funding Ratio

The Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) is a liquidity requirement for large banks to maintain a minimum level of stable funding over a one-year period. The requirement is intended to support the ability of banks to lend to households and businesses in both normal and adverse economic conditions and is complementary to the LCR, which focuses on short-term liquidity risks. The U.S. NSFR applies to the Corporation on a consolidated basis and to our insured depository institutions. At September 30, 2025, the Corporation and its insured depository institutions were in compliance with the U.S. NSFR. For more information, see the Basel Pillar 3 Disclosures for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2025 on the

Corporation’s website, the contents of which are not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Diversified Funding Sources

We fund our assets primarily with a mix of deposits, and secured and unsecured liabilities through a centralized, globally coordinated funding approach diversified across products, programs, markets, currencies and investor groups. We fund a substantial portion of our lending activities through our deposits, which were $2.00 trillion and $1.97 trillion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Our trading activities in other regulated entities are primarily funded on a secured basis through securities lending and repurchase agreements, and these amounts will vary based on customer activity and market conditions.

Deposits

Our deposit base is well-diversified by clients, geography and product type across our business segments. At September 30, 2025, 47 percent of our deposits were in Consumer Banking, 14 percent in GWIM and 32 percent in Global Banking. We consider a substantial portion of our deposit base to be a stable, low-cost and consistent source of liquidity. At September 30, 2025 approximately 69 percent of consumer and small business deposits and approximately 81 percent of U.S. deposits in Global Banking were held by clients who have had accounts with us for 10 or more years. In addition, at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 26 percent and 27 percent of our deposits were noninterest bearing and included operating accounts of our consumer and commercial clients. Deposits at September 30, 2025 increased $36.7 billion from December 31, 2024 primarily due to deposit growth in Global Banking from existing clients and the addition of new clients.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, rates paid on deposits were 58 bps and 65 bps in Consumer Banking, 249 bps and 313 bps in GWIM, and 280 bps and 327 bps in Global Banking. For information on rates paid on consolidated deposit balances, see Table 6 on page 9.

Long-term Debt

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we issued $74.9 billion of long-term debt consisting of $31.3 billion of notes issued by Bank of America Corporation, substantially all of which were TLAC compliant, $19.6 billion of notes issued by Bank of America, N.A. and $24.0 billion of other debt.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we had total long-term debt maturities and redemptions in the aggregate of $57.0 billion consisting of $31.0 billion for Bank of America Corporation, $13.8 billion for Bank of America, N.A. and $12.2 billion of other debt. Table 15 presents the carrying value of aggregate annual contractual maturities of long-term debt at September 30, 2025.

Bank of America 26



Table 15	Long-term Debt by Maturity


(Dollars in millions)		Remainder of 2025		2026		2027		2028		2029		Thereafter		Total
Bank of America Corporation
Senior notes (1)		$	—	$	7,462	$	24,226	$	30,331	$	25,711	$	101,410	$	189,140
Senior structured notes		783		2,692		824		451		933		15,937		21,620
Subordinated notes		151		4,893		2,046		902		—		17,612		25,604
Junior subordinated notes		—		—		192		—		—		557		749
Total Bank of America Corporation		934		15,047		27,288		31,684		26,644		135,516		237,113
Bank of America, N.A.
Senior notes		—		14,950		—		660		—		—		15,610
Subordinated notes		—		—		—		—		—		1,411		1,411
Advances from Federal Home Loan Banks		212		2,883		3		8		2		35		3,143
Securitizations and other Bank VIEs (2)		1,250		2,492		1,582		1,991		481		193		7,989
Other		13		81		30		96		118		16		354
Total Bank of America, N.A.		1,475		20,406		1,615		2,755		601		1,655		28,507
Other debt
Structured liabilities		954		10,397		6,444		4,646		3,083		19,910		45,434
Nonbank VIEs (2)		—		—		—		—		—		430		430


Total other debt		954		10,397		6,444		4,646		3,083		20,340		45,864
Total long-term debt		$	3,363	$	45,850	$	35,347	$	39,085	$	30,328	$	157,511	$	311,484

(1)Total includes $179.4 billion of outstanding senior notes that are both TLAC eligible and callable one year before their stated maturities, including $4.7 billion during the remainder of 2025, and $24.2 billion, $27.2 billion, $26.9 billion and $8.4 billion during each year of 2026 through 2029, respectively, and $88.0 billion thereafter. For more information on our TLAC eligible and callable outstanding notes, see Liquidity Risk – Diversified Funding Sources in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2)Represents liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities (VIEs) included in total long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Total long-term debt increased $28.2 billion to $311.5 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 primarily due to debt issuances and valuation adjustments, partially offset by maturities. We may, from time to time, repurchase outstanding debt instruments in various transactions, depending on market conditions, liquidity and other factors. Our other regulated entities may also make markets in our debt instruments to provide liquidity for investors.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we issued $31.0 billion of structured notes, which are debt obligations that pay investors returns linked to other debt or equity securities, indices, currencies or commodities. These structured notes are typically issued to meet client demand, and notes with certain attributes may also be TLAC eligible. We typically use derivatives and/or investments to economically hedge the variable returns due on the structured notes so that the net cost, which is recognized in market making and similar activities, is similar to unsecured long-term debt. We could be required to settle certain structured note obligations for cash or other securities prior to maturity under certain circumstances, which we consider for liquidity planning purposes. We believe, however, that a portion of such borrowings will remain outstanding beyond the earliest put or redemption date.

Substantially all of our senior and subordinated debt obligations contain no provisions that could trigger a requirement for an early repayment, require additional collateral support, result in changes to terms, accelerate maturity or create additional financial obligations upon an adverse change in our credit ratings, financial ratios, earnings, cash flows or stock price. For more information on long-term debt funding, including issuances and maturities and redemptions, see Note 11 – Long-term Debt to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We use derivative transactions to manage the duration, interest rate and currency risks of our borrowings, considering the characteristics of the assets they are funding. For more information on our ALM activities, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book on page 44.

Credit Ratings

Credit ratings and outlooks are opinions expressed by rating agencies on our creditworthiness and that of our obligations or securities, including long-term debt, short-term borrowings, preferred stock and other securities, including asset securitizations. Table 16 presents the Corporation’s current long-term/short-term senior debt ratings and outlooks expressed by the rating agencies.

The ratings and outlooks from Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings and Fitch Ratings for the Corporation have not changed from those disclosed in the Corporation's 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. On May 19, 2025, Moody’s Investors Service downgraded its rating for the long-term senior debt of BANA to Aa2 from Aa1, removing one notch of rating uplift for government support as a consequence of the agency’s recent downgrade of U.S. sovereign debt. The ratings and outlooks from Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings and Fitch Ratings for the Corporation’s rated subsidiaries have not changed from those disclosed in the Corporation's 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For more information on additional collateral and termination payments that could be required in connection with certain over-the-counter derivative contracts and other trading agreements in the event of a credit rating downgrade, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements herein and Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

27 Bank of America



Table 16	Senior Debt Ratings

		Moody’s Investors Service			Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings			Fitch Ratings
		Long-term	Short-term	Outlook	Long-term	Short-term	Outlook	Long-term	Short-term	Outlook
Bank of America Corporation		A1	P-1	Stable	A-	A-2	Stable	AA-	F1+	Stable
Bank of America, N.A.		Aa2	P-1	Stable	A+	A-1	Stable	AA	F1+	Stable
Bank of America Europe Designated Activity Company		NR	NR	NR	A+	A-1	Stable	AA	F1+	Stable
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated		NR	NR	Stable	A+	A-1	Stable	AA	F1+	Stable
BofA Securities, Inc.		NR	NR	Stable	A+	A-1	Stable	AA	F1+	Stable
Merrill Lynch International		NR	NR	NR	A+	A-1	Stable	AA	F1+	Stable
BofA Securities Europe SA		NR	NR	NR	A+	A-1	Stable	AA	F1+	Stable

NR = not rated

Finance Subsidiary Issuers and Parent Guarantor

BofA Finance LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (BofA Finance), is a consolidated finance subsidiary of the Corporation that has issued and sold, and is expected to continue to issue and sell, its senior unsecured debt securities (Guaranteed Notes) that are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Corporation. The Corporation guarantees the due and punctual payment, on demand, of amounts payable on the Guaranteed Notes if not paid by BofA Finance. In addition, each of BAC Capital Trust XIII, BAC Capital Trust XIV and BAC Capital Trust XV, Delaware statutory trusts (collectively, the Trusts) is a 100 percent owned finance subsidiary of the Corporation that has issued and sold trust preferred securities (the Trust Preferred Securities) or capital securities (the Capital Securities and, together with the Guaranteed Notes and the Trust Preferred Securities, the Guaranteed Securities), as applicable, that remained outstanding at September 30, 2025. The Corporation has fully and unconditionally guaranteed (or effectively provided for the full and unconditional guarantee of) all such securities issued by such finance subsidiaries. For more information regarding such guarantees by the Corporation, see Liquidity Risk – Finance Subsidiary Issuers and Parent Guarantor in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Representations and Warranties Obligations

For information on representations and warranties obligations in connection with the sale of mortgage loans, see Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Credit Risk Management

For information on our credit risk management activities, see the following: Consumer Portfolio Credit Risk Management on page 28, Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management on page 33, Non-U.S. Portfolio on page 39, Allowance for Credit Losses on page 40, Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements, and Credit Risk Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on the Corporation’s credit risks, see the Credit section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on the Corporation’s economic and geopolitical risks, see the Geopolitical section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, our net charge-off ratio decreased compared to the same period in 2024 primarily driven by lower commercial real estate office charge-offs. Commercial reservable criticized exposure decreased $163 million, and nonperforming loans decreased

$628 million compared to December 31, 2024 driven by the commercial real estate portfolio. Ongoing uncertainty surrounding international trade policy negotiations and tensions, persistent inflationary pressures, interest rates and ongoing geopolitical tensions continue to weigh on the broader economic outlook. Additionally, the current lapse in government funding and the potential for a prolonged pause in some U.S. government functions could disrupt economic activity, delay federal spending and increase financial market volatility. These factors have been assessed for any impacts to the portfolio and may contribute to future deterioration in credit quality metrics as they evolve.

Consumer Portfolio Credit Risk Management

Credit risk management for the consumer portfolio begins with initial underwriting and continues throughout a borrower’s credit cycle. Statistical techniques in conjunction with experiential judgment are used in all aspects of portfolio management including underwriting, product pricing, risk appetite, setting credit limits, and establishing operating processes and metrics to quantify and balance risks and returns. Statistical models are built using detailed behavioral information from external sources, such as credit bureaus, and/or internal historical experience and are a component of our consumer credit risk management process. These models are used in part to assist in making both new and ongoing credit decisions as well as portfolio management strategies, including authorizations and line management, collection practices and strategies, and determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses and allocated capital for credit risk.

Consumer Credit Portfolio

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the U.S. unemployment rate and home prices remained relatively stable. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, net charge-offs decreased $66 million to $978 million compared to the same period in 2024, primarily driven by the credit card portfolio. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net charge-offs remained relatively unchanged at $3.2 billion compared to the same period in 2024.

The consumer allowance for loan and lease losses decreased $118 million to $8.5 billion from December 31, 2024. For more information, see Allowance for Credit Losses on page 40.

For more information on our accounting policies regarding delinquencies, nonperforming status, charge-offs and loan modifications for the consumer portfolio, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Bank of America 28

Table 17 presents our outstanding consumer loans and leases, consumer nonperforming loans and accruing consumer loans past due 90 days or more.



Table 17	Consumer Credit Quality

		Outstandings				Nonperforming						Accruing Past Due 90 Days or More


(Dollars in millions)		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025			December 31 2024			September 30 2025			December 31 2024
Residential mortgage (1)		$	235,429	$	228,199	$	1,972		$	2,052		$	201		$	229
Home equity		26,482		25,737		386			409			—			—
Credit card		102,109		103,566		n/a			n/a			1,260			1,401
Direct/Indirect consumer (2)		111,412		107,122		173			186			9			1
Other consumer		169		151		—			—			—			—
Consumer loans excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option		$	475,601	$	464,775	$	2,531		$	2,647		$	1,470		$	1,631
Loans accounted for under the fair value option (3)		165		221
Total consumer loans and leases		$	475,766	$	464,996
Percentage of outstanding consumer loans and leases (4)		n/a		n/a		0.53		%	0.57		%	0.31		%	0.35		%
Percentage of outstanding consumer loans and leases, excluding fully-insured loan portfolios (4)		n/a		n/a		0.54			0.58			0.27			0.31

(1)Residential mortgage loans accruing past due 90 days or more are fully-insured loans. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, residential mortgage included $108 million and $119 million of loans on which interest had been curtailed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), and therefore were no longer accruing interest, although principal was still insured, and $93 million and $110 million of loans on which interest was still accruing.

(2)Outstandings primarily includes auto and specialty lending loans and leases of $55.1 billion and $54.9 billion, U.S. securities-based lending loans of $52.5 billion and $48.7 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and non-U.S. consumer loans of $3.0 billion and $2.8 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(3)For more information on the fair value option, see Note 15 – Fair Value Option to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(4)Excludes consumer loans accounted for under the fair value option. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, loans accounted for under the fair value option that were past due 90 days or more and not accruing interest were insignificant.

n/a= not applicable

Table 18 presents net charge-offs and related ratios for consumer loans and leases.



Table 18	Consumer Net Charge-offs and Related Ratios

		Net Charge-offs								Net Charge-off Ratios (1)
		Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30				Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30

(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Residential mortgage		$	(1)	$	(2)	$	1	$	1	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Home equity		(11)		(5)		(33)		(32)		(0.17)		(0.07)		(0.17)		(0.17)
Credit card		880		928		2,835		2,782		3.46		3.70		3.78		3.73

Direct/Indirect consumer		55		56		172		172		0.20		0.21		0.21		0.22
Other consumer		55		67		181		208		n/m		n/m		n/m		n/m
Total		$	978	$	1,044	$	3,156	$	3,131	0.82		0.91		0.90		0.92

(1)Net charge-off ratios are calculated as annualized net charge-offs divided by average outstanding loans and leases, excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option.

n/m = not meaningful

We believe that the presentation of information adjusted to exclude the impact of the fully-insured loan portfolio and loans accounted for under the fair value option is more representative of the ongoing operations and credit quality of the business. As a result, in the following tables and discussions of the residential mortgage and home equity portfolios, we exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option and provide information that excludes the impact of the fully-insured loan portfolio in certain credit quality statistics.

Residential Mortgage

The residential mortgage portfolio made up the largest percentage of our consumer loan portfolio at 49 percent of consumer loans and leases at September 30, 2025. Approximately 50 percent of the residential mortgage portfolio was in Consumer Banking, 46 percent was in GWIM and the remaining portion was in Global Markets and All Other.

Outstanding balances in the residential mortgage portfolio increased $7.2 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily due to a loan portfolio acquisition in the first quarter of 2025.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the residential mortgage portfolio included $9.3 billion and $9.9 billion of outstanding fully-insured loans, of which $1.9 billion and $2.0 billion had FHA insurance, with the remainder protected by Fannie Mae long-term standby agreements.

Table 19 presents certain residential mortgage key credit statistics on both a reported basis and excluding the fully-insured loan portfolio. The following discussion presents the residential mortgage portfolio excluding the fully-insured loan portfolio.

29 Bank of America



Table 19	Residential Mortgage – Key Credit Statistics

		Reported Basis (1)						Excluding Fully-insured Loans (1)


(Dollars in millions)		September 30 2025			December 31 2024			September 30 2025			December 31 2024
Outstandings		$	235,429		$	228,199		$	226,140		$	218,287
Accruing past due 30 days or more		1,533			1,494			1,093			1,007
Accruing past due 90 days or more		201			229			—			—
Nonperforming loans (2)		1,972			2,052			1,972			2,052
Percent of portfolio
Refreshed LTV greater than 90 but less than or equal to 100		1		%	1		%	1		%	1		%
Refreshed LTV greater than 100		—			—			—			—
Refreshed FICO below 620		2			1			1			1

(1)Outstandings, accruing past due, nonperforming loans and percentages of portfolio exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

(2)Includes loans that are contractually current that have not yet demonstrated a sustained period of payment performance following a modification.

Nonperforming outstanding balances in the residential mortgage portfolio decreased $80 million to $2.0 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Of the nonperforming residential mortgage loans at September 30, 2025, $1.2 billion, or 62 percent, were current on contractual payments. Excluding fully-insured loans, loans accruing past due 30 days or more increased $86 million to $1.1 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Of the $226.1 billion in total residential mortgage loans outstanding at September 30, 2025, $64.9 billion, or 29 percent, of loans were originated as interest-only. The outstanding balance of interest-only residential mortgage loans that had entered the amortization period was $3.6 billion, or six percent, at September 30, 2025. Residential mortgage loans that have entered the amortization period generally experience a higher rate of early stage delinquencies and nonperforming status compared to the residential mortgage portfolio as a whole. At September 30, 2025, $51 million, or one percent, of outstanding interest-only residential mortgages that had entered the amortization period were accruing past due 30 days or more compared to $1.1 billion, or less than one percent, for the

entire residential mortgage portfolio. In addition, at September 30, 2025, $163 million, or five percent, of outstanding interest-only residential mortgage loans that had entered the amortization period were nonperforming, of which $52 million were contractually current. Loans that have yet to enter the amortization period in our interest-only residential mortgage portfolio are primarily well-collateralized loans to our wealth management clients and have an interest-only period of three years to 10 years. Substantially all of these loans that have yet to enter the amortization period will not be required to make a fully-amortizing payment until 2027 or later.

Table 20 presents outstandings, nonperforming loans and net charge-offs by certain state concentrations for the residential mortgage portfolio. In the New York area, the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) made up 15 percent of outstandings at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana MSA within California represented 14 percent of outstandings at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 20	Residential Mortgage State Concentrations

		Outstandings (1)				Nonperforming (1)				Net Charge-offs
		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)										2025		2024		2025		2024



California		$	82,051	$	81,729	$	586	$	602	$	(3)	$	(1)	$	(1)	$	1
New York		25,859		25,827		280		318		1		1		1		2
Florida		16,579		15,715		135		142		—		(2)		—		(3)
Massachusetts		9,730		7,926		53		43		—		—		—		—
New Jersey		9,463		8,568		86		88		—		—		—		(1)
Other		82,458		78,522		832		859		1		—		1		2
Residential mortgage loans		$	226,140	$	218,287	$	1,972	$	2,052	$	(1)	$	(2)	$	1	$	1
Fully-insured loan portfolio		9,289		9,912

Total residential mortgage loan portfolio		$	235,429	$	228,199

(1)Outstandings and nonperforming loans exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Home Equity

At September 30, 2025, the home equity portfolio made up six percent of the consumer portfolio and was comprised of home equity lines of credit (HELOCs), home equity loans and reverse mortgages. HELOCs generally have an initial draw period of 10 years, and after the initial draw period ends, the loans generally convert to 15- or 20-year amortizing loans. We no longer originate home equity loans or reverse mortgages.

At September 30, 2025, 85 percent of the home equity portfolio was in Consumer Banking, 11 percent was in GWIM and the remainder of the portfolio was in All Other. Outstanding

balances in the home equity portfolio increased $745 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 primarily due to draws on existing lines and new originations outpacing paydowns. Of the total home equity portfolio at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $9.0 billion and $9.2 billion, or 34 percent and 36 percent, were in first-lien positions. At September 30, 2025, outstanding balances in the home equity portfolio that were in a second-lien or more junior-lien position and where we also held the first-lien loan totaled $4.7 billion, or 18 percent, of our total home equity portfolio.

Bank of America 30

Unused HELOCs totaled $43.5 billion and $44.3 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The HELOC utilization rate was 37 percent and 36 percent at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Table 21 presents certain home equity portfolio key credit statistics.



Table 21	Home Equity – Key Credit Statistics (1)



(Dollars in millions)							September 30 2025		December 31 2024
Outstandings							$	26,482	$	25,737
Accruing past due 30 days or more				85		84
Nonperforming loans (2)							386		409
Percent of portfolio
Refreshed CLTV greater than 90 but less than or equal to 100		—	%	—	%
Refreshed CLTV greater than 100				—		—
Refreshed FICO below 620							3		2

(1)Outstandings, accruing past due, nonperforming loans and percentages of the portfolio exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

(2)Includes loans that are contractually current that have not yet demonstrated a sustained period of payment performance following a modification.

Nonperforming outstanding balances in the home equity portfolio decreased $23 million to $386 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Of the nonperforming home equity loans at September 30, 2025, $239 million, or 62 percent, were current on contractual payments. In addition, $79 million, or 20 percent, were 180 days or more past due and had been written down to the estimated fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell. Accruing loans that were 30 days or more past due remained relatively unchanged during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Of the $26.5 billion in total home equity portfolio outstandings at September 30, 2025, as shown in Table 21, eight percent require interest-only payments. The outstanding balance of HELOCs that had reached the end of their draw period and entered the amortization period was $3.1 billion at September 30, 2025. The HELOCs that have entered the amortization period have experienced a higher percentage of early stage delinquencies and nonperforming status when compared to the HELOC portfolio as a whole. At September 30, 2025, $31 million, or one percent, of outstanding HELOCs that

had entered the amortization period were accruing past due 30 days or more. In addition, at September 30, 2025, $219 million, or seven percent, were nonperforming.

For our interest-only HELOC portfolio, we do not actively track how many of our home equity customers pay only the minimum amount due on their home equity loans and lines; however, we can infer some of this information through a review of our HELOC portfolio that we service and is still in its revolving period. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, 25 percent of these customers with an outstanding balance did not pay any principal on their HELOCs.

Table 22 presents outstandings, nonperforming balances and net recoveries by certain state concentrations for the home equity portfolio. In the New York area, the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island MSA made up 10 percent and 11 percent of the outstanding home equity portfolio at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana MSA within California made up 10 percent and 11 percent of the outstanding home equity portfolio at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 22	Home Equity State Concentrations

		Outstandings (1)				Nonperforming (1)				Net Charge-offs


		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)										2025		2024		2025		2024
California		$	7,170	$	7,038	$	104	$	102	$	(2)	$	(1)	$	(7)	$	(6)
Florida		2,558		2,542		43		47		(1)		(2)		(3)		(6)
New Jersey		1,843		1,817		28		34		(1)		—		(3)		(4)
Texas		1,628		1,521		17		17		—		(1)		—		1
New York		1,426		1,447		56		62		(2)		1		(5)		(3)
Other		11,857		11,372		138		147		(5)		(2)		(15)		(14)
Total home equity loan portfolio		$	26,482	$	25,737	$	386	$	409	$	(11)	$	(5)	$	(33)	$	(32)

(1)Outstandings and nonperforming loans exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Credit Card

At September 30, 2025, 97 percent of the credit card portfolio was managed in Consumer Banking with the remainder in GWIM. Outstandings in the credit card portfolio decreased $1.5 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 to $102.1 billion, as payments more than offset purchase volume and card transfers. Net charge-offs decreased $48 million to $880 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Net charge-offs

increased $53 million to $2.8 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. Credit card loans 30 days or more past due decreased $174 million, and 90 days or more past due decreased $141 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Unused lines of credit for credit card increased to $415.7 billion at September 30, 2025 from $398.7 billion at December 31, 2024.

31 Bank of America

Table 23 presents certain state concentrations for the credit card portfolio.



Table 23	Credit Card State Concentrations

		Outstandings				Past Due 90 Days or More				Net Charge-offs


		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)										2025		2024		2025		2024
California		$	16,927	$	17,289	$	227	$	253	$	167	$	176	$	546	$	514
Florida		10,700		10,794		176		199		124		127		391		380
Texas		9,078		9,121		128		142		87		91		280		275
New York		5,681		5,765		76		84		53		59		171		181
Washington		5,633		5,586		44		46		31		31		94		89
Other		54,090		55,011		609		677		418		444		1,353		1,343
Total credit card portfolio		$	102,109	$	103,566	$	1,260	$	1,401	$	880	$	928	$	2,835	$	2,782

Direct/Indirect Consumer

At September 30, 2025, 50 percent of the direct/indirect portfolio was included in Consumer Banking (consumer auto and recreational vehicle lending) and 50 percent was included in GWIM (principally securities-based lending loans). Outstandings in the direct/indirect portfolio increased $4.3 billion during the

nine months ended September 30, 2025 to $111.4 billion driven by increases in securities-based lending.

Table 24 presents certain state concentrations for the direct/indirect consumer loan portfolio.



Table 24	Direct/Indirect State Concentrations

		Outstandings				Nonperforming				Net Charge-offs


		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)										2025		2024		2025		2024

California		$	16,524	$	16,017	$	42	$	38	$	15	$	14	$	44	$	41
Florida		14,895		14,573		20		23		6		9		21		24
Texas		10,713		10,164		17		18		7		9		21		24
New York		7,909		7,820		12		15		3		4		10		11
New Jersey		4,625		4,429		6		7		1		2		4		6
Other		56,746		54,119		76		85		23		18		72		66
Total direct/indirect loan portfolio		$	111,412	$	107,122	$	173	$	186	$	55	$	56	$	172	$	172

Nonperforming Consumer Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity

Table 25 presents nonperforming consumer loans, leases and foreclosed properties activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, nonperforming consumer loans of $2.5 billion decreased $116 million.

At September 30, 2025, $414 million, or 16 percent, of nonperforming loans were 180 days or more past due and had

been written down to their estimated property value less costs to sell. In addition, at September 30, 2025, $1.5 billion, or 59 percent, of nonperforming consumer loans were current and classified as nonperforming loans in accordance with applicable policies.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, foreclosed properties increased $8 million to $97 million.

Bank of America 32



Table 25	Nonperforming Consumer Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity

		Three Months Ended September 30						Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024			2025		2024
Nonperforming loans and leases, beginning of period		$	2,564		$	2,671		$	2,647	$	2,712
Additions		253			232			759		709
Reductions:
Paydowns and payoffs		(137)			(98)			(380)		(347)
Sales		(1)			(1)			(3)		(3)
Returns to performing status (1)		(136)			(115)			(447)		(349)
Charge-offs		(5)			(8)			(23)		(25)
Transfers to foreclosed properties		(7)			(4)			(22)		(20)

Total net reductions to nonperforming loans and leases		(33)			6			(116)		(35)
Total nonperforming loans and leases, September 30		2,531			2,677			2,531		2,677
Foreclosed properties, September 30		97			81			97		81
Nonperforming consumer loans, leases and foreclosed properties, September 30 (2)		$	2,628		$	2,758		$	2,628	$	2,758
Nonperforming consumer loans and leases as a percentage of outstanding consumer loans and leases (3)		0.53		%	0.58		%
Nonperforming consumer loans, leases and foreclosed properties as a percentage of outstanding consumer loans, leases and foreclosed properties (3)		0.54			0.60

(1)Consumer loans may be returned to performing status when all principal and interest is current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected, or when the loan otherwise becomes well-secured and is in the process of collection.

(2)Includes repossessed non-real estate assets of $38 million and $21 million at September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(3)Outstanding consumer loans and leases exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management

Commercial credit risk is evaluated and managed with the goal that concentrations of credit exposure continue to be aligned with our risk appetite. We review, measure and manage concentrations of credit exposure by industry, product, geography, customer relationship and loan size. We also review, measure and manage commercial real estate loans by geographic location and property type. In addition, within our non-U.S. portfolio, we evaluate exposures by region and by country. Tables 30, 32 and 35 summarize our concentrations. We also utilize syndications of exposure to third parties, loan sales, hedging and other risk mitigation techniques to manage the size and risk profile of the commercial credit portfolio. For more information on our industry concentrations, see Table 32 and Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Industry Concentrations on page 37.

For more information on our accounting policies regarding delinquencies, nonperforming status and net charge-offs, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Commercial Credit Portfolio

Outstanding commercial loans and leases increased $59.3 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 due to growth in U.S. and non-U.S. commercial, primarily in Global Markets and GWIM. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, commercial credit quality remained relatively stable, as the reservable criticized utilized exposure rate improved to 3.67 percent from 4.01 percent as of December 31, 2024. Nonperforming commercial loans decreased $512 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 primarily due to commercial real estate. Commercial net charge-offs decreased $101 million and $246 million to $389 million and $1.2 billion

during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024 primarily due to lower charge-offs in the commercial real estate office portfolio.

With the exception of the office property type, which is further discussed in the Commercial Real Estate section herein, credit quality of commercial borrowers has remained relatively stable since December 31, 2024; however, we are closely monitoring emerging trends, including ongoing negotiations and developments regarding international trade policies, as well as borrower performance in the current environment. Recent demand for office space continues to be stagnant, and future demand for office space continues to be uncertain as companies evaluate space needs with employment models that utilize a mix of remote and conventional office use.

The commercial allowance for loan and lease losses increased $130 million to $4.8 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. For more information, see Allowance for Credit Losses on page 40.

Total commercial utilized credit exposure increased $56.2 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 to $795.7 billion driven by higher loans and leases. The utilization rate for loans and leases, standby letters of credit (SBLCs) and financial guarantees, and commercial letters of credit, in the aggregate, was 56 percent and 55 percent at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Table 26 presents commercial credit exposure by type for utilized, unfunded and total binding committed credit exposure. Commercial utilized credit exposure includes SBLCs and financial guarantees and commercial letters of credit that have been issued and for which we are legally bound to advance funds under prescribed conditions during a specified time period, and excludes exposure related to trading account assets. Although funds have not yet been advanced, these exposure types are considered utilized for credit risk management purposes.

33 Bank of America



Table 26	Commercial Credit Exposure by Type

		Commercial Utilized (1)				Commercial Unfunded (2, 3, 4)				Total Commercial Committed


(Dollars in millions)		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025		December 31 2024
Loans and leases		$	690,134	$	630,839	$	564,976	$	535,675	$	1,255,110	$	1,166,514
Derivative assets (5)		42,115		40,948		—		—		42,115		40,948
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees		32,637		33,147		2,297		1,889		34,934		35,036
Debt securities and other investments		17,859		19,133		3,341		4,407		21,200		23,540
Loans held-for-sale		5,444		7,985		9,503		5,003		14,947		12,988
Operating leases		5,552		5,608		—		—		5,552		5,608
Commercial letters of credit		727		839		—		111		727		950
Other		1,207		1,004		—		—		1,207		1,004
Total		$	795,675	$	739,503	$	580,117	$	547,085	$	1,375,792	$	1,286,588

(1)Commercial utilized exposure includes loans of $6.5 billion and $4.0 billion accounted for under the fair value option at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2)Commercial unfunded exposure includes commitments accounted for under the fair value option with a notional amount of $2.2 billion at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(3)Excludes unused business card lines, which are not legally binding.

(4)Includes the notional amount of unfunded legally binding lending commitments, net of amounts distributed (i.e., syndicated or participated) to other financial institutions. The distributed amounts were $10.6 billion and $10.4 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(5)Derivative assets are carried at fair value, reflect the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and have been reduced by cash collateral of $27.8 billion and $30.1 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Not reflected in utilized and committed exposure is additional non-cash derivative collateral held of $69.6 billion and $59.7 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which consists primarily of other marketable securities.

Nonperforming commercial loans decreased $512 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, primarily due to commercial real estate. Table 27 presents our commercial loans and leases portfolio and related credit quality information at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 27	Commercial Credit Quality

		Outstandings				Nonperforming				Accruing Past Due 90 Days or More

(Dollars in millions)		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025		December 31 2024
Commercial and industrial:
U.S. commercial		$	429,202	$	386,990	$	1,131	$	1,204	$	319	$	90
Non-U.S. commercial		148,707		137,518		107		8		17		4
Total commercial and industrial		577,909		524,508		1,238		1,212		336		94
Commercial real estate		66,986		65,730		1,470		2,068		62		6
Commercial lease financing		16,282		15,708		59		20		33		3
		661,177		605,946		2,767		3,300		431		103
U.S. small business commercial (1)		22,428		20,865		49		28		197		197
Commercial loans excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option		$	683,605	$	626,811	$	2,816	$	3,328	$	628	$	300
Loans accounted for under the fair value option (2)		6,529		4,028
Total commercial loans and leases		$	690,134	$	630,839

(1)Includes card-related products.

(2)Commercial loans accounted for under the fair value option includes U.S. commercial of $2.2 billion and $2.8 billion and non-U.S. commercial of $4.3 billion and $1.3 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 For more information on the fair value option, see Note 15 – Fair Value Option to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table 28 presents net charge-offs and related ratios for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.



Table 28	Commercial Net Charge-offs and Related Ratios

		Net Charge-offs								Net Charge-off Ratios (1)
		Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30				Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)		2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Commercial and industrial:
U.S. commercial		$	135	$	135	$	334	$	288	0.13	%	0.15	%	0.11	%	0.11	%
Non-U.S. commercial		—		60		7		48		—		0.19		0.01		0.05
Total commercial and industrial		135		195		341		336		0.09		0.16		0.08		0.09
Commercial real estate		120		171		445		747		0.72		0.98		0.90		1.41
Commercial lease financing		—		—		1		1		—		—		0.01		0.01
		255		366		787		1,084		0.16		0.25		0.17		0.25
U.S. small business commercial		134		124		401		350		2.41		2.40		2.49		2.32
Total commercial		$	389	$	490	$	1,188	$	1,434	0.23		0.33		0.24		0.32

(1)Net charge-off ratios are calculated as annualized net charge-offs divided by average outstanding loans and leases, excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Bank of America 34

Table 29 presents commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure by loan type. Criticized exposure corresponds to the Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful asset categories as defined by regulatory authorities. Total commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure of $26.3 billion remained relatively unchanged during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 87 percent and 91 percent of commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure was secured.



Table 29	Commercial Reservable Criticized Utilized Exposure (1, 2)




(Dollars in millions)		September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
Commercial and industrial:
U.S. commercial		$	13,533	2.97	%	$	13,387	3.23	%
Non-U.S. commercial		2,734		1.77		1,955		1.37
Total commercial and industrial		16,267		2.67		15,342		2.75
Commercial real estate		8,836		12.92		10,168		15.17
Commercial lease financing		408		2.51		291		1.85
		25,511		3.67		25,801		4.03
U.S. small business commercial		821		3.66		694		3.33
Total commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure		$	26,332	3.67		$	26,495	4.01

(1)Total commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure includes loans and leases of $25.4 billion and $25.5 billion and commercial letters of credit of $903 million and $977 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2)Percentages are calculated as commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure divided by total commercial reservable utilized exposure for each exposure category.

Commercial and Industrial

Commercial and industrial loans include U.S. commercial and non-U.S. commercial portfolios.

U.S. Commercial

At September 30, 2025, 56 percent of the U.S. commercial loan portfolio, excluding small business, was managed in Global Banking, 26 percent in Global Markets, 17 percent in GWIM (loans that provide financing for asset purchases, business investments and other liquidity needs for high net worth clients) and the remainder primarily in Consumer Banking. U.S. commercial loans increased $42.2 billion, or 11 percent, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 primarily driven by Global Markets and GWIM. Reservable criticized utilized exposure increased $146 million, or one percent, driven by a broad range of industries.

Non-U.S. Commercial

At September 30, 2025, 53 percent of the non-U.S. commercial loan portfolio was managed in Global Banking and 47 percent in Global Markets. Non-U.S. commercial loans increased $11.2 billion, or eight percent, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 primarily driven by Global Markets. Reservable criticized utilized exposure increased $779 million, or 40 percent. For more information on the non-U.S. commercial portfolio, see Non-U.S. Portfolio on page 39.

Commercial Real Estate

Commercial real estate primarily includes commercial loans secured by non-owner-occupied real estate and is dependent on the sale or lease of the real estate as the primary source of repayment. Outstanding loans increased $1.3 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The commercial real estate portfolio is primarily managed in Global Banking and consists of loans made primarily to public or private developers and commercial real estate firms. The portfolio remains

diversified across property types and geographic regions. California represented the largest state concentration at 20 percent and 21 percent of commercial real estate at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Office loans represented the largest property type concentration at 19 percent of commercial real estate at September 30, 2025, and approximately one percent of total loans for the Corporation. This property type is roughly 80 percent Class A and had an origination loan-to-value of approximately 55 percent.

Reservable criticized utilized exposure for commercial real estate decreased $1.3 billion, or 13 percent, during the nine months ended at September 30, 2025. Reservable criticized exposure for the office property type was $3.9 billion at September 30, 2025, representing a decrease of $1.2 billion, or 23 percent, from December 31, 2024, with an aggregate loan-to-value of approximately 80 percent based on property appraisals completed in the last twelve months. Approximately $1.3 billion of office loans are scheduled to mature by the end of 2025.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, net charge-offs decreased $51 million and $302 million to $120 million and $445 million compared to the same periods in 2024. Net charge-offs decreased primarily due to client-related resolution activities. We use a number of proactive risk mitigation initiatives to reduce adversely rated exposure in the commercial real estate portfolio, including transfers of deteriorating exposures for management by independent special asset officers and the pursuit of loan restructurings or asset sales to achieve the best results for our customers and the Corporation.

Table 30 presents outstanding commercial real estate loans by geographic region, based on the geographic location of the collateral, and by property type.

35 Bank of America



Table 30	Outstanding Commercial Real Estate Loans


(Dollars in millions)		September 30 2025		December 31 2024
By Geographic Region
Northeast		$	16,759	$	14,708
California		13,660		13,712
Southwest		7,606		7,719
Southeast		6,843		6,914
Florida		4,877		4,410
Illinois		2,996		2,996
Midwest		2,943		2,468
Midsouth		2,508		2,487
Northwest		1,436		1,979
Non-U.S.		5,871		6,109
Other		1,487		2,228
Total outstanding commercial real estate loans		$	66,986	$	65,730
By Property Type
Non-residential
Office		$	12,574	$	15,061
Industrial / Warehouse		12,391		13,166
Multi-family rental		11,014		11,022
Shopping centers / Retail		6,227		5,603
Hotel / Motels		4,707		4,680

Multi-use		2,548		2,162

Other		16,596		13,179
Total non-residential		66,057		64,873
Residential		929		857
Total outstanding commercial real estate loans		$	66,986	$	65,730

U.S. Small Business Commercial

The U.S. small business commercial loan portfolio is comprised of small business card loans and small business loans primarily managed in Consumer Banking. Credit card-related products were 52 percent and 53 percent of the U.S. small business commercial portfolio at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and represented 98 percent of net charge-offs for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. Accruing loans that were past due 90 days or more remained unchanged during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Nonperforming Commercial Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity

Table 31 presents the nonperforming commercial loans, leases and foreclosed properties activity during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Nonperforming loans do not include loans accounted for under the fair value option. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, nonperforming commercial loans and leases decreased $512 million to $2.8 billion. At September 30, 2025, 95 percent of commercial nonperforming loans, leases and foreclosed properties were secured, and 53 percent were contractually current. Commercial nonperforming loans were carried at 77 percent of their unpaid principal balance, as the carrying value of these loans has been reduced to the estimated collateral value less costs to sell.

Bank of America 36



Table 31	Nonperforming Commercial Loans, Leases and Foreclosed Properties Activity (1, 2)

		Three Months Ended September 30						Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024			2025		2024
Nonperforming loans and leases, beginning of period		$	3,417		$	2,802		$	3,328	$	2,773
Additions		550			965			2,299		2,675


Reductions:
Paydowns		(834)			(374)			(1,593)		(1,099)
Sales		(19)			(7)			(126)		(17)
Returns to performing status (3)		(12)			(21)			(240)		(154)
Charge-offs		(286)			(386)			(852)		(1,111)
Transfers to foreclosed properties		—			(27)			—		(115)

Total net additions to nonperforming loans and leases		(601)			150			(512)		179
Total nonperforming loans and leases, September 30		2,816			2,952			2,816		2,952






Foreclosed properties, September 30		26			114			26		114
Nonperforming commercial loans, leases and foreclosed properties, September 30		$	2,842		$	3,066		$	2,842	$	3,066
Nonperforming commercial loans and leases as a percentage of outstanding commercial loans and leases (4)		0.41		%	0.48		%
Nonperforming commercial loans, leases and foreclosed properties as a percentage of outstanding commercial loans, leases and foreclosed properties (4)		0.42			0.50

(1)Balances do not include nonperforming loans held-for-sale of $521 million and $785 million at September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(2)Includes U.S. small business commercial activity. Small business card loans are excluded as they are not classified as nonperforming.

(3)Commercial loans and leases may be returned to performing status when all principal and interest is current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected, when the loan otherwise becomes well-secured and is in the process of collection, or when a modified loan demonstrates a sustained period of payment performance.

(4)Outstanding commercial loans exclude loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Industry Concentrations

Table 32 presents commercial committed and utilized credit exposure by industry. For information on net notional credit protection purchased to hedge funded and unfunded exposures for which we elected the fair value option, as well as certain other credit exposures, see Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Risk Mitigation.

Commercial credit exposure is diversified across a broad range of industries. Total commercial committed exposure increased $89.2 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 to $1.4 trillion. The increase in commercial committed exposure was concentrated in Asset managers and funds, Finance companies and Capital goods.

For information on industry limits, see Commercial Portfolio Credit Risk Management – Risk Mitigation in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Asset managers and funds, our largest industry concentration with committed exposure of $223.9 billion, increased $29.9 billion, or 15 percent, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which was primarily driven by investment-grade exposures.

Finance companies, our second largest industry concentration with committed exposure of $121.1 billion, increased $19.3 billion, or 19 percent, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase in committed exposure was primarily driven by increases in Consumer finance, Diversified financials and Thrifts and mortgage finance.

Capital goods, our third largest industry concentration with committed exposure of $106.4 billion, increased $7.6 billion, or eight percent, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase in committed exposure was driven by increases in Trading companies and distributors, Machinery, and Electrical equipment, partially offset by a decrease in Aerospace and defense.

Various macroeconomic challenges, including geopolitical tensions, higher costs associated with inflationary pressures experienced over the past several years, elevated interest rates and ongoing negotiations and developments regarding international trade policies have led to uncertainty in the U.S. and global economies and have adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, a number of industries. We continue to monitor these risks.

37 Bank of America



Table 32	Commercial Credit Exposure by Industry (1)

		Commercial Utilized				Total Commercial Committed (2)

(Dollars in millions)		September 30 2025		December 31 2024		September 30 2025		December 31 2024
Asset managers and funds		$	145,980	$	118,123	$	223,876	$	193,947
Finance companies		85,106		74,975		121,131		101,828
Capital goods		54,930		51,367		106,394		98,780
Real estate (3)		69,485		69,841		97,680		95,981
Healthcare equipment and services		36,812		35,964		68,106		65,819
Materials		29,167		26,797		60,707		58,128
Individuals and trusts		42,112		35,457		56,245		50,353
Retailing		27,022		24,449		55,603		53,471
Consumer services		30,481		28,391		55,297		53,054
Government and public education		32,253		32,682		51,589		48,204
Food, beverage and tobacco		25,087		25,763		51,328		54,370
Commercial services and supplies		24,662		24,409		46,191		43,451
Utilities		19,390		18,186		44,483		42,107
Transportation		23,532		24,135		36,736		35,743
Energy		12,553		13,857		36,055		35,510
Software and services		14,620		11,158		32,158		27,383
Technology hardware and equipment		10,269		11,526		30,031		30,093
Global commercial banks		24,329		22,641		28,344		25,220
Media		10,812		12,130		24,995		24,023
Vehicle dealers		19,113		18,194		24,665		23,855
Insurance		11,411		12,640		23,525		23,445
Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology		7,097		7,378		22,463		21,717
Consumer durables and apparel		9,592		8,987		21,516		21,823
Automobiles and components		7,888		8,172		17,052		16,268
Telecommunication services		7,025		8,571		15,628		18,759
Food and staples retailing		6,103		7,206		11,250		12,777
Financial markets infrastructure (clearinghouses)		6,437		4,219		8,671		6,413
Religious and social organizations		2,407		2,285		4,073		4,066

Total commercial credit exposure by industry		$	795,675	$	739,503	$	1,375,792	$	1,286,588

(1)Includes U.S. small business commercial exposure.

(2)Includes the notional amount of unfunded legally binding lending commitments, net of amounts distributed (i.e., syndicated or participated) to other financial institutions. The distributed amounts were $10.6 billion and $10.4 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(3)Industries are viewed from a variety of perspectives to best isolate the perceived risks. For purposes of this table, the real estate industry is defined based on the primary business activity of the borrowers or counterparties using operating cash flows and primary source of repayment as key factors.

Risk Mitigation

We purchase credit protection to cover the funded portion as well as the unfunded portion of certain credit exposures. To lower the cost of obtaining our desired credit protection levels, we may add credit exposure within an industry, borrower or counterparty group by selling protection.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, net notional credit default protection purchased in our credit derivatives portfolio to hedge our funded and unfunded exposures for which we elected the fair value option, as well as certain other credit exposures, was $15.6 billion and $10.4 billion. We recorded net losses of $39 million and $95 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to net losses of $42 million and $58 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The gains and losses on these instruments were largely offset by gains and losses on the related exposures. The Value-at-Risk (VaR) results for the exposures under the fair value option are included in the fair value option portfolio information in Table 38. For more information, see Trading Risk Management on page 42.

Tables 33 and 34 present the maturity profiles and the credit exposure debt ratings of the net credit default protection portfolio at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 33	Net Credit Default Protection by Maturity


		September 30 2025		December 31 2024
Less than or equal to one year		22	%	24	%
Greater than one year and less than or equal to five years		75		76
Greater than five years		3		—
Total net credit default protection		100	%	100	%

Bank of America 38



Table 34	Net Credit Default Protection by Credit Exposure Debt Rating

		Net Notional (1)		Percent of Total		Net Notional (1)		Percent of Total


(Dollars in millions)		September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
Ratings (2, 3)
AAA		$	(195)	1.3	%	$	(120)	1.1	%
AA		(1,968)		12.6		(960)		9.2
A		(6,485)		41.7		(4,978)		47.7
BBB		(5,338)		34.3		(3,385)		32.4
BB		(831)		5.3		(526)		5.0
B		(446)		2.9		(385)		3.7
CCC and below		(27)		0.2		(82)		0.8
NR (4)		(271)		1.7		—		0.1
Total net credit default protection		$	(15,561)	100.0	%	$	(10,436)	100.0	%

(1)Represents net credit default protection purchased.

(2)Ratings are refreshed on a quarterly basis.

(3)Ratings of BBB- or higher are considered to meet the definition of investment grade.

(4)NR is comprised of index positions held and any names that have not been rated.

For more information on credit derivatives and counterparty credit risk valuation adjustments, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Non-U.S. Portfolio

Our non-U.S. credit and trading portfolios are subject to country risk. We define country risk as the risk of loss from unfavorable economic and political conditions, currency fluctuations, social instability and changes in government policies. A risk management framework is in place to measure, monitor and manage non-U.S. risk and exposures. In addition to the direct risk of doing business in a country, we also are exposed to indirect country risks (e.g., related to the collateral received on secured financing transactions or related to client clearing activities). These indirect exposures are managed in the normal course of business through credit, market and operational risk governance rather than through country risk governance. For more information on our non-U.S. credit and trading portfolios, see Non-U.S. Portfolio in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on risks related to our non-U.S. portfolio, see the Geopolitical section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table 35 presents our 20 largest non-U.S. country exposures at September 30, 2025. These exposures accounted for 88 percent of our total non-U.S. exposure at September 30, 2025 and 89 percent at December 31, 2024. Net country exposure for these 20 countries increased $26.7 billion from December 31, 2024 primarily driven by increases in Australia, Germany and the Netherlands.



Table 35	Top 20 Non-U.S. Countries Exposure

(Dollars in millions)		Funded Loans and Loan Equivalents		Unfunded Loan Commitments		Net Counterparty Exposure		Securities/ Other Investments		Country Exposure at September 30 2025		Hedges and Credit Default Protection		Net Country Exposure at September 30 2025		Increase (Decrease) from December 31 2024
United Kingdom		$	34,995	$	18,087	$	5,935	$	7,491	$	66,508	$	(2,516)	$	63,992	$	1,947
Germany		27,499		13,411		3,475		983		45,368		(3,819)		41,549		4,511
Australia		19,546		6,213		512		3,428		29,699		(418)		29,281		7,145
Canada		12,794		11,249		1,977		3,829		29,849		(584)		29,265		(2,207)
France		15,045		11,388		1,739		2,601		30,773		(2,597)		28,176		2,022
Japan		9,361		1,631		3,026		5,615		19,633		(775)		18,858		(383)
Brazil		10,386		1,463		1,302		5,102		18,253		(55)		18,198		1,460
Singapore		6,425		637		430		5,335		12,827		(105)		12,722		2,835
Switzerland		5,134		5,972		934		391		12,431		(347)		12,084		1,483
India		6,327		222		595		4,508		11,652		(39)		11,613		(2,173)
Netherlands		5,100		4,749		981		1,105		11,935		(683)		11,252		3,123
China		4,225		595		767		4,878		10,465		(267)		10,198		976
Ireland		7,364		1,789		562		388		10,103		(175)		9,928		1,667
South Korea		4,567		1,170		714		2,643		9,094		(221)		8,873		430
Italy		5,811		2,908		280		453		9,452		(787)		8,665		776
Mexico		4,503		2,121		476		1,699		8,799		(265)		8,534		492
Spain		3,375		3,096		131		1,099		7,701		(623)		7,078		975
Hong Kong		3,304		626		977		1,306		6,213		(93)		6,120		1,030
Sweden		2,059		1,834		205		251		4,349		(585)		3,764		314
Belgium		921		1,722		612		610		3,865		(178)		3,687		312
Total top 20 non-U.S. countries exposure		$	188,741	$	90,883	$	25,630	$	53,715	$	358,969	$	(15,132)	$	343,837	$	26,735

Our largest non-U.S. country exposure at September 30, 2025 was the United Kingdom with net exposure of $64.0 billion, which increased $1.9 billion from December 31, 2024 primarily due to increased exposure to financial institutions. Our second largest non-U.S. country exposure was Germany with net exposure of $41.5 billion at September 30, 2025, which increased $4.5 billion from December 31, 2024, primarily due to increased sovereign exposure.

39 Bank of America

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses increased $25 million from December 31, 2024 to $14.4 billion at September 30, 2025, which included a $110 million reserve decrease and $135 million reserve increase related to the consumer and

commercial portfolios, respectively.

Table 36 presents an allocation of the allowance for credit losses by product type at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 36	Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses by Product Type


		Amount		Percent of Total		Percent of Loans and Leases Outstanding (1)			Amount		Percent of Total		Percent of Loans and Leases Outstanding (1)
(Dollars in millions)		September 30, 2025						December 31, 2024
Allowance for loan and lease losses
Residential mortgage		$	321	2.42	%	0.14	%		$	264	1.99	%	0.12	%
Home equity		87		0.66		0.33			29		0.22		0.11
Credit card		7,272		54.87		7.12			7,515		56.76		7.26

Direct/Indirect consumer		713		5.38		0.64			700		5.29		0.65
Other consumer		59		0.45		n/m			62		0.47		n/m
Total consumer		8,452		63.78		1.78			8,570		64.73		1.84
U.S. commercial (2)		2,896		21.85		0.64			2,637		19.91		0.65
Non-U.S. commercial		813		6.13		0.55			778		5.88		0.57
Commercial real estate		1,045		7.89		1.56			1,219		9.21		1.85
Commercial lease financing		46		0.35		0.28			36		0.27		0.23
Total commercial		4,800		36.22		0.70			4,670		35.27		0.75
Allowance for loan and lease losses		13,252		100.00	%	1.14			13,240		100.00	%	1.21


Reserve for unfunded lending commitments		1,109							1,096
Allowance for credit losses		$	14,361						$	14,336

(1)Ratios are calculated as allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of loans and leases outstanding excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option.

(2)Includes allowance for loan and lease losses for U.S. small business commercial loans of $1.4 billion and $1.2 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

n/m = not meaningful

Net charge-offs for the three months ended September 30, 2025 decreased $167 million to $1.4 billion compared to $1.5 billion for the same period in 2024 driven by asset quality improvement in credit card and commercial. Net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 decreased $221 million to $4.3 billion compared to $4.6 billion for the same period in 2024 driven by asset quality improvement in commercial real estate office. The provision for credit losses decreased $247 million to $1.3 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and remained relatively unchanged at $4.4 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the same periods in 2024. The decrease in the provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily due to improved asset quality in credit card. The provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was impacted by improved asset quality in credit card and commercial real estate, partially offset by the dampened macroeconomic outlook and loan growth in commercial. The provision for credit losses for the

consumer portfolio, including unfunded lending commitments, decreased $266 million to $859 million and $135 million to $3.0 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. The provision for credit losses for the commercial portfolio, including unfunded lending commitments, increased $19 million to $436 million and $133 million to $1.3 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024.

Table 37 presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses, including certain loan and allowance ratios for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. For more information on the Corporation’s credit loss accounting policies and activity related to the allowance for credit losses, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Bank of America 40



Table 37	Allowance for Credit Losses

		Three Months Ended September 30						Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)		2025			2024			2025			2024


Allowance for loan and lease losses, beginning of period		$	13,291		$	13,238		$	13,240		$	13,342
Loans and leases charged off
Residential mortgage		(6)			(5)			(18)			(18)
Home equity		(3)			(10)			(11)			(16)
Credit card		(1,083)			(1,084)			(3,409)			(3,235)
Direct/Indirect consumer		(88)			(101)			(274)			(292)
Other consumer		(59)			(71)			(195)			(221)
Total consumer charge-offs		(1,239)			(1,271)			(3,907)			(3,782)
U.S. commercial (1)		(326)			(288)			(868)			(710)
Non-U.S. commercial		—			(60)			(8)			(61)
Commercial real estate		(135)			(180)			(471)			(762)
Commercial lease financing		(1)			(1)			(4)			(2)
Total commercial charge-offs		(462)			(529)			(1,351)			(1,535)
Total loans and leases charged off		(1,701)			(1,800)			(5,258)			(5,317)
Recoveries of loans and leases previously charged off
Residential mortgage		7			7			17			17
Home equity		14			15			44			48
Credit card		203			156			574			453
Direct/Indirect consumer		33			45			102			120
Other consumer		4			4			14			13
Total consumer recoveries		261			227			751			651
U.S. commercial (2)		57			29			133			72
Non-U.S. commercial		—			—			1			13
Commercial real estate		15			9			26			15
Commercial lease financing		1			1			3			1
Total commercial recoveries		73			39			163			101
Total recoveries of loans and leases previously charged off		334			266			914			752
Net charge-offs		(1,367)			(1,534)			(4,344)			(4,565)

Provision for loan and lease losses		1,328			1,547			4,354			4,479
Other		—			—			2			(5)
Allowance for loan and lease losses, September 30		13,252			13,251			13,252			13,251




Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, beginning of period		1,143			1,104			1,096			1,209
Provision for unfunded lending commitments		(33)			(5)			13			(110)
Other		(1)			1			—			1
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, September 30		1,109			1,100			1,109			1,100
Allowance for credit losses, September 30		$	14,361		$	14,351		$	14,361		$	14,351

Loan and allowance ratios (3):
Loans and leases outstanding at September 30		$	1,159,206		$	1,071,628		$	1,159,206		$	1,071,628
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total loans and leases outstanding at September 30		1.14		%	1.24		%	1.14		%	1.24		%
Consumer allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total consumer loans and leases outstanding at September 30		1.78			1.87			1.78			1.87
Commercial allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total commercial loans and leases outstanding at September 30		0.70			0.76			0.70			0.76
Average loans and leases outstanding		$	1,146,430		$	1,055,975		$	1,119,173		$	1,049,689
Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans and leases outstanding		0.47		%	0.58		%	0.52		%	0.58		%

Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total nonperforming loans and leases at September 30		248			235			248			235
Ratio of the allowance for loan and lease losses at September 30 to annualized net charge-offs		2.44			2.17			2.28			2.17

Amounts included in allowance for loan and lease losses for loans and leases that are excluded from nonperforming loans and leases at September 30 (4)		$	8,549		$	8,640		$	8,549		$	8,640
Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of total nonperforming loans and leases, excluding the allowance for loan and lease losses for loans and leases that are excluded from nonperforming loans and leases at September 30 (4)		88		%	82		%	88		%	82		%

(1)Includes U.S. small business commercial charge-offs of $147 million and $443 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $135 million and $383 million for the same periods in 2024.

(2)Includes U.S. small business commercial recoveries of $13 million and $42 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $11 million and $33 million for the same periods in 2024.

(3)Ratios are calculated as allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of loans and leases outstanding excluding loans accounted for under the fair value option.

(4)Primarily includes amounts related to credit card and unsecured consumer lending portfolios in Consumer Banking.

41 Bank of America

Market Risk Management

For more information on our market risk management process, see Market Risk Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on market risks, see the Market section within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Market risk is the risk that changes in market conditions may adversely impact the value of assets or liabilities, or otherwise negatively impact earnings. This risk is inherent in the financial instruments associated with our operations, primarily within our Global Markets segment. We are also exposed to these risks in other areas of the Corporation (e.g., our ALM activities). In the event of market stress, these risks could have a material impact on our results.

Trading Risk Management

To evaluate risks in our trading activities, we focus on the actual and potential volatility of revenues generated by individual positions as well as portfolios of positions. VaR is a common statistic used to measure market risk. Our primary VaR statistic is equivalent to a 99 percent confidence level, which means that for a VaR with a one-day holding period, there should not be losses in excess of VaR, on average, 99 out of 100 trading days.

Table 38 presents the total market-based portfolio VaR, which is the combination of the total trading positions portfolio

and the fair value option portfolio. Prior to the first quarter of 2025, the Corporation presented its VaR using a total market-based portfolio VaR, which was primarily a combination of our total covered positions and certain less liquid trading positions. An insignificant amount of banking book positions was included in these portfolios. Beginning in the first quarter of 2025, the VaR amounts for all periods presented in Table 38 and Table 39 exclude those banking book positions and include only the financial instruments used in the Corporation’s market risk management of its trading portfolios. For more information on the market risk VaR for trading activities, see Trading Risk Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The total market-based portfolio VaR results in Table 38 include market risk to which we are exposed from all business segments’ trading activities, which exclude credit valuation adjustment (CVA), DVA and the related hedges of these items. The majority of this portfolio is within the Global Markets segment.

Table 38 presents period-end, average, high and low daily trading VaR for the three months ended September 30, 2025, June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 using a 99 percent confidence level. The average of the trading portfolio VaR decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the prior quarter primarily due to a reduction in credit and mortgage risk.



Table 38	Market Risk VaR for Trading Activities

		Three Months Ended																							Nine Months Ended September 30

		September 30, 2025								June 30, 2025								September 30, 2024
(Dollars in millions)		Period End		Average		High (1)		Low (1)		Period End		Average		High (1)		Low (1)		Period End		Average		High (1)		Low (1)			2025 Average				2024 Average
Foreign exchange		$	17	$	18	$	33	$	10	$	25	$	17	$	25	$	11	$	15	$	12	$	21	$		5			$	18			$	14
Interest rate		47		52		67		38		51		55		90		40		34		43		71		31			56				58
Credit		36		38		46		32		49		51		63		42		46		51		59		45			48				50
Mortgage		29		28		30		26		29		36		43		29		46		45		50		39			33				37
Equity		25		22		29		15		22		22		63		13		31		23		31		17			22				20
Commodities		9		8		9		7		8		9		12		7		12		11		17		8			9				10
Portfolio diversification		(106)		(100)		n/a		n/a		(108)		(106)		n/a		n/a		(120)		(121)		n/a		n/a			(106)				(122)


Total trading positions portfolio VaR		57		66		82		53		76		84		102		65		64		64		79		58			80				67
Fair value option loans		14		15		17		12		15		21		27		15		18		16		20		13			21				18
Fair value option hedges		7		8		13		6		12		15		18		12		8		7		9		5			14				10
Fair value option portfolio diversification		(11)		(13)		n/a		n/a		(18)		(24)		n/a		n/a		(14)		(11)		n/a		n/a			(22)				(15)
Total fair value option portfolio		10		10		11		9		9		12		16		8		12		12		14		10			13				13
Portfolio diversification		(6)		(5)		n/a		n/a		(6)		(7)		n/a		n/a		(10)		(9)		n/a		n/a			(7)				(8)
Total market-based portfolio		$	61	$	71	84		57		$	79	$	89	111		72		$	66	$	67	85		61			$	86			$	72

(1)The high and low for each portfolio may have occurred on different trading days than the high and low for the components. Therefore, the amount of portfolio diversification, which is the difference between the total portfolio and the sum of the individual components, is not relevant.

n/a = not applicable

Bank of America 42

The following graph presents the trading positions portfolio VaR for the previous five quarters, corresponding to the data in Table 38.

Additional VaR statistics produced within our single VaR model are provided in Table 39 at the same level of detail as in Table 38. Evaluating VaR with additional statistics allows for an increased understanding of the risks in the portfolio, as the historical market data used in the VaR calculation does not necessarily follow a predefined statistical distribution. Table 39 presents average trading VaR statistics at 99 percent and 95 percent confidence levels for the three months ended September 30, 2025, June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.



Table 39	Average Market Risk VaR for Trading Activities – 99 percent and 95 percent VaR Statistics


		Three Months Ended
		September 30, 2025				June 30, 2025				September 30, 2024
(Dollars in millions)		99 percent		95 percent		99 percent		95 percent		99 percent		95 percent
Foreign exchange		$	18	$	9	$	17	$	10	$	12	$	6
Interest rate		52		26		55		26		43		23
Credit		38		16		51		24		51		29
Mortgage		28		16		36		18		45		25
Equity		22		10		22		11		23		11
Commodities		8		5		9		6		11		6
Portfolio diversification		(100)		(53)		(106)		(60)		(121)		(66)
Total trading positions portfolio VaR		66		29		84		35		64		34


Fair value option loans		15		9		21		12		16		9
Fair value option hedges		8		5		15		8		7		4
Fair value option portfolio diversification		(13)		(8)		(24)		(14)		(11)		(6)
Total fair value option portfolio		10		6		12		6		12		7
Portfolio diversification		(5)		(4)		(7)		(3)		(9)		(5)
Total market-based portfolio		$	71	$	31	$	89	$	38	$	67	$	36

Backtesting

The accuracy of the VaR methodology is evaluated by backtesting, which compares the daily VaR results, utilizing a one-day holding period, against a comparable subset of trading revenue. For more information on our backtesting process, see Trading Risk Management – Backtesting in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were no days where this subset of trading revenue had losses that exceeded our total covered portfolio VaR, utilizing a one-day holding period.

43 Bank of America

Total Trading-related Revenue

Total trading-related revenue, excluding brokerage fees, and CVA, DVA and funding valuation adjustment gains (losses), represents the total amount earned from trading positions, including market-based net interest income, which are taken in a diverse range of financial instruments and markets. For more information, see Trading Risk Management – Total Trading-related Revenue in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following histogram is a graphic depiction of trading volatility and illustrates the daily level of trading-related revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to

the three months ended June 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, positive trading-related revenue was recorded for 100 percent of the trading days, of which 100 percent were daily trading gains of over $25 million. This compares to the three months ended June 30, 2025 where positive trading-related revenue was recorded for 100 percent of the trading days, of which 94 percent were daily trading gains of over $25 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, positive trading-related revenue was recorded for 100 percent of the trading days, of which 98 percent were daily trading gains of over $25 million.

3Q25 Trading Related Revenue Histogram.jpg

Trading Portfolio Stress Testing

Because the very nature of a VaR model suggests results can exceed our estimates and it is dependent on a limited historical window, we also stress test our portfolio using scenario analysis. This analysis estimates the change in the value of our trading portfolio that may result from abnormal market movements. For more information, see Trading Risk Management – Trading Portfolio Stress Testing in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book

The following discussion presents net interest income for banking book activities. For more information, see Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table 40 presents the spot and 12-month forward rates used in developing the forward curve used in our baseline forecasts at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Table 40	Forward Rates


		Federal Funds		SOFR		10-Year SOFR
		September 30, 2025
Spot rates		4.25	%	4.24	%	3.66	%
12-month forward rates		3.25		3.18		3.71

		December 31, 2024

Spot rates		4.50	%	4.49	%	4.07	%
12-month forward rates		4.00		3.94		4.07

Table 41 shows the potential pretax impact to forecasted net interest income over the next 12 months from September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 resulting from instantaneous parallel and non-parallel shocks to the market-based forward curve. Periodically, we evaluate the scenarios presented so that they are meaningful in the context of the current rate environment. Amounts presented reflect dynamic deposit sensitivities, which incorporate behavioral customer

Bank of America 44

deposit balance changes that could occur under various scenarios. For more information, see Interest Rate Risk

Management for the Banking Book in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.



Table 41	Estimated Banking Book Net Interest Income Sensitivity to Curve Changes
		Short Rate (bps)	Long Rate (bps)


(Dollars in billions)				September 30 2025		December 31 2024

Parallel Shifts
+100 bps instantaneous shift		+100	+100	$	1.0	$	1.1

-100 bps instantaneous shift		-100	-100	(2.2)		(2.3)
+200 bps instantaneous shift		+200	+200	1.4		2.0
-200 bps instantaneous shift		-200	-200	(5.3)		(5.4)
Flatteners
Short-end instantaneous change		+100	—	0.7		1.1

Long-end instantaneous change		—	-100	(0.3)		(0.1)
Steepeners

Short-end instantaneous change		-100	—	(1.8)		(2.1)
Long-end instantaneous change		—	+100	0.3		0.1

We continue to be asset sensitive to a parallel upward move in interest rates, with the majority of that impact coming from the short end of the yield curve. Additionally, higher interest rates negatively impact the fair value of our debt securities classified as available for sale and adversely affect accumulated OCI, and thus capital levels under the Basel 3 capital rules. Under instantaneous upward parallel shifts, the near-term adverse impact to Basel 3 capital would be reduced over time by offsetting positive impacts to net interest income generated from banking book activities. For more information on Basel 3, see Capital Management – Regulatory Capital on page 20.

As part of our ALM activities, we use securities, certain residential mortgages, and interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives in managing interest rate sensitivity. The sensitivity analysis in Table 41 assumes that we take no action in response to these rate shocks and does not assume any change in other macroeconomic variables normally correlated with changes in interest rates. In higher rate scenarios, the analysis assumes that a portion of low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits is replaced with higher yielding deposits or market-based funding. Conversely, in lower rate scenarios, the analysis assumes that a portion of higher yielding deposits or market-based funding is replaced with low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits.

For larger interest rate shift scenarios, the interest rate sensitivity may behave in a non-linear manner as there are numerous estimates and assumptions, which require a high degree of judgment and are often interrelated, that could impact the outcome. Pertaining to the mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage portfolio, if long-end interest rates were to significantly decrease over the next twelve months, for example over 200 bps, there would generally be an increase in customer prepayment behaviors with an incremental reduction to net interest income, noting that the extent of changes in customer prepayment activity can be impacted by multiple factors and is not necessarily limited to long-end interest rates. Conversely, if long-end interest rates were to significantly increase over the next twelve months, for example, over 200 bps, customer prepayments would likely modestly decrease and result in an incremental increase to net interest income. In addition, deposit pricing is rate sensitive in nature. This sensitivity is assumed to have non-linear impacts to larger short-end rate movements. In decreasing interest rate scenarios, and particularly where interest rates have decreased to small amounts, the ability to further reduce rates paid is reduced as customer rates near zero. In higher short-end rate scenarios, deposit pricing will likely increase at a faster rate, leading to incremental interest

expense and reducing asset sensitivity. While the impact related to the above assumptions used in the asset sensitivity analysis can provide directional analysis on how net interest income will be impacted in changing environments, the ultimate impact is dependent upon the interrelationship of the assumptions and factors, which vary in different macroeconomic scenarios.

Economic Value of Equity

In addition to interest rate sensitivity described above, the Corporation’s management of its interest rate exposures in the banking book also considers a long-term view of interest rate sensitivity through the measurement of Economic Value of Equity (EVE). EVE captures changes in the net present value of banking book assets and liabilities under various interest rate scenarios and its impact to Tier 1 capital. Similar to net interest income, the Corporation establishes limits for EVE. EVE is largely driven by the Corporation’s longer duration fixed-rate products, such as investment securities, residential mortgages and deposits. For assets or liabilities that have no stated maturity, such as deposits, the Corporation estimates the duration for measurement purposes.

Interest Rate and Foreign Exchange Derivative Contracts

We use interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts in our ALM activities to manage our interest rate and foreign exchange risks. Specifically, we use those derivatives to manage both the variability in cash flows and changes in fair value of various assets and liabilities arising from those risks. Our interest rate derivative contracts are generally non-leveraged swaps tied to various benchmark interest rates and foreign exchange basis swaps, options, futures and forwards, and our foreign exchange contracts include cross-currency interest rate swaps, foreign currency futures contracts, foreign currency forward contracts and options.

The derivatives used in our ALM activities can be split into two broad categories: designated accounting hedges and other risk management derivatives. Designated accounting hedges are primarily used to manage our exposure to interest rates as described in the Interest Rate Risk Management for the Banking Book section and are included in the sensitivities presented in Table 41. The Corporation also uses foreign currency derivatives in accounting hedges to manage substantially all of the foreign exchange risk of our foreign operations. By hedging the foreign exchange risk of our foreign operations, the Corporation's market risk exposure in this area is not significant.

45 Bank of America

Risk management derivatives are predominantly used to hedge foreign exchange risks related to various foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities and eliminate substantially all foreign currency exposures in the cash flows of the Corporation’s non-trading foreign currency-denominated financial instruments. These foreign exchange derivatives are sensitive to other market risk exposures such as cross-currency basis spreads and interest rate risk. However, as these features are not a significant component of these foreign exchange derivatives, the market risk related to this exposure is not significant. For more information on the accounting for derivatives, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Mortgage Banking Risk Management

We originate, fund and service mortgage loans, which subject us to credit, liquidity and interest rate risks, among others. We determine whether loans will be held for investment or held for sale at the time of commitment and manage credit and liquidity risks by selling or securitizing a portion of the loans we originate.

Changes in interest rates impact the value of interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) and the related residential first mortgage loans held-for-sale (LHFS), as well as the value of the MSRs. Because the interest rate risks of these hedged items offset, we combine them into one overall hedged item with one combined economic hedge portfolio consisting of derivative contracts and securities. For more information on IRLCs and the related residential mortgage LHFS, see Mortgage Banking Risk Management in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Climate Risk

Climate risk is divided into two major categories, both of which span the seven key risk types discussed in Managing Risk on page 20: (1) Physical Risk: risks related to the physical impacts of climate change, driven by extreme weather events such as hurricanes and floods, as well as chronic longer-term shifts such as rising average global temperatures and sea levels, and (2) Transition Risk: risks related to the transition to a low-carbon economy, which may entail extensive policy, legal, technology and market changes.

Physical risks of climate change, such as more frequent and severe extreme weather events, can increase the Corporation’s risks, including credit risk by diminishing borrowers’ repayment capacity or collateral values, and operational risk by negatively impacting the Corporation’s facilities, employees, or third parties. Transition risks of climate change may amplify credit risks through the financial impacts of changes in policy, technology or the market on the Corporation or our counterparties. Unanticipated market changes can lead to sudden price adjustments and give rise to heightened market risk.

Our approach to managing climate risk is consistent with our risk management governance structure, from senior management to our Board and its committees, including the ERC and the Corporate Governance Committee (CGC) of the Board, which regularly discuss climate-related topics. The ERC oversees climate risk as set forth in our Risk Framework and Risk Appetite Statement. The CGC is responsible for overseeing the Corporation’s environmental sustainability-related activities and practices, and regularly reviews the Corporation’s related initiatives and policies.

Our Climate and Environmental Risk Council consists of leaders across risk, Front Line Units (FLUs) and control functions, and meets routinely to discuss our approach to managing climate-related risks. The Corporation has a Climate and Environmental Risk Management function that is responsible for overseeing climate risk management. They are responsible for establishing the Climate Risk Framework (described below) and governance structure, and providing an independent assessment of enterprise-wide climate risks.

Based on the Corporation’s Risk Framework, we created our internal Climate Risk Framework, which addresses various global climate-related laws, rules, regulations and guidance. The framework describes how the Corporation identifies, measures, monitors and controls climate risk by enhancing existing risk management processes, includes examples of how climate risk manifests across the seven risk types, and details the roles and responsibilities for climate risk management across our three lines of defense (i.e., FLUs, Global Risk Management and Corporate Audit).

For more information on our governance framework, see the Managing Risk section in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on climate risk, see Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on climate- and sustainability-related matters and their importance in supporting our customers and clients, see the Corporation’s website, including its 2024 Sustainability at Bank of America document. The contents of the Corporation’s website, including the 2024 Sustainability at Bank of America document, are not incorporated by reference into this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Complex Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting principles are essential in understanding the MD&A. Many of our significant accounting principles require complex judgments to estimate the values of assets and liabilities. We have procedures and processes in place to facilitate making these judgments. For more information, see Complex Accounting Estimates in the MD&A of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Bank of America 46

Non-GAAP Reconciliations

Table 42 provides reconciliations of certain non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.



Table 42	Average and Period-end Supplemental Financial Data and Reconciliations to GAAP Financial Measures (1)

												Nine Months Ended September 30


		2025 Quarters						2024 Quarters
(Dollars in millions)		Third		Second		First		Fourth		Third		2025		2024














































Reconciliation of average shareholders’ equity to average tangible shareholders’ equity and average tangible common shareholders’ equity
Shareholders’ equity		$	301,975	$	296,917	$	295,787	$	295,134	$	294,985	$	298,249	$	293,638
Goodwill		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)
Intangible assets (excluding MSRs)		(1,873)		(1,893)		(1,912)		(1,932)		(1,951)		(1,893)		(1,971)
Related deferred tax liabilities		839		846		851		859		864		845		869
Tangible shareholders’ equity		$	231,920	$	226,849	$	225,705	$	225,040	$	224,877	$	228,180	$	223,515
Preferred stock		(25,232)		(22,573)		(22,307)		(23,493)		(25,984)		(23,381)		(27,493)
Tangible common shareholders’ equity		$	206,688	$	204,276	$	203,398	$	201,547	$	198,893	$	204,799	$	196,022
Reconciliation of period-end shareholders’ equity to period-end tangible shareholders’ equity and period-end tangible common shareholders’ equity




Shareholders’ equity		$	304,152	$	299,599	$	295,581	$	295,559	$	296,512
Goodwill		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)
Intangible assets (excluding MSRs)		(1,860)		(1,880)		(1,899)		(1,919)		(1,938)
Related deferred tax liabilities		828		842		846		851		859
Tangible shareholders’ equity		$	234,099	$	229,540	$	225,507	$	225,470	$	226,412
Preferred stock		(25,992)		(23,495)		(20,499)		(23,159)		(24,554)
Tangible common shareholders’ equity		$	208,107	$	206,045	$	205,008	$	202,311	$	201,858
Reconciliation of period-end assets to period-end tangible assets
Assets		$	3,403,716	$	3,441,142	$	3,349,424	$	3,261,519	$	3,324,293
Goodwill		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)		(69,021)
Intangible assets (excluding MSRs)		(1,860)		(1,880)		(1,899)		(1,919)		(1,938)
Related deferred tax liabilities		828		842		846		851		859
Tangible assets		$	3,333,663	$	3,371,083	$	3,279,350	$	3,191,430	$	3,254,193

(1)For more information on non-GAAP financial measures and ratios we use in assessing the results of the Corporation, see Supplemental Financial Data on page 7.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

See Market Risk Management on page 42 in the MD&A and the sections referenced therein for Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Corporation’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness and design of the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective, as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the three months ended September 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.

47 Bank of America

Part I. Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries



Consolidated Statement of Income

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(In millions, except per share information)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net interest income
Interest income	$	35,366	$	37,491	$	104,305	$	110,630
Interest expense	20,133		23,524		59,959		68,929
Net interest income	15,233		13,967		44,346		41,701

Noninterest income
Fees and commissions	10,337		9,119		29,221		26,748
Market making and similar activities	3,203		3,278		9,940		10,464
Other income (loss)	(685)		(1,019)		(1,590)		(2,373)
Total noninterest income	12,855		11,378		37,571		34,839
Total revenue, net of interest expense	28,088		25,345		81,917		76,540

Provision for credit losses	1,295		1,542		4,367		4,369

Noninterest expense
Compensation and benefits	10,523		9,916		31,744		29,937
Occupancy and equipment	1,872		1,836		5,564		5,465
Information processing and communications	1,827		1,784		5,540		5,347
Product delivery and transaction related	1,025		849		2,913		2,591
Professional fees	606		723		1,898		1,925
Marketing	572		504		1,641		1,446
Other general operating	912		867		2,990		3,314


Total noninterest expense	17,337		16,479		52,290		50,025
Income before income taxes	9,456		7,324		25,260		22,146
Income tax expense	987		428		2,279		1,679
Net income	$	8,469	$	6,896	$	22,981	$	20,467
Preferred stock dividends and other	429		516		1,126		1,363
Net income applicable to common shareholders	$	8,040	$	6,380	$	21,855	$	19,104

Per common share information
Earnings	$	1.08	$	0.82	$	2.89	$	2.42
Diluted earnings	1.06		0.81		2.85		2.40

Average common shares issued and outstanding	7,466.0		7,818.0		7,574.5		7,894.7
Average diluted common shares issued and outstanding	7,627.1		7,902.1		7,724.7		7,965.0



Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Net income	$	8,469	$	6,896	$	22,981	$	20,467
Other comprehensive income (loss), net-of-tax:
Net change in debt securities	438		417		489		444
Net change in debit valuation adjustments	(305)		—		(161)		(135)
Net change in derivatives	636		2,830		3,145		3,100
Employee benefit plan adjustments	(16)		27		37		75
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments	6		21		30		(30)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	759		3,295		3,540		3,454
Comprehensive income	$	9,228	$	10,191	$	26,521	$	23,921

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Bank of America 48

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries



Consolidated Balance Sheet

		September 30 2025		December 31 2024
(Dollars in millions)
Assets
Cash and due from banks		$	25,352	$	26,003
Interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve, non-U.S. central banks and other banks		221,155		264,111
Cash and cash equivalents		246,507		290,114
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments		8,212		6,372
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell (includes $173,686 and $144,501 measured at fair value)		325,800		274,709
Trading account assets (includes $174,783 and $170,328 pledged as collateral)		335,566		314,460
Derivative assets		42,115		40,948
Debt securities:
Carried at fair value		404,636		358,607
Held-to-maturity, at cost (fair value $446,544 and $450,548)		531,414		558,677
Total debt securities		936,050		917,284
Loans and leases (includes $6,694 and $4,249 measured at fair value)		1,165,900		1,095,835
Allowance for loan and lease losses		(13,252)		(13,240)
Loans and leases, net of allowance		1,152,648		1,082,595
Premises and equipment, net		12,348		12,168
Goodwill		69,021		69,021
Loans held-for-sale (includes $2,071 and $2,214 measured at fair value)		6,831		9,545
Customer and other receivables		99,863		82,247
Other assets (includes $9,830 and $13,176 measured at fair value)		168,755		162,056
Total assets		$	3,403,716	$	3,261,519

Liabilities
Deposits in U.S. offices:
Noninterest-bearing		$	510,208	$	507,561
Interest-bearing (includes $1,079 and $310 measured at fair value)		1,354,445		1,329,014
Deposits in non-U.S. offices:
Noninterest-bearing		14,690		16,297
Interest-bearing		122,865		112,595
Total deposits		2,002,208		1,965,467
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase (includes $215,376 and $192,859 measured at fair value)		342,588		331,758
Trading account liabilities		117,322		92,543
Derivative liabilities		40,157		39,353
Short-term borrowings (includes $6,432 and $6,245 measured at fair value)		54,200		43,391
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (includes $8,511 and $13,199 measured at fair value and $1,109 and $1,096 of reserve for unfunded lending commitments)		231,605		210,169
Long-term debt (includes $66,315 and $50,005 measured at fair value)		311,484		283,279
Total liabilities		3,099,564		2,965,960
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6 – Securitizations and Other Variable Interest Entities and Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies)
Shareholders’ equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; authorized – 100,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding – 3,991,164 and 3,877,917 shares		25,992		23,159
Common stock and additional paid-in capital, $0.01 par value; authorized – 12,800,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding – 7,329,421,929 and 7,610,862,311 shares		31,764		45,336
Retained earnings		258,141		242,349
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		(11,745)		(15,285)

Total shareholders’ equity		304,152		295,559
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		$	3,403,716	$	3,261,519

	Assets of consolidated variable interest entities included in total assets above (isolated to settle the liabilities of the variable interest entities)
	Trading account assets	$	6,063	$	5,575


	Loans and leases	18,007		19,144
	Allowance for loan and lease losses	(889)		(919)
	Loans and leases, net of allowance	17,118		18,225

	All other assets	614		319
	Total assets of consolidated variable interest entities	$	23,795	$	24,119
	Liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities included in total liabilities above
	Short-term borrowings (includes $0 and $0 of non-recourse short-term borrowings)	$	4,980	$	3,329
	Long-term debt (includes $8,420 and $8,457 of non-recourse debt)	8,420		8,457
	All other liabilities (includes $22 and $21 of non-recourse liabilities)	22		21
	Total liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities	$	13,422	$	11,807

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

49 Bank of America

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries



Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

	Preferred Stock		Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Shareholders’ Equity
(In millions)			Shares	Amount
Balance, June 30, 2025	$	23,495	7,436.7	$	36,428	$	252,180	$	(12,504)	$	299,599


Net income						8,469				8,469
Net change in debt securities								438		438
Net change in debit valuation adjustments								(305)		(305)
Net change in derivatives								636		636
Employee benefit plan adjustments								(16)		(16)
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments								6		6
Dividends declared:
Common						(2,079)				(2,079)
Preferred						(429)				(429)
Issuance of preferred stock	2,497									2,497

Common stock issued under employee plans, net, and other			1.1	636						636
Common stock repurchased			(108.4)	(5,300)						(5,300)
Balance, September 30, 2025	$	25,992	7,329.4	$	31,764	$	258,141	$	(11,745)	$	304,152
Balance, December 31, 2024	$	23,159	7,610.9	$	45,336	$	242,349	$	(15,285)	$	295,559


Net income						22,981				22,981
Net change in debt securities								489		489
Net change in debit valuation adjustments								(161)		(161)
Net change in derivatives								3,145		3,145
Employee benefit plan adjustments								37		37
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments								30		30
Dividends declared:
Common						(6,031)				(6,031)
Preferred						(1,117)				(1,117)
Issuance of preferred stock	5,493									5,493
Redemption of preferred stock	(2,660)					(9)				(2,669)
Common stock issued under employee plans, net, and other			53.2	1,551		(32)				1,519
Common stock repurchased			(334.7)	(15,123)						(15,123)
Balance, September 30, 2025	$	25,992	7,329.4	$	31,764	$	258,141	$	(11,745)	$	304,152

Balance, June 30, 2024	$	26,548	7,774.8	$	51,376	$	233,597	$	(17,629)	$	293,892

Net income						6,896				6,896
Net change in debt securities								417		417

Net change in derivatives								2,830		2,830
Employee benefit plan adjustments								27		27
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments								21		21
Dividends declared:
Common						(2,021)				(2,021)
Preferred						(510)				(510)

Redemption of preferred stock	(1,994)					(6)				(2,000)
Common stock issued under employee plans, net, and other			2.2	496		(2)				494
Common stock repurchased			(88.2)	(3,534)						(3,534)
Balance, September 30, 2024	$	24,554	7,688.8	$	48,338	$	237,954	$	(14,334)	$	296,512

















Balance, December 31, 2023	$	28,397	7,895.5	$	56,365	$	224,672	$	(17,788)	$	291,646

Net income						20,467				20,467
Net change in debt securities								444		444
Net change in debit valuation adjustments								(135)		(135)
Net change in derivatives								3,100		3,100
Employee benefit plan adjustments								75		75
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments								(30)		(30)
Dividends declared:
Common						(5,818)				(5,818)
Preferred						(1,352)				(1,352)

Redemption of preferred stock	(3,843)					(11)				(3,854)
Common stock issued under employee plans, net, and other			46.6	1,542		(4)				1,538
Common stock repurchased			(253.3)	(9,569)						(9,569)
Balance, September 30, 2024	$	24,554	7,688.8	$	48,338	$	237,954	$	(14,334)	$	296,512

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Bank of America 50

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries



Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

		Nine Months Ended September 30

	(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024
	Operating activities
	Net income	$	22,981	$	20,467
	Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
	Provision for credit losses	4,367		4,369
	Losses on sales of debt securities	23		6
	Depreciation and amortization	1,720		1,630
	Net accretion of discount/premium on debt securities	(664)		(354)
	Deferred income taxes	(255)		(1,228)
	Amortization of stock-based compensation	3,032		2,542





	Net change in:
	Trading and derivative assets/liabilities	4,687		(56,685)
	Loans held-for-sale	2,672		(4,633)
	Other assets	(24,543)		(20,257)
	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	20,239		14,581
	Other operating activities, net	1,299		4,843
	Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	35,558		(34,719)
	Investing activities
	Net change in:
	Time deposits placed and other short-term investments	(1,840)		195
	Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell	(55,078)		(54,582)
	Debt securities carried at fair value:
	Proceeds from sales	96,786		52,594
	Proceeds from paydowns and maturities	63,781		217,602
	Purchases	(196,704)		(312,186)
	Held-to-maturity debt securities:
	Proceeds from paydowns and maturities	26,327		26,033

	Loans and leases:
	Proceeds from sales of loans originally classified as held for investment and instruments from related securitization activities	6,718		7,129
	Purchases	(12,487)		(4,151)
	Other changes in loans and leases, net	(68,672)		(29,874)
	Other investing activities, net	(2,816)		(2,863)
	Net cash used in investing activities	(143,985)		(100,103)
	Financing activities
	Net change in:
	Deposits	36,741		6,525
	Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	14,817		114,071
	Short-term borrowings	10,802		7,623
	Long-term debt:
	Proceeds from issuance	75,855		42,593
	Retirement	(57,893)		(52,711)
	Preferred stock:
	Proceeds from issuance	5,493		—
	Redemption	(2,669)		(3,854)
	Common stock repurchased	(15,123)		(9,569)
	Cash dividends paid	(7,203)		(7,228)
	Other financing activities, net	(919)		(313)
	Net cash provided by financing activities	59,901		97,137
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	4,919		201
	Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(43,607)		(37,484)
	Cash and cash equivalents at January 1	290,114		333,073
	Cash and cash equivalents at September 30	$	246,507	$	295,589

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

51 Bank of America

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Principles

Bank of America Corporation, a bank holding company and a financial holding company, provides a diverse range of financial services and products throughout the U.S. and in certain international markets. The term “the Corporation” as used herein may refer to Bank of America Corporation, individually, Bank of America Corporation and its subsidiaries, or certain of Bank of America Corporation’s subsidiaries or affiliates.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Corporation and its majority-owned subsidiaries and those variable interest entities (VIEs) where the Corporation is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Results of operations of acquired companies are included from the dates of acquisition, and for VIEs, from the dates that the Corporation became the primary beneficiary. Assets held in an agency or fiduciary capacity are not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Corporation accounts for investments in companies for which it

owns a voting interest and for which it has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financing decisions using the equity method of accounting. These investments, which include the Corporation’s interests in affordable housing and renewable energy partnerships, are recorded in other assets. Equity method investments are subject to impairment testing, and the Corporation’s proportionate share of income or loss is included in other income.

The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions.

These unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements, and related notes thereto, of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The nature of the Corporation’s business is such that the results of any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, which consist of normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the interim period results, have been made. The Corporation evaluates subsequent events through the date of filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Bank of America 52

NOTE 2 Net Interest Income and Noninterest Income

The table below presents the Corporation’s net interest income and noninterest income disaggregated by revenue source for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. For more information, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a disaggregation of noninterest income by business segment and All Other, see Note 17 – Business Segment Information.



	Three Months Ended September 30	Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)			2025		2024		2025		2024
Net interest income
Interest income
Loans and leases			$	16,191	$	15,725	$	47,065	$	46,303
Debt securities			6,958		6,833		20,638		19,295
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell			3,802		5,196		11,670		15,530
Trading account assets			3,195		2,726		9,260		7,697
Other interest income (1)			5,220		7,011		15,672		21,805
Total interest income			35,366		37,491		104,305		110,630

Interest expense
Deposits			8,932		10,125		26,245		28,918
Short-term borrowings			7,172		8,940		21,570		26,545
Trading account liabilities			672		538		2,055		1,624
Long-term debt			3,357		3,921		10,089		11,842
Total interest expense			20,133		23,524		59,959		68,929
Net interest income			$	15,233	$	13,967	$	44,346	$	41,701

Noninterest income
Fees and commissions
Card income
Interchange fees (2)			$	990	$	1,030	$	2,942	$	2,984
Other card income			639		588		1,851		1,678
Total card income			1,629		1,618		4,793		4,662
Service charges
Deposit-related fees			1,267		1,198		3,760		3,492
Lending-related fees			365		354		1,048		1,009
Total service charges			1,632		1,552		4,808		4,501
Investment and brokerage services
Asset management fees			3,972		3,533		11,408		10,173
Brokerage fees			1,091		1,013		3,248		2,880
Total investment and brokerage services			5,063		4,546		14,656		13,053
Investment banking fees
Underwriting income			992		742		2,568		2,512
Syndication fees			438		274		1,096		886
Financial advisory services			583		387		1,300		1,134
Total investment banking fees			2,013		1,403		4,964		4,532
Total fees and commissions			10,337		9,119		29,221		26,748
Market making and similar activities			3,203		3,278		9,940		10,464
Other income (loss)			(685)		(1,019)		(1,590)		(2,373)
Total noninterest income			$	12,855	$	11,378	$	37,571	$	34,839

(1)Includes interest income on interest-bearing deposits with the Federal Reserve, non-U.S. central banks and other banks of $2.7 billion and $4.1 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and $8.4 billion and $13.2 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(2)Gross interchange fees and merchant income were $3.4 billion for both the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and are presented net of $2.5 billion and $2.4 billion of expenses for rewards and partner payments as well as certain other card costs for the same periods. Gross interchange fees and merchant income were $10.2 billion and $10.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and are presented net of $7.3 billion and $7.1 billion of expenses for rewards and partner payments as well as certain other card costs for the same periods.

53 Bank of America

NOTE 3 Derivatives

Derivative Balances

Derivatives are entered into on behalf of customers, for trading or to support risk management activities. Derivatives used in risk management activities include derivatives that may or may not be designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships. Derivatives that are not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships are referred to as other risk management derivatives. For more information on the Corporation’s derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles and Note 3 –

Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following tables present derivative instruments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in derivative assets and liabilities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and have been reduced by cash collateral received or paid.



			September 30, 2025
			Gross Derivative Assets						Gross Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	Contract/ Notional (1)		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	26,751.3	$	73.8	$	6.3	$	80.1	$	69.3	$	7.8	$	77.1
Futures and forwards	4,796.8		3.8		—		3.8		3.1		—		3.1
Written options (2)	2,175.8		—		—		—		26.4		—		26.4
Purchased options (3)	2,021.3		28.2		—		28.2		—		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts
Swaps	2,859.8		38.0		0.1		38.1		32.5		—		32.5
Spot, futures and forwards	5,411.0		29.0		0.2		29.2		27.4		0.1		27.5
Written options (2)	808.5		—		—		—		8.9		—		8.9
Purchased options (3)	741.2		8.9		—		8.9		—		—		—
Equity contracts
Swaps	720.7		19.4		—		19.4		25.3		—		25.3
Futures and forwards	180.9		2.8		—		2.8		1.8		—		1.8
Written options (2)	1,071.3		—		—		—		81.3		—		81.3
Purchased options (3)	1,042.7		75.8		—		75.8		—		—		—
Commodity contracts
Swaps	73.4		2.2		—		2.2		4.1		—		4.1
Futures and forwards	164.0		6.4		—		6.4		4.3		0.8		5.1
Written options (2)	79.7		—		—		—		4.0		—		4.0
Purchased options (3)	80.5		3.1		—		3.1		—		—		—
Credit derivatives (4)
Purchased credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	482.0		1.6		—		1.6		3.7		—		3.7
Total return swaps/options	104.5		0.6		—		0.6		0.3		—		0.3
Written credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	452.7		2.6		—		2.6		1.3		—		1.3
Total return swaps/options	109.5		0.3		—		0.3		1.1		—		1.1
Gross derivative assets/liabilities			$	296.5	$	6.6	$	303.1	$	294.8	$	8.7	$	303.5
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements							(233.2)						(233.2)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid							(27.8)						(30.1)
Total derivative assets/liabilities							$	42.1					$	40.2

(1)Represents the total contract/notional amount of derivative assets and liabilities outstanding.

(2)Includes certain out-of-the-money purchased options that have a liability amount primarily due to the deferral of option premiums to the end of the contract.

(3)Includes certain out-of-the-money written options that have an asset amount primarily due to the deferral of option premiums to the end of the contract.

(4)The net derivative asset (liability) and notional amount of written credit derivatives for which the Corporation held purchased credit derivatives with identical underlying referenced names were $1.2 billion and $427.3 billion, respectively, at September 30, 2025.

Bank of America 54



			December 31, 2024
			Gross Derivative Assets						Gross Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	Contract/ Notional (1)		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	20,962.1	$	71.9	$	7.6	$	79.5	$	61.1	$	15.2	$	76.3
Futures and forwards	3,383.0		4.5		—		4.5		4.2		—		4.2
Written options (2)	1,931.2		—		—		—		29.0		—		29.0
Purchased options (3)	1,789.1		29.2		—		29.2		—		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts
Swaps	2,204.0		46.8		0.1		46.9		47.4		—		47.4
Spot, futures and forwards	4,273.5		55.4		2.1		57.5		52.4		0.4		52.8
Written options (2)	652.6		—		—		—		10.7		—		10.7
Purchased options (3)	578.3		10.5		—		10.5		—		—		—
Equity contracts
Swaps	520.4		12.8		—		12.8		14.2		—		14.2
Futures and forwards	129.0		2.3		—		2.3		1.5		—		1.5
Written options (2)	831.6		—		—		—		55.1		—		55.1
Purchased options (3)	770.1		50.1		—		50.1		—		—		—
Commodity contracts
Swaps	64.8		2.1		—		2.1		3.6		—		3.6
Futures and forwards	165.8		4.0		—		4.0		2.3		0.8		3.1
Written options (2)	69.5		—		—		—		2.7		—		2.7
Purchased options (3)	75.2		2.9		—		2.9		—		—		—
Credit derivatives (4)
Purchased credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	408.3		1.7		—		1.7		2.6		—		2.6
Total return swaps/options	98.0		1.0		—		1.0		0.7		—		0.7
Written credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	388.2		2.0		—		2.0		1.6		—		1.6
Total return swaps/options	81.4		1.1		—		1.1		0.2		—		0.2
Gross derivative assets/liabilities			$	298.3	$	9.8	$	308.1	$	289.3	$	16.4	$	305.7
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements							(237.1)						(237.1)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid							(30.1)						(29.2)
Total derivative assets/liabilities							$	40.9					$	39.4

(1)Represents the total contract/notional amount of derivative assets and liabilities outstanding.

(2)Includes certain out-of-the-money purchased options that have a liability amount primarily due to the deferral of option premiums to the end of the contract.

(3)Includes certain out-of-the-money written options that have an asset amount primarily due to the deferral of option premiums to the end of the contract.

(4)The net derivative asset (liability) and notional amount of written credit derivatives for which the Corporation held purchased credit derivatives with identical underlying referenced names were $406 million and $361.2 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2024.

Offsetting of Derivatives

The Corporation enters into International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) master netting agreements or similar agreements with substantially all of the Corporation’s derivative counterparties. For more information, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table presents derivative instruments included in derivative assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by primary risk (e.g., interest rate risk) and the platform, where

applicable, on which these derivatives are transacted. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting. Total gross derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements, which include reducing the balance for counterparty netting and cash collateral received or paid.

For more information on offsetting of securities financing agreements, see Note 9 – Securities Financing Agreements, Collateral and Restricted Cash.

55 Bank of America



Offsetting of Derivatives (1)

	Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
Interest rate contracts
Over-the-counter	$	106.6	$	100.0	$	108.8	$	103.9
Exchange-traded	—		0.1		0.1		0.1
Over-the-counter cleared	5.1		4.7		3.4		3.6
Foreign exchange contracts
Over-the-counter	73.9		67.0		112.7		109.1
Over-the-counter cleared	1.0		1.1		0.5		0.5
Equity contracts
Over-the-counter	35.4		48.4		24.6		31.1
Exchange-traded	61.4		58.4		39.8		38.5
Commodity contracts
Over-the-counter	9.0		10.1		6.2		7.0
Exchange-traded	1.9		1.9		2.0		1.6
Over-the-counter cleared	0.3		0.5		0.3		0.5
Credit derivatives
Over-the-counter	5.0		6.2		5.8		5.0

Total gross derivative assets/liabilities, before netting
Over-the-counter	229.9		231.7		258.1		256.1
Exchange-traded	63.3		60.4		41.9		40.2
Over-the-counter cleared	6.4		6.3		4.2		4.6
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received/paid
Over-the-counter	(196.1)		(198.8)		(224.2)		(223.5)
Exchange-traded	(58.8)		(58.8)		(39.0)		(39.0)
Over-the-counter cleared	(6.1)		(5.7)		(4.0)		(3.8)
Derivative assets/liabilities, after netting	38.6		35.1		37.0		34.6
Other gross derivative assets/liabilities (2)	3.5		5.1		3.9		4.8
Total derivative assets/liabilities	42.1		40.2		40.9		39.4
Less: Financial instruments collateral (3)	(19.5)		(17.2)		(18.1)		(14.2)
Total net derivative assets/liabilities	$	22.6	$	23.0	$	22.8	$	25.2

(1)Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives include bilateral transactions between the Corporation and a particular counterparty. Over-the-counter cleared derivatives include bilateral transactions between the Corporation and a counterparty where the transaction is cleared through a clearinghouse. Exchange-traded derivatives include listed options transacted on an exchange.

(2)Consists of derivatives entered into under master netting agreements where the enforceability of these agreements is uncertain under bankruptcy laws in some countries or industries.

(3)Amounts are limited to the derivative asset/liability balance and, accordingly, do not include excess collateral received/pledged. Financial instruments collateral includes securities collateral received or pledged and cash securities held and posted at third-party custodians that are not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet but shown as a reduction to derive net derivative assets and liabilities.

Derivatives Designated as Accounting Hedges

The Corporation uses various types of interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts to protect against changes in the fair value of its assets and liabilities due to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates (fair value hedges). The Corporation also uses these types of contracts to protect against changes in the cash flows of its assets and liabilities, and other forecasted transactions (cash flow hedges). The Corporation hedges its net investment in consolidated non-U.S.

operations determined to have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar using forward exchange contracts and cross-currency basis swaps, and by issuing foreign currency- denominated debt (net investment hedges).

Fair Value Hedges

The table below summarizes information related to fair value hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.



Gains and Losses on Derivatives and Hedged Items Designated in Fair Value Hedges



	Derivative		Hedged Item		Derivative		Hedged Item
(Dollars in millions)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2025				Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Interest rate risk on long-term debt (1)	$	300	$	(289)	$	6,091	$	(6,090)
Interest rate and foreign currency risk (2)	125		(126)		(576)		581
Interest rate risk on available-for-sale securities (3)	(376)		363		(6,453)		6,446
Price risk on commodity inventory (4)	(780)		780		(337)		337
Total	$	(731)	$	728	$	(1,275)	$	1,274

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Interest rate risk on long-term debt (1)	$	4,144	$	(4,136)	$	2,501	$	(2,519)
Interest rate and foreign currency risk (2)	(242)		241		47		(33)
Interest rate risk on available-for-sale securities (3)	(5,569)		5,475		(3,648)		3,620
Price risk on commodity inventory (4)	(2,078)		2,078		(723)		723
Total	$	(3,745)	$	3,658	$	(1,823)	$	1,791

(1)Amounts are recorded in interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(2)Represents cross-currency interest rate swaps related to available-for-sale debt securities and long-term debt. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the derivative amount includes gains (losses) of $4 million and $(3) million in interest income, $123 million and $(235) million in market making and similar activities, and $(2) million and $(4) million in accumulated other comprehensive income (OCI). For the same periods in 2024, the derivative amount includes gains (losses) of $(6) million and $11 million in interest income, $(577) million and $20 million in market making and similar activities, and $7 million and $16 million in accumulated OCI. Line item totals are in the Consolidated Statement of Income and on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(3)Amounts are recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(4)Amounts are recorded in market making and similar activities in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Bank of America 56

The table below summarizes the carrying value of hedged assets and liabilities that are designated in fair value hedging relationships, along with the cumulative amount of gains and losses on the hedged assets and liabilities that are included in their carrying value. There is no impact to earnings for the cumulative amount of these fair value hedging adjustments as long as the hedging relationships remain open through the

hedged period. Instead, the open hedges have the effect of synthetically converting the hedged assets and liabilities into variable-rate instruments. If an open hedge is de-designated prior to the derivative’s maturity, any cumulative fair value adjustments at the de-designation date are then amortized or accreted into earnings over the remaining life of the hedged assets or liabilities.



Designated Fair Value Hedged Assets and Liabilities

	September 30, 2025				December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Value		Cumulative Fair Value Adjustments (1)		Carrying Value		Cumulative Fair Value Adjustments (1)

Long-term debt	$	178,585	$	12	$	188,202	$	(7,263)
Available-for-sale debt securities (2, 3)	254,760		481		244,664		(4,764)
Trading account assets (4)	6,246		313		3,639		101

(1)Increase (decrease) to carrying value.

(2)These amounts include the amortized cost of the financial assets in closed portfolios used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is a stated layer that is expected to be remaining at the end of the hedging relationship (i.e. portfolio layer hedging relationship). At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amortized cost of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $34.7 billion and $34.8 billion, of which $23.1 billion and $26.1 billion were designated in a portfolio layer hedging relationship. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the cumulative adjustment associated with these hedging relationships was an increase of $52 million and a decrease of $435 million.

(3)Carrying value represents amortized cost.

(4)Represents hedging activities related to certain commodities inventory.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value adjustments from de-designated long-term debt hedges decreased the long-term debt carrying value by $13.3 billion and $11.2 billion. The fair value adjustments from de-designated available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities hedges decreased the AFS debt securities carrying value by $3.3 billion and $4.4 billion. The fair value adjustments are being amortized or accreted into interest over the contractual lives of the assets or liabilities.

Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges

The table below summarizes certain information related to cash flow hedges and net investment hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Of the $2.4 billion after-tax net loss ($3.2 billion pretax) on derivatives in

accumulated OCI at September 30, 2025, losses of $2.0 billion after-tax ($2.6 billion pretax) related to both open and closed cash flow hedges are expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months. These net losses reclassified into earnings are expected to primarily decrease net interest income related to the respective hedged items. For open cash flow hedges, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately four years. For terminated cash flow hedges, the time period over which the forecasted transactions will be recognized in interest income is approximately three years, with the aggregated amount beyond this time period being insignificant.



Gains and Losses on Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges



	Gains (Losses) Recognized in Accumulated OCI on Derivatives	Gains (Losses) in Income Reclassified from Accumulated OCI	Gains (Losses) Recognized in Accumulated OCI on Derivatives	Gains (Losses) in Income Reclassified from Accumulated OCI
(Dollars in millions, amounts pretax)					Three Months Ended September 30, 2025				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Cash flow hedges
Interest rate risk on variable-rate portfolios (1)					$	513	$	(384)	$	3,095	$	(1,154)
Price risk on forecasted MBS purchases (1)					—		(2)		—		(6)
Price risk on certain compensation plans (2)					—		5		1		17
Total					$	513	$	(381)	$	3,096	$	(1,143)
Net investment hedges
Foreign exchange risk (3)					$	227	$	—	$	(2,878)	$	—

					Three Months Ended September 30, 2024				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Cash flow hedges
Interest rate risk on variable-rate portfolios (1)					$	2,863	$	(905)	$	1,808	$	(2,301)
Price risk on forecasted MBS purchases (1)					—		(2)		—		(6)
Price risk on certain compensation plans (2)					8		8		27		25
Total					$	2,871	$	(899)	$	1,835	$	(2,282)
Net investment hedges
Foreign exchange risk (3)					$	(1,100)	$	(140)	$	292	$	(140)

(1)Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(2)Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in compensation and benefits expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(3)Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in other income in the Consolidated Statement of Income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, amounts excluded from effectiveness testing and recognized in market making and similar activities were gains of $98 million and $125 million. For the same periods in 2024, amounts excluded from effectiveness testing and recognized in market making and similar activities were gains of $72 million and $178 million.

57 Bank of America

Other Risk Management Derivatives

Other risk management derivatives are used by the Corporation to reduce certain risk exposures by economically hedging various assets and liabilities. The table below presents gains (losses) on these derivatives for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. These gains (losses) are largely offset by the income or expense recorded on the hedged item.



Gains and Losses on Other Risk Management Derivatives

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Interest rate risk on mortgage activities (1, 2)	$	18	$	55	$	58	$	15
Credit risk on loans (2)	(20)		(15)		(42)		(30)
Interest rate and foreign currency risk on asset and liability management activities (3)	623		(1,221)		(1,863)		(1,048)
Price risk on certain compensation plans (4)	264		152		445		447

(1)Includes hedges of interest rate risk on mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) and interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) to originate mortgage loans that will be held for sale.

(2)Gains (losses) on these derivatives are recorded in other income.

(3)Gains (losses) on these derivatives are recorded in market making and similar activities.

(4)Gains (losses) on these derivatives are recorded in compensation and benefits expense.

Transfers of Financial Assets with Risk Retained through Derivatives

The Corporation enters into certain transactions involving the transfer of financial assets that are accounted for as sales where substantially all of the economic exposure to the transferred financial assets is retained through derivatives (e.g., interest rate and/or credit), but the Corporation does not retain control over the assets transferred. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation had transferred $4.0 billion and $3.9 billion of non-U.S. government-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities to a third-party trust and retained economic exposure to the transferred assets through derivative contracts. In connection with these transfers, the Corporation received gross cash proceeds of $4.0 billion and $3.9 billion at the transfer dates. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of the transferred securities was $3.9 billion and $3.6 billion.

Sales and Trading Revenue

The Corporation enters into trading derivatives to facilitate client transactions and to manage risk exposures arising from trading

account assets and liabilities. It is the Corporation’s policy to include these derivative instruments in its trading activities, which include derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments. The resulting risk from these derivatives is managed on a portfolio basis as part of the Corporation’s Global Markets business segment. For more information on sales and trading revenue, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The table below, which includes both derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments, identifies the amounts in the respective income statement line items attributable to the Corporation’s sales and trading revenue in Global Markets, categorized by primary risk, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. This table includes debit valuation adjustment (DVA) and funding valuation adjustment (FVA) gains (losses). Global Markets results in Note 17 – Business Segment Information are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) basis. The following table is not presented on an FTE basis.



Sales and Trading Revenue

	Market making and similar activities		Net Interest Income		Other (1)		Total		Market making and similar activities		Net Interest Income		Other (1)		Total
(Dollars in millions)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2025								Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Interest rate risk	$	277	$	813	$	120	$	1,210	$	1,255	$	2,179	$	372	$	3,806
Foreign exchange risk	501		(8)		24		517		1,610		17		66		1,693
Equity risk	1,911		(187)		546		2,270		5,769		(826)		1,658		6,601
Credit risk	362		668		86		1,116		1,040		2,026		427		3,493
Other risk (2)	86		11		(3)		94		368		(37)		(18)		313
Total sales and trading revenue	$	3,137	$	1,297	$	773	$	5,207	$	10,042	$	3,359	$	2,505	$	15,906

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024								Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Interest rate risk	$	612	$	364	$	90	$	1,066	$	2,024	$	839	$	275	$	3,138
Foreign exchange risk	482		36		48		566		1,368		99		87		1,554
Equity risk	1,839		(342)		498		1,995		5,540		(1,110)		1,375		5,805
Credit risk	323		618		142		1,083		1,145		1,822		471		3,438
Other risk (2)	92		25		(159)		(42)		318		85		(190)		213
Total sales and trading revenue	$	3,348	$	701	$	619	$	4,668	$	10,395	$	1,735	$	2,018	$	14,148

(1)Represents amounts in investment and brokerage services and other income that are recorded in Global Markets and included in the definition of sales and trading revenue. Includes investment and brokerage services revenue of $614 million and $1.9 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $562 million and $1.6 billion for the same periods in 2024.

(2)Includes commodity risk.

Bank of America 58

Credit Derivatives

The Corporation enters into credit derivatives primarily to facilitate client transactions and to manage credit risk exposures. Credit derivatives are classified as investment and non-investment grade based on the credit quality of the underlying referenced obligation. The Corporation considers ratings of BBB- or higher as investment grade. Non-investment grade includes non-rated credit derivative instruments. The Corporation discloses internal categorizations of investment

grade and non-investment grade consistent with how risk is managed for these instruments. For more information on credit derivatives, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Credit derivative instruments where the Corporation is the seller of credit protection and their expiration at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized in the table below.



Credit Derivative Instruments

	Less than One Year		One to Three Years		Three to Five Years		Over Five Years		Total
	September 30, 2025
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Value
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	18	$	24
Non-investment grade	5		151		714		438		1,308
Total	5		151		720		456		1,332
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	25		2		—		—		27
Non-investment grade	978		57		75		1		1,111
Total	1,003		59		75		1		1,138
Total credit derivatives	$	1,008	$	210	$	795	$	457	$	2,470
Credit-related notes:
Investment grade	$	—	$	—	$	3	$	354	$	357
Non-investment grade	10		1		24		1,485		1,520
Total credit-related notes	$	10	$	1	$	27	$	1,839	$	1,877
	Maximum Payout/Notional
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	42,992	$	96,869	$	144,079	$	51,609	$	335,549
Non-investment grade	18,045		35,559		51,451		12,047		117,102
Total	61,037		132,428		195,530		63,656		452,651
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	63,010		1,559		1,264		453		66,286
Non-investment grade	41,402		1,112		622		125		43,261
Total	104,412		2,671		1,886		578		109,547
Total credit derivatives	$	165,449	$	135,099	$	197,416	$	64,234	$	562,198

	December 31, 2024
	Carrying Value
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	—	$	3	$	24	$	16	$	43
Non-investment grade	33		304		752		441		1,530
Total	33		307		776		457		1,573
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	93		—		—		—		93
Non-investment grade	145		—		—		—		145
Total	238		—		—		—		238
Total credit derivatives	$	271	$	307	$	776	$	457	$	1,811
Credit-related notes:
Investment grade	$	—	$	—	$	9	$	715	$	724
Non-investment grade	5		5		37		1,119		1,166
Total credit-related notes	$	5	$	5	$	46	$	1,834	$	1,890
	Maximum Payout/Notional
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	35,634	$	87,302	$	150,225	$	21,482	$	294,643
Non-investment grade	15,070		30,255		43,969		4,233		93,527
Total	50,704		117,557		194,194		25,715		388,170
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	54,041		1,288		1,185		238		56,752
Non-investment grade	22,762		1,452		292		98		24,604
Total	76,803		2,740		1,477		336		81,356
Total credit derivatives	$	127,507	$	120,297	$	195,671	$	26,051	$	469,526

The notional amount represents the maximum amount payable by the Corporation for most credit derivatives. However, the Corporation does not monitor its exposure to credit derivatives based solely on the notional amount because this

measure does not take into consideration the probability of occurrence. As such, the notional amount is not a reliable indicator of the Corporation’s exposure to these contracts. Instead, a risk framework is used to define risk tolerances and

59 Bank of America

establish limits so that certain credit risk-related losses occur within acceptable, predefined limits.

Credit-related notes in the table above include investments in securities issued by collateralized debt obligation (CDO), collateralized loan obligation (CLO) and credit-linked note vehicles. These instruments are primarily classified as trading securities. The carrying value of these instruments equals the Corporation’s maximum exposure to loss. The Corporation is not obligated to make any payments to the entities under the terms of the securities owned.

Credit-related Contingent Features and Collateral

Certain of the Corporation’s derivative contracts contain credit risk-related contingent features, primarily in the form of ISDA master netting agreements and credit support documentation that enhance the creditworthiness of these instruments compared to other obligations of the respective counterparty with whom the Corporation has transacted. These contingent features may be for the benefit of the Corporation as well as its counterparties with respect to changes in the Corporation’s creditworthiness and the mark-to-market exposure under the derivative transactions. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation held cash and securities collateral of $117.9 billion and $105.9 billion and posted cash and securities collateral of $97.2 billion and $83.1 billion in the normal course of business under derivative agreements, excluding cross-product margining agreements where clients are permitted to margin on a net basis for both derivative and secured financing arrangements.

In connection with certain OTC derivative contracts and other trading agreements, the Corporation can be required to provide additional collateral or to terminate transactions with certain counterparties in the event of a downgrade of the senior debt ratings of the Corporation or certain subsidiaries. The amount of additional collateral required depends on the contract and is usually a fixed incremental amount and/or the market value of the exposure. For more information on credit-related contingent features and collateral, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

At September 30, 2025, the amount of collateral, calculated based on the terms of the contracts, that the Corporation and certain subsidiaries could be required to post to counterparties but had not yet posted to counterparties was $3.2 billion, including $1.7 billion for Bank of America, National Association (BANA).

Some counterparties are currently able to unilaterally terminate certain contracts, or the Corporation or certain subsidiaries may be required to take other action such as find a suitable replacement or obtain a guarantee. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the liability recorded for these derivative contracts was not significant.

The table below presents the amount of additional collateral that would have been contractually required by derivative contracts and other trading agreements at September 30, 2025 if the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for the Corporation or certain subsidiaries by one incremental notch and by an additional second incremental notch. The table also presents derivative liabilities that would be subject to unilateral termination by counterparties upon downgrade of the Corporation's or certain subsidiaries’ long-term senior debt ratings.



Additional Collateral Required to be Posted and Derivative Liabilities Subject to Unilateral Termination Upon Downgrade at September 30, 2025

(Dollars in millions)	One Incremental Notch		Second Incremental Notch
Additional collateral required to be posted upon downgrade
Bank of America Corporation	$	136	$	869
Bank of America, N.A. and subsidiaries (1)	54		741

Derivative liabilities subject to unilateral termination upon downgrade
Derivative liabilities	$	18	$	57
Collateral posted	16		42

(1)Included in Bank of America Corporation collateral requirements in this table.

Valuation Adjustments on Derivatives

The table below presents credit valuation adjustment (CVA), DVA and FVA gains (losses) on derivatives (excluding the effect of any related hedge activities), which are recorded in market making and similar activities, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. For more information on the valuation adjustments on derivatives, see Note 3 – Derivatives to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.



Valuation Adjustments Gains (Losses) on Derivatives (1)

	Three Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024
Derivative assets (CVA)	$	42	$	(32)
Derivative assets/liabilities (FVA)	17		(12)
Derivative liabilities (DVA)	16		2

	Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024
Derivative assets (CVA)	$	(22)	$	(1)
Derivative assets/liabilities (FVA)	(29)		(27)
Derivative liabilities (DVA)	13		(40)

(1)At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, cumulative CVA reduced the derivative assets balance by $350 million and $328 million, cumulative FVA reduced the net derivative balance by $95 million and $66 million and cumulative DVA reduced the derivative liabilities balance by $285 million and $272 million.

Bank of America 60

NOTE 4 Securities

The table below presents the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of AFS debt securities, other debt securities carried at fair value and held-to-maturity (HTM) debt securities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Debt Securities

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025								December 31, 2024
Available-for-sale debt securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	$	33,308	$	15	$	(1,383)	$	31,940	$	32,781	$	35	$	(1,614)	$	31,202
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	20,418		14		(150)		20,282		19,519		17		(218)		19,318
Commercial	32,335		112		(424)		32,023		26,032		73		(503)		25,602
Non-agency residential (1)	275		54		(54)		275		287		50		(52)		285
Total mortgage-backed securities	86,336		195		(2,011)		84,520		78,619		175		(2,387)		76,407
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	267,405		198		(970)		266,633		235,582		150		(1,153)		234,579
Non-U.S. securities	28,045		45		(13)		28,077		22,453		20		(42)		22,431

Other taxable securities	3,093		10		(29)		3,074		4,646		2		(45)		4,603

Tax-exempt securities	8,145		19		(175)		7,989		8,628		17		(233)		8,412
Total available-for-sale debt securities	393,024		467		(3,198)		390,293		349,928		364		(3,860)		346,432
Other debt securities carried at fair value (2)	14,272		162		(91)		14,343		12,352		59		(236)		12,175
Total debt securities carried at fair value	407,296		629		(3,289)		404,636		362,280		423		(4,096)		358,607
Held-to-maturity debt securities

Agency mortgage-backed securities	403,854		—		(71,037)		332,817		430,135		—		(88,458)		341,677




U.S. Treasury and government agencies	121,232		—		(13,093)		108,139		121,696		—		(18,661)		103,035


Other taxable securities	6,363		2		(777)		5,588		6,882		1		(1,047)		5,836


Total held-to-maturity debt securities	531,449		2		(84,907)		446,544		558,713		1		(108,166)		450,548
Total debt securities (3,4)	$	938,745	$	631	$	(88,196)	$	851,180	$	920,993	$	424	$	(112,262)	$	809,155

(1)At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the underlying collateral type included approximately 26 percent and 25 percent prime and 74 percent and 75 percent subprime.

(2)Primarily includes non-U.S. securities used to satisfy certain international regulatory requirements. Any changes in value are reported in market making and similar activities. For detail on the components, see Note 14 – Fair Value Measurements.

(3)Includes securities pledged as collateral of $165.4 billion and $184.6 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(4)The Corporation held debt securities from Fannie Mae (FNMA) and Freddie Mac (FHLMC) that each exceeded 10 percent of shareholders’ equity, with an amortized cost of $246.2 billion and $157.6 billion, and a fair value of $205.0 billion and $131.4 billion at September 30, 2025, and an amortized cost of $260.9 billion and $169.0 billion, and a fair value of $209.6 billion and $136.5 billion at December 31, 2024.

At September 30, 2025, the accumulated net unrealized loss on AFS debt securities, excluding the amount related to debt securities previously transferred to held to maturity, included in accumulated OCI was $2.0 billion, net of the related income tax benefit of $666 million. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, nonperforming AFS debt securities held by the Corporation were not significant.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $883.5 billion and $871.1 billion of AFS and HTM debt securities, which were predominantly U.S. agency and U.S. Treasury securities, have a zero credit loss assumption. For the same periods, the expected credit losses on the remaining $41.0 billion and $37.5 billion of AFS and HTM debt securities were insignificant. For more information on the zero credit loss assumption, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation held equity securities at an aggregate fair value of $252 million and $247 million and other equity securities, as valued under the measurement alternative, at a carrying value

of $478 million and $438 million, both of which are included in other assets. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation also held money market investments at a fair value of $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion, which are included in time deposits placed and other short-term investments.

The gross realized gains and losses on sales of AFS debt securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are presented in the table below.



Gains and Losses on Sales of AFS Debt Securities

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Gross gains	$	34	$	4	$	50	$	19
Gross losses	(37)		(23)		(73)		(25)
Net gains (losses) on sales of AFS debt securities	$	(3)	$	(19)	$	(23)	$	(6)
Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to realized net gains (losses) on sales of AFS debt securities	$	(1)	$	(5)	$	(6)	$	(1)

61 Bank of America

The table below presents the fair value and the associated gross unrealized losses on AFS debt securities and whether these securities have had gross unrealized losses for less than 12 months or for 12 months or longer at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Substantially all of the unrealized losses relate to debt securities that have a zero credit loss assumption.



Total AFS Debt Securities in a Continuous Unrealized Loss Position

	Less than Twelve Months				Twelve Months or Longer				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
Continuously unrealized loss-positioned AFS debt securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	$	8,797	$	(17)	$	19,137	$	(1,366)	$	27,934	$	(1,383)
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	5,690		(9)		2,037		(141)		7,727		(150)
Commercial	9,474		(37)		5,821		(387)		15,295		(424)
Non-agency residential	—		—		154		(54)		154		(54)
Total mortgage-backed securities	23,961		(63)		27,149		(1,948)		51,110		(2,011)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	43,485		(47)		102,604		(923)		146,089		(970)
Non-U.S. securities	5,704		(2)		3,557		(11)		9,261		(13)

Other taxable securities	815		(3)		918		(26)		1,733		(29)

Tax-exempt securities	401		—		1,601		(175)		2,002		(175)



Total AFS debt securities in a continuous unrealized loss position	$	74,366	$	(115)	$	135,829	$	(3,083)	$	210,195	$	(3,198)

	December 31, 2024
Continuously unrealized loss-positioned AFS debt securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	$	2,908	$	(22)	$	20,085	$	(1,592)	$	22,993	$	(1,614)
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	9,597		(21)		1,493		(197)		11,090		(218)
Commercial	11,486		(57)		4,667		(446)		16,153		(503)
Non-agency residential	—		—		160		(52)		160		(52)
Total mortgage-backed securities	23,991		(100)		26,405		(2,287)		50,396		(2,387)
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	75,753		(135)		69,027		(1,018)		144,780		(1,153)
Non-U.S. securities	3,367		(26)		4,906		(16)		8,273		(42)

Other taxable securities	3,192		(5)		814		(40)		4,006		(45)

Tax-exempt securities	1,025		(20)		2,194		(213)		3,219		(233)



Total AFS debt securities in a continuous unrealized loss position	$	107,328	$	(286)	$	103,346	$	(3,574)	$	210,674	$	(3,860)

Bank of America 62

The remaining contractual maturity distribution and yields of the Corporation’s debt securities carried at fair value and HTM debt securities at September 30, 2025 are summarized in the table below. Actual duration and yields may differ as prepayments on the loans underlying the mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or other asset-backed securities (ABS) are passed through to the Corporation.



Maturities of Debt Securities Carried at Fair Value and Held-to-maturity Debt Securities

	Due in One Year or Less				Due after One Year through Five Years				Due after Five Years through Ten Years				Due after Ten Years				Total
(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)		Amount		Yield (1)
Amortized cost of debt securities carried at fair value
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	$	—	—	%	$	4	2.71	%	$	5	4.06	%	$	33,299	4.57	%	$	33,308	4.57	%
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	—		—		—		—		1		1.00		20,417		5.21		20,418		5.21
Commercial	127		2.80		13,023		4.18		16,980		4.37		2,217		3.61		32,347		4.23
Non-agency residential	—		—		—		—		—		—		546		11.80		546		11.80
Total mortgage-backed securities	127		2.80		13,027		4.18		16,986		4.37		56,479		4.84		86,619		4.64
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	53,681		4.40		201,148		3.66		14,987		3.13		34		3.98		269,850		3.78
Non-U.S. securities	24,607		2.83		4,570		1.78		5,428		4.11		4,984		3.47		39,589		2.97

Other taxable securities	593		5.44		1,808		4.92		363		3.78		329		4.40		3,093		4.83

Tax-exempt securities	648		2.99		2,894		3.54		868		3.17		3,735		3.69		8,145		3.53
Total amortized cost of debt securities carried at fair value	$	79,656	3.91		$	223,447	3.66		$	38,632	3.82		$	65,561	4.66		$	407,296	3.89
Amortized cost of HTM debt securities

Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%	$	53	2.89	%	$	403,801	2.11	%	$	403,854	2.11	%




U.S. Treasury and government agencies	—		—		61,817		1.39		59,415		1.39		—		—		121,232		1.39


Other taxable securities	688		1.85		384		3.04		238		2.53		5,053		2.53		6,363		2.49


Total amortized cost of HTM debt securities	$	688	1.85		$	62,201	1.40		$	59,706	1.39		$	408,854	2.12		$	531,449	1.95

Debt securities carried at fair value
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	$	—			$	4			$	6			$	31,930			$	31,940
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	—				—				1				20,281				20,282
Commercial	126				13,002				16,870				2,036				32,034
Non-agency residential	—				—				—				528				528
Total mortgage-backed securities	126				13,006				16,877				54,775				84,784
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	53,793				200,497				14,755				32				269,077
Non-U.S. securities	24,717				4,576				5,431				4,985				39,709

Other taxable securities	593				1,809				354				321				3,077

Tax-exempt securities	648				2,883				870				3,588				7,989
Total debt securities carried at fair value	$	79,877			$	222,771			$	38,287			$	63,701			$	404,636
Fair value of HTM debt securities

Agency mortgage-backed securities	$	—			$	—			$	50			$	332,767			$	332,817




U.S. Treasury and government agencies	—				55,658				52,481				—				108,139


Other taxable securities	681				375				194				4,338				5,588


Total fair value of HTM debt securities	$	681			$	56,033			$	52,725			$	337,105			$	446,544

(1)The weighted-average yield is computed based on a constant effective yield over the contractual life of each security. The yield considers the contractual coupon and the amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, excluding the effect of related open hedging derivatives.

63 Bank of America

NOTE 5 Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following tables present total outstanding loans and leases and an aging analysis for the Consumer Real Estate, Credit Card and Other Consumer, and Commercial portfolio segments, by class of financing receivables, at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



	30-59 Days Past Due (1)			60-89 Days Past Due (1)			90 Days or More Past Due (1)			Total Past Due 30 Days or More			Total Current or Less Than 30 Days Past Due (1)			Loans Accounted for Under the Fair Value Option			Total Outstandings
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
Consumer real estate






Residential mortgage	$	1,273		$	302		$	716		$	2,291		$	233,138					$	235,429
Home equity	86			32			114			232			26,250						26,482
Credit card and other consumer
Credit card	683			521			1,260			2,464			99,645						102,109

Direct/Indirect consumer (2)	328			104			104			536			110,876						111,412
Other consumer	—			—			—			—			169						169
Total consumer	2,370			959			2,194			5,523			470,078						475,601
Consumer loans accounted for under the fair value option (3)																$	165		165
Total consumer loans and leases	2,370			959			2,194			5,523			470,078			165			475,766
Commercial

U.S. commercial	598			312			694			1,604			427,598						429,202
Non-U.S. commercial	42			10			83			135			148,572						148,707
Commercial real estate (4)	152			125			697			974			66,012						66,986
Commercial lease financing	37			36			58			131			16,151						16,282
U.S. small business commercial	191			92			202			485			21,943						22,428
Total commercial	1,020			575			1,734			3,329			680,276						683,605
Commercial loans accounted for under the fair value option (3)																6,529			6,529
Total commercial loans and leases	1,020			575			1,734			3,329			680,276			6,529			690,134
Total loans and leases (5)	$	3,390		$	1,534		$	3,928		$	8,852		$	1,150,354		$	6,694		$	1,165,900
Percentage of outstandings	0.29		%	0.13		%	0.34		%	0.76		%	98.67		%	0.57		%	100.00		%

(1)Consumer real estate loans 30-59 days past due includes fully-insured loans of $178 million and nonperforming loans of $173 million. Consumer real estate loans 60-89 days past due includes fully-insured loans of $60 million and nonperforming loans of $102 million. Consumer real estate loans 90 days or more past due includes fully-insured loans of $201 million and nonperforming loans of $630 million. Consumer real estate loans current or less than 30 days past due includes $1.5 billion, and direct/indirect consumer includes $49 million of nonperforming loans.

(2)Total outstandings primarily includes auto and specialty lending loans and leases of $55.1 billion, U.S. securities-based lending loans of $52.5 billion and non-U.S. consumer loans of $3.0 billion.

(3)Consumer loans accounted for under the fair value option includes residential mortgage loans of $59 million and home equity loans of $106 million. Commercial loans accounted for under the fair value option includes U.S. commercial loans of $2.2 billion and non-U.S. commercial loans of $4.3 billion. For more information, see Note 14 – Fair Value Measurements and Note 15 – Fair Value Option.

(4)Total outstandings includes U.S. commercial real estate loans of $61.1 billion and non-U.S. commercial real estate loans of $5.9 billion.

(5)Total outstandings includes loans and leases pledged as collateral of $40.8 billion. The Corporation also pledged $309.7 billion of loans with no related outstanding borrowings to secure potential borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank.

Bank of America 64



	30-59 Days Past Due (1)			60-89 Days Past Due (1)			90 Days or More Past Due (1)			Total Past Due 30 Days or More			Total Current or Less Than 30 Days Past Due (1)			Loans Accounted for Under the Fair Value Option			Total Outstandings
(Dollars in millions)	December 31, 2024
Consumer real estate






Residential mortgage	$	1,222		$	288		$	788		$	2,298		$	225,901					$	228,199
Home equity	80			40			127			247			25,490						25,737
Credit card and other consumer
Credit card	685			552			1,401			2,638			100,928						103,566

Direct/Indirect consumer (2)	290			113			106			509			106,613						107,122
Other consumer	—			—			—			—			151						151
Total consumer	2,277			993			2,422			5,692			459,083						464,775
Consumer loans accounted for under the fair value option (3)																$	221		221
Total consumer loans and leases	2,277			993			2,422			5,692			459,083			221			464,996
Commercial

U.S. commercial	910			228			345			1,483			385,507						386,990
Non-U.S. commercial	65			17			4			86			137,432						137,518
Commercial real estate (4)	640			121			990			1,751			63,979						65,730
Commercial lease financing	32			9			19			60			15,648						15,708
U.S. small business commercial	190			94			199			483			20,382						20,865
Total commercial	1,837			469			1,557			3,863			622,948						626,811
Commercial loans accounted for under the fair value option (3)																4,028			4,028
Total commercial loans and leases	1,837			469			1,557			3,863			622,948			4,028			630,839


Total loans and leases (5)	$	4,114		$	1,462		$	3,979		$	9,555		$	1,082,031		$	4,249		$	1,095,835
Percentage of outstandings	0.38		%	0.13		%	0.36		%	0.87		%	98.74		%	0.39		%	100.00		%

(1)Consumer real estate loans 30-59 days past due includes fully-insured loans of $188 million and nonperforming loans of $174 million. Consumer real estate loans 60-89 days past due includes fully-insured loans of $71 million and nonperforming loans of $107 million. Consumer real estate loans 90 days or more past due includes fully-insured loans of $229 million and nonperforming loans of $686 million. Consumer real estate loans current or less than 30 days past due includes $1.5 billion, and direct/indirect consumer includes $54 million of nonperforming loans.

(2)Total outstandings primarily includes auto and specialty lending loans and leases of $54.9 billion, U.S. securities-based lending loans of $48.7 billion and non-U.S. consumer loans of $2.8 billion.

(3)Consumer loans accounted for under the fair value option includes residential mortgage loans of $59 million and home equity loans of $162 million. Commercial loans accounted for under the fair value option includes U.S. commercial loans of $2.8 billion and non-U.S. commercial loans of $1.3 billion. For more information, see Note 14 – Fair Value Measurements and Note 15 – Fair Value Option.

(4)Total outstandings includes U.S. commercial real estate loans of $59.6 billion and non-U.S. commercial real estate loans of $6.1 billion.

(5)Total outstandings includes loans and leases pledged as collateral of $26.8 billion. The Corporation also pledged $305.2 billion of loans with no related outstanding borrowings to secure potential borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank.

The Corporation has entered into long-term credit protection agreements with FNMA and FHLMC on loans totaling $7.4 billion and $8.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, providing full credit protection on residential mortgage loans that become severely delinquent. All of these loans are individually insured, and therefore the Corporation does not record an allowance for credit losses related to these loans.

Nonperforming Loans and Leases

Nonperforming loans were $5.3 billion and $6.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Commercial nonperforming loans were $2.8 billion and $3.3 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, primarily comprised of commercial real estate and U.S. commercial.

Consumer nonperforming loans were $2.5 billion and $2.6 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, primarily comprised of residential mortgage.

The following table presents the Corporation’s nonperforming loans and leases and loans accruing past due 90 days or more at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Nonperforming loans held-for-sale (LHFS) are excluded from nonperforming loans and leases, as they are recorded at either fair value or the lower of cost or fair value. For more information on the criteria for classification as nonperforming, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

65 Bank of America



Credit Quality


	Nonperforming Loans and Leases						Accruing Past Due 90 Days or More

(Dollars in millions)	September 30 2025			December 31 2024			September 30 2025			December 31 2024
Residential mortgage (1)	$	1,972		$	2,052		$	201		$	229
With no related allowance (2)	1,786			1,883			—			—
Home equity (1)	386			409			—			—
With no related allowance (2)	317			334			—			—
Credit Card	n/a			n/a			1,260			1,401
Direct/indirect consumer	173			186			9			1

Total consumer	2,531			2,647			1,470			1,631
U.S. commercial	1,131			1,204			319			90
Non-U.S. commercial	107			8			17			4
Commercial real estate	1,470			2,068			62			6
Commercial lease financing	59			20			33			3
U.S. small business commercial	49			28			197			197
Total commercial	2,816			3,328			628			300
Total nonperforming loans	$	5,347		$	5,975		$	2,098		$	1,931
Percentage of outstanding loans and leases	0.46		%	0.55		%	0.18		%	0.18		%

(1)Residential mortgage loans accruing past due 90 days or more are fully-insured loans. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 residential mortgage included $108 million and $119 million of loans on which interest had been curtailed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), and therefore were no longer accruing interest, although principal was still insured, and $93 million and $110 million of loans on which interest was still accruing.

(2)Primarily relates to loans for which the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral less any costs to sell is greater than the amortized cost of the loans as of the reporting date.

n/a = not applicable

Credit Quality Indicators

The Corporation monitors credit quality within its Consumer Real Estate, Credit Card and Other Consumer, and Commercial portfolio segments based on primary credit quality indicators. For more information on the portfolio segments, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Within the Consumer Real Estate portfolio segment, the primary credit quality indicators are refreshed loan-to-value (LTV) and refreshed Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) score. Refreshed LTV measures the carrying value of the loan as a percentage of the value of the property securing the loan, refreshed quarterly. Home equity loans are evaluated using combined loan-to-value (CLTV), which measures the carrying value of the Corporation’s loan and available line of credit combined with any outstanding senior liens against the property as a percentage of the value of the property securing the loan, refreshed quarterly. FICO score measures the creditworthiness of the borrower based on the financial obligations of the borrower and the borrower’s credit history. FICO scores are typically refreshed quarterly or more frequently. Certain borrowers (e.g., borrowers that have had debts discharged in a bankruptcy proceeding) may not have their FICO scores updated.

FICO scores are also a primary credit quality indicator for the Credit Card and Other Consumer portfolio segment and the business card portfolio within U.S. small business commercial. Within the Commercial portfolio segment, loans are evaluated using the internal classifications of pass rated or reservable criticized as the primary credit quality indicators. The term reservable criticized refers to those commercial loans that are internally classified or listed by the Corporation as Special Mention, Substandard or Doubtful, which are asset quality categories defined by regulatory authorities. These assets have an elevated level of risk and may have a high probability of default or total loss. Pass rated refers to all loans not considered reservable criticized. In addition to these primary credit quality indicators, the Corporation uses other credit quality indicators for certain types of loans.

The following tables present certain credit quality indicators and gross charge-offs for the Corporation's Consumer Real Estate, Credit Card and Other Consumer, and Commercial portfolio segments by year of origination, except for revolving loans and revolving loans that were modified into term loans, which are shown on an aggregate basis at September 30, 2025.

Bank of America 66



Residential Mortgage – Credit Quality Indicators By Vintage

















			Term Loans by Origination Year
(Dollars in millions)	Total as of September 30, 2025		2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior
Residential Mortgage
Refreshed LTV
Less than or equal to 90 percent	$	223,071	$	15,965	$	15,885	$	13,273	$	37,657	$	70,994	$	69,297
Greater than 90 percent but less than or equal to 100 percent	2,090		538		684		362		349		92		65
Greater than 100 percent	978		333		318		110		128		51		38
Fully-insured loans	9,290		148		201		173		282		2,953		5,533
Total Residential Mortgage	$	235,429	$	16,984	$	17,088	$	13,918	$	38,416	$	74,090	$	74,933

Residential Mortgage
Refreshed FICO score
Less than 620	$	2,914	$	139	$	225	$	184	$	510	$	693	$	1,163
Greater than or equal to 620 and less than 660	2,320		150		167		136		395		580		892
Greater than or equal to 660 and less than 740	24,849		1,748		2,014		1,629		4,317		6,612		8,529
Greater than or equal to 740	196,056		14,799		14,481		11,796		32,912		63,252		58,816
Fully-insured loans	9,290		148		201		173		282		2,953		5,533
Total Residential Mortgage	$	235,429	$	16,984	$	17,088	$	13,918	$	38,416	$	74,090	$	74,933


Gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025	$	18	$	—	$	1	$	6	$	5	$	1	$	5



Home Equity - Credit Quality Indicators

	Total		Home Equity Loans and Reverse Mortgages (1)		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
Home Equity
Refreshed LTV
Less than or equal to 90 percent	$	26,360	$	713	$	22,519	$	3,128
Greater than 90 percent but less than or equal to 100 percent	62		5		52		5
Greater than 100 percent	60		4		47		9
Total Home Equity	$	26,482	$	722	$	22,618	$	3,142

Home Equity
Refreshed FICO score
Less than 620	$	682	$	67	$	377	$	238
Greater than or equal to 620 and less than 660	588		44		370		174
Greater than or equal to 660 and less than 740	4,983		181		3,966		836
Greater than or equal to 740	20,229		430		17,905		1,894
Total Home Equity	$	26,482	$	722	$	22,618	$	3,142

Gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025	$	11	$	—	$	7	$	4

(1)Includes reverse mortgages of $471 million and home equity loans of $251 million, which are no longer originated.



Credit Card and Direct/Indirect Consumer – Credit Quality Indicators By Vintage










	Direct/Indirect
					Term Loans by Origination Year												Credit Card
(Dollars in millions)	Total Direct/ Indirect as of September 30, 2025		Revolving Loans		2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Total Credit Card as of September 30, 2025		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans (1)
Refreshed FICO score
Less than 620	$	1,563	$	9	$	170	$	387	$	432	$	346	$	168	$	51	$	6,059	$	5,684	$	375
Greater than or equal to 620 and less than 660	1,252		4		258		353		294		207		98		38		5,739		5,502		237
Greater than or equal to 660 and less than 740	8,955		43		2,817		2,471		1,714		1,143		538		229		40,003		39,527		476
Greater than or equal to 740	43,436		58		14,326		12,880		7,788		4,837		2,288		1,259		50,308		50,232		76
Other internal credit metrics (2,3)	56,206		55,500		215		70		42		134		45		200		—		—		—
Total credit card and other consumer	$	111,412	$	55,614	$	17,786	$	16,161	$	10,270	$	6,667	$	3,137	$	1,777	$	102,109	$	100,945	$	1,164


Gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025	$	274	$	4	$	17	$	86	$	71	$	50	$	21	$	25	$	3,409	$	3,291	$	118

(1)Represents loans that were modified into term loans.

(2)Other internal credit metrics may include delinquency status, geography or other factors.

(3)Direct/indirect consumer includes $55.5 billion of securities-based lending, which is typically supported by highly liquid collateral with market value greater than or equal to the outstanding loan balance and therefore has minimal credit risk at September 30, 2025.

67 Bank of America



Commercial – Credit Quality Indicators By Vintage (1)
			Term Loans
			Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year

(Dollars in millions)	Total as of September 30, 2025		2025		2024		2023		2022		2021		Prior		Revolving Loans
U.S. Commercial
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	416,389	$	47,391	$	42,621	$	25,121	$	28,677	$	16,485	$	36,959	$	219,135
Reservable criticized	12,813		113		724		933		933		634		1,860		7,616
Total U.S. Commercial	$	429,202	$	47,504	$	43,345	$	26,054	$	29,610	$	17,119	$	38,819	$	226,751
Gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025	$	425	$	3	$	9	$	20	$	84	$	8	$	33	$	268

Non-U.S. Commercial
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	146,106	$	18,232	$	22,574	$	10,845	$	9,683	$	10,820	$	6,499	$	67,453
Reservable criticized	2,601		106		134		458		337		24		120		1,422
Total Non-U.S. Commercial	$	148,707	$	18,338	$	22,708	$	11,303	$	10,020	$	10,844	$	6,619	$	68,875
Gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025	$	8	$	—	$	—	$	7	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1

Commercial Real Estate
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	58,203	$	7,363	$	5,544	$	4,674	$	9,039	$	7,002	$	14,300	$	10,281
Reservable criticized	8,783		5		253		368		2,730		1,994		2,871		562
Total Commercial Real Estate	$	66,986	$	7,368	$	5,797	$	5,042	$	11,769	$	8,996	$	17,171	$	10,843
Gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025	$	471	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	49	$	70	$	350	$	2

Commercial Lease Financing
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	15,874	$	2,779	$	3,270	$	2,980	$	1,977	$	1,853	$	3,015	$	—
Reservable criticized	408		6		48		144		82		56		72		—
Total Commercial Lease Financing	$	16,282	$	2,785	$	3,318	$	3,124	$	2,059	$	1,909	$	3,087	$	—
Gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025	$	4	$	—	$	1	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

U.S. Small Business Commercial (2)
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	10,738	$	1,819	$	1,937	$	1,720	$	1,515	$	1,183	$	1,801	$	763
Reservable criticized	517		5		75		151		97		75		106		8
Total U.S. Small Business Commercial	$	11,255	$	1,824	$	2,012	$	1,871	$	1,612	$	1,258	$	1,907	$	771
Gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025	$	25	$	—	$	1	$	2	$	3	$	2	$	3	$	14

Total	$	672,432	$	77,819	$	77,180	$	47,394	$	55,070	$	40,126	$	67,603	$	307,240

Gross charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025	$	933	$	3	$	11	$	32	$	136	$	80	$	386	$	285

(1)Excludes $6.5 billion of loans accounted for under the fair value option at September 30, 2025.

(2)Excludes U.S. Small Business Card loans of $11.2 billion. Refreshed FICO scores for this portfolio are $756 million for less than 620; $636 million for greater than or equal to 620 and less than 660; $3.6 billion for greater than or equal to 660 and less than 740; and $6.1 billion greater than or equal to 740. Excludes U.S. Small Business Card loans gross charge-offs of $418 million.

Bank of America 68

The following tables present certain credit quality indicators for the Corporation's Consumer Real Estate, Credit Card and Other Consumer, and Commercial portfolio segments by year of origination, except for revolving loans and revolving loans that were modified into term loans, which are shown on an aggregate basis at December 31, 2024.



Residential Mortgage – Credit Quality Indicators By Vintage




































			Term Loans by Origination Year
(Dollars in millions)	Total as of December 31, 2024		2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior
Residential Mortgage
Refreshed LTV
Less than or equal to 90 percent	$	215,575	$	18,115	$	12,910	$	36,748	$	71,912	$	32,504	$	43,386
Greater than 90 percent but less than or equal to 100 percent	1,848		724		463		471		122		31		37
Greater than 100 percent	863		428		195		144		56		15		25
Fully-insured loans	9,913		288		190		302		3,153		2,568		3,412
Total Residential Mortgage	$	228,199	$	19,555	$	13,758	$	37,665	$	75,243	$	35,118	$	46,860

Residential Mortgage
Refreshed FICO score
Less than 620	$	2,619	$	172	$	171	$	484	$	649	$	427	$	716
Greater than or equal to 620 and less than 660	2,187		170		145		396		515		366		595
Greater than or equal to 660 and less than 740	25,166		2,167		1,745		4,542		7,008		3,801		5,903
Greater than or equal to 740	188,314		16,758		11,507		31,941		63,918		27,956		36,234
Fully-insured loans	9,913		288		190		302		3,153		2,568		3,412
Total Residential Mortgage	$	228,199	$	19,555	$	13,758	$	37,665	$	75,243	$	35,118	$	46,860
Gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024	$	21	$	2	$	3	$	6	$	2	$	1	$	7



Home Equity - Credit Quality Indicators

		Total		Home Equity Loans and Reverse Mortgages (1)		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans
(Dollars in millions)	December 31, 2024
Home Equity
Refreshed LTV
Less than or equal to 90 percent		$	25,638	$	780	$	21,450	$	3,408
Greater than 90 percent but less than or equal to 100 percent		51		4		42		5
Greater than 100 percent		48		3		34		11
Total Home Equity		$	25,737	$	787	$	21,526	$	3,424

Home Equity
Refreshed FICO score
Less than 620		$	645	$	72	$	320	$	253
Greater than or equal to 620 and less than 660		577		46		339		192
Greater than or equal to 660 and less than 740		4,911		198		3,779		934
Greater than or equal to 740		19,604		471		17,088		2,045
Total Home Equity		$	25,737	$	787	$	21,526	$	3,424
Gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024		$	21	$	6	$	9	$	6

(1)Includes reverse mortgages of $500 million and home equity loans of $287 million, which are no longer originated.

69 Bank of America



Credit Card and Direct/Indirect Consumer – Credit Quality Indicators By Vintage





















	Direct/Indirect
					Term Loans by Origination Year												Credit Card
(Dollars in millions)	Total Direct/Indirect as of December 31, 2024		Revolving Loans		2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Total Credit Card as of December 31, 2024		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans (1)
Refreshed FICO score
Less than 620	$	1,483	$	10	$	249	$	452	$	433	$	243	$	53	$	43	$	5,866	$	5,511	$	355
Greater than or equal to 620 and less than 660	1,219		4		352		363		282		150		38		30		5,746		5,537		209
Greater than or equal to 660 and less than 740	9,212		47		3,421		2,515		1,828		947		255		199		40,871		40,456		415
Greater than or equal to 740	43,141		67		17,889		11,240		7,635		3,908		1,319		1,083		51,083		51,019		64
Other internal credit metrics (2, 3)	52,067		51,433		165		51		127		95		36		160		—		—		—
Total credit card and other consumer	$	107,122	$	51,561	$	22,076	$	14,621	$	10,305	$	5,343	$	1,701	$	1,515	$	103,566	$	102,523	$	1,043
Gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024	$	399	$	5	$	46	$	144	$	109	$	51	$	12	$	32	$	4,365	$	4,188	$	177

(1)Represents loans that were modified into term loans.

(2)Other internal credit metrics may include delinquency status, geography or other factors.

(3)Direct/indirect consumer includes $51.4 billion of securities-based lending, which is typically supported by highly liquid collateral with market value greater than or equal to the outstanding loan balance and therefore has minimal credit risk at December 31, 2024.



Commercial – Credit Quality Indicators By Vintage (1)
			Term Loans
			Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year

(Dollars in millions)	Total as of December 31, 2024		2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans
U.S. Commercial
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	374,380	$	49,587	$	33,352	$	34,015	$	20,801	$	10,172	$	34,176	$	192,277
Reservable criticized	12,610		157		901		1,035		799		340		1,996		7,382
Total U.S. Commercial	$	386,990	$	49,744	$	34,253	$	35,050	$	21,600	$	10,512	$	36,172	$	199,659
Gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024	$	439	$	3	$	122	$	80	$	19	$	4	$	63	$	148

Non-U.S. Commercial
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	135,720	$	27,119	$	14,268	$	12,220	$	11,750	$	1,328	$	6,777	$	62,258
Reservable criticized	1,798		22		180		145		310		8		106		1,027
Total Non-U.S. Commercial	$	137,518	$	27,141	$	14,448	$	12,365	$	12,060	$	1,336	$	6,883	$	63,285
Gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024	$	81	$	—	$	41	$	22	$	16	$	—	$	—	$	2

Commercial Real Estate
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	55,607	$	5,422	$	4,935	$	10,755	$	8,990	$	2,911	$	13,310	$	9,284
Reservable criticized	10,123		41		211		3,252		2,100		588		3,372		559
Total Commercial Real Estate	$	65,730	$	5,463	$	5,146	$	14,007	$	11,090	$	3,499	$	16,682	$	9,843
Gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024	$	894	$	—	$	—	$	57	$	83	$	62	$	663	$	29

Commercial Lease Financing
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	15,417	$	3,902	$	3,675	$	2,465	$	1,921	$	1,033	$	2,421	$	—
Reservable criticized	291		9		96		67		52		23		44		—
Total Commercial Lease Financing	$	15,708	$	3,911	$	3,771	$	2,532	$	1,973	$	1,056	$	2,465	$	—
Gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	—

U.S. Small Business Commercial (2)
Risk ratings
Pass rated	$	9,806	$	1,926	$	1,887	$	1,650	$	1,302	$	604	$	1,992	$	445
Reservable criticized	443		8		83		104		115		25		105		3
Total U.S. Small Business Commercial	$	10,249	$	1,934	$	1,970	$	1,754	$	1,417	$	629	$	2,097	$	448
Gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024	$	30	$	—	$	1	$	2	$	1	$	6	$	7	$	13

Total	$	616,195	$	88,193	$	59,588	$	65,708	$	48,140	$	17,032	$	64,299	$	273,235
Gross charge-offs for the year ended December 31, 2024	$	1,446	$	3	$	164	$	161	$	121	$	72	$	733	$	192

(1) Excludes $4.0 billion of loans accounted for under the fair value option at December 31, 2024.

(2) Excludes U.S. Small Business Card loans of $10.6 billion. Refreshed FICO scores for this portfolio are $699 million for less than 620; $600 million for greater than or equal to 620 and less than 660; $3.6 billion for greater than or equal to 660 and less than 740; and $5.8 billion greater than or equal to 740. Excludes U.S. Small Business Card loans gross charge-offs of $489 million.

Bank of America 70

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, commercial reservable criticized utilized exposure decreased to $26.3 billion at September 30, 2025 from $26.5 billion (to 3.67 percent from 4.01 percent of total commercial reservable utilized exposure) at December 31, 2024, primarily driven by commercial real estate.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers in Financial Difficulty

As part of its credit risk management, the Corporation may modify a loan agreement with a borrower experiencing financial difficulties through a refinancing or restructuring of the borrower’s loan agreement (modification programs).

Consumer Real Estate

The following modification programs are offered for consumer real estate loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties.

Forbearance and Other Payment Plans: Forbearance plans generally consist of the Corporation suspending the borrower’s payments for a defined period, with those payments then due over a defined period of time or at the conclusion of the forbearance period. The aging status of a loan is generally frozen when it enters into a forbearance plan. If a borrower is unable to fulfill their obligations under the forbearance plans, they may be offered a trial offer or permanent modification.

Trial Offer and Permanent Modifications: Trial offer for modification plans generally consist of the Corporation offering a borrower modified loan terms that reduce their contractual payments temporarily over a three-to-four-month trial period. If the customer successfully makes the modified payments during the trial period and formally accepts the modified terms, the modified loan terms become permanent. Some borrowers may enter into permanent modifications without a trial period. In a permanent modification, the borrower’s payment terms are typically modified in more than one manner, but generally include a term extension and an interest rate reduction. At times, the permanent modification may also include principal forgiveness and/or a deferral of past due principal and interest amounts to the end of the loan term. The combinations utilized are based on modifying the terms that give the borrower an improved ability to meet the contractual obligations. The term extensions granted for residential mortgage and home equity permanent modifications vary widely and can be up to 30 years, but mostly are in the range of 1 to 20 years. Principal forgiveness and payment deferrals were insignificant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

The table below provides the ending amortized cost of the Corporation’s consumer real estate loans modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.



Consumer Real Estate - Modifications to Borrowers in Financial Difficulty

	Forbearance and Other Payment Plans		Permanent Modification		Total		As a % of Financing Receivables		Forbearance and Other Payment Plans		Permanent Modification		Total		As a % of Financing Receivables
(Dollars in millions)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2025						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Residential Loans	$	4	$	36	$	40	0.02	%	$	20	$	129	$	149	0.06	%
Home Equity	—		3		3		0.01		—		15		15		0.06
Total	$	4	$	39	$	43	0.02		$	20	$	144	$	164	0.06

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Residential Loans	$	4	$	48	$	52	0.02	%	$	41	$	161	$	202	0.09	%
Home Equity	—		8		8		0.03		—		26		26		0.10
Total	$	4	$	56	$	60	0.02		$	41	$	187	$	228	0.09

The table below presents the financial effect of modified consumer real estate loans.



Financial Effect of Modified Consumer Real Estate Loans

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Forbearance and Other Payment Plans
Weighted-average duration
Residential Mortgage	6 months		4 months		6 months		7 months
Home Equity	n/m		n/m		n/m		n/m



Permanent Modifications
Weighted-average Term Extension
Residential Mortgage	10.9 years		11.0 years		9.8 years		9.8 years
Home Equity	18.6 years		17.7 years		17.5 years		17.5 years
Weighted-average Interest Rate Reduction
Residential Mortgage	1.11	%	1.23	%	1.20	%	1.29	%
Home Equity	2.05	%	2.77	%	2.19	%	2.66	%

n/m = not meaningful

For consumer real estate borrowers in financial difficulty that received a forbearance, trial or permanent modification, there were no commitments to lend additional funds at September 30, 2025 and 2024.

71 Bank of America

The Corporation tracks the performance of modified loans to assess effectiveness of modification programs. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, defaults of residential and home equity loans that had been modified within 12 months were insignificant. The table below

provides aging information as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 for consumer real estate loans that were modified over the last 12 months.



Consumer Real Estate - Payment Status of Modifications to Borrowers in Financial Difficulty

	Current		30–89 Days Past Due		90+ Days Past Due		Total
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
Residential mortgage	$	94	$	42	$	43	$	179
Home equity	19		2		—		21
Total	$	113	$	44	$	43	$	200

	September 30, 2024
Residential mortgage	$	153	$	52	$	47	$	252
Home equity	29		2		1		32
Total	$	182	$	54	$	48	$	284

Consumer real estate foreclosed properties totaled $58 million and $60 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The carrying value of consumer real estate loans, including fully-insured loans, for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, was $400 million and $464 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Corporation reclassified $42 million and $73 million of consumer real estate loans to foreclosed properties or, for properties acquired upon foreclosure of certain government-guaranteed loans (principally FHA-insured loans), to other assets. The reclassifications represent non-cash investing activities and, accordingly, are not reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

Credit Card and Other Consumer

Credit card and other consumer loans are primarily modified by placing the customer on a fixed payment plan with a significantly reduced fixed interest rate, with terms ranging from 6 months to 72 months, most of which had a 60-month term at September 30, 2025. In certain circumstances, the Corporation will forgive a portion of the outstanding balance if the borrower makes payments up to a set amount. The Corporation makes modifications directly with borrowers for loans held by the Corporation (internal programs) as well as through third-party renegotiation agencies that provide solutions to customers’ entire unsecured debt structures (external programs). The September 30, 2025 amortized cost of credit card and other consumer loans that were modified through these programs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $235 million and $560 million compared to $202 million and $534 million for the same periods in 2024. These modifications represented 0.11 percent and 0.27 percent of outstanding credit card and other consumer loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 0.10 percent and 0.26 percent for the same periods in 2024. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the financial effect of modifications resulted in a weighted-average interest rate reduction of 18.26 percent and 17.99 percent

compared to 19.13 percent and 19.29 percent for the same periods in 2024 and principal forgiveness of $25 million and $76 million compared to $30 million and $88 million for the same periods in 2024.

The Corporation tracks the performance of modified loans to assess effectiveness of modification programs. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, defaults of credit card and other consumer loans that had been modified within 12 months were insignificant. At September 30, 2025, modified credit card and other consumer loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty over the last 12 months totaled $675 million, of which $573 million were current, $58 million were 30-89 days past due, and $44 million were greater than 90 days past due. At September 30, 2024, modified credit card and other consumer loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty totaled $665 million, of which $562 million were current, $58 million were 30-89 days past due, and $45 million were greater than 90 days past due.

Commercial Loans

Modifications of loans to commercial borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are designed to reduce the Corporation’s loss exposure while providing borrowers with an opportunity to work through financial difficulties, often to avoid foreclosure or bankruptcy. Each modification is unique, reflects the borrower’s individual circumstances and is designed to benefit the borrower while mitigating the Corporation’s risk exposure. Commercial modifications are primarily term extensions and payment forbearances. Payment forbearances involve the Corporation forbearing its contractual right to collect certain payments or payment in full (maturity forbearance) for a defined period of time. Reductions in interest rates and principal forgiveness occur infrequently for commercial borrowers. Principal forgiveness may occur in connection with foreclosure, short sales or other settlement agreements, leading to termination or sale of the loan. The following table provides the ending amortized cost of commercial loans modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Bank of America 72



Commercial Loans - Modifications to Borrowers in Financial Difficulty


	Term Extension		Forbearances		Interest Rate Reduction		Total		As a % of Financing Receivables		Term Extension		Forbearances		Interest Rate Reduction		Total		As a % of Financing Receivables
(Dollars in millions)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2025						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
U.S. commercial	$	759	$	13	$	—	$	772	0.18	%	$	1,230	$	54	$	—	$	1,284	0.30	%
Non-U.S. commercial	1		—		—		1		—		4		9		—		13		0.01
Commercial real estate	539		154		—		693		1.03		1,579		371		—		1,950		2.91


Total	$	1,299	$	167	$	—	$	1,466	0.23		$	2,813	$	434	$	—	$	3,247	0.50

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
U.S. commercial	$	379	$	47	$	—	$	426	0.11	%	$	1,114	$	52	$	—	$	1,166	0.31	%
Non-U.S. commercial	—		—		—		—		—		13		—		—		13		0.01
Commercial real estate	874		234		—		1,108		1.62		1,238		487		36		1,761		2.57
Total	$	1,253	$	281	$	—	$	1,534	0.27		$	2,365	$	539	$	36	$	2,940	0.51

Term extensions granted increased the weighted-average life of the impacted loans by 1.0 year and 1.4 years for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 2.1 years and 1.8 years for the same periods in 2024. The weighted-average duration of loan payments deferred under the Corporation’s commercial loan forbearance program was 17 months and 13 months for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 10 months and 11 months for the same periods in 2024. The deferral period for loan payments can vary, but are mostly in the range of 8 months to 24 months. Modifications of loans to troubled borrowers for

Commercial Lease Financing and U.S. Small Business Commercial were not significant during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

The Corporation tracks the performance of modified loans to assess effectiveness of modification programs. The table below provides aging information as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 for commercial loans that were modified over the last 12 months.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, defaults of commercial loans that had been modified within 12 months were insignificant.



Commercial - Payment Status of Modified Loans to Borrowers in Financial Difficulty


	Current		30–89 Days Past Due		90+ Days Past Due		Total
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
U.S. Commercial	$	1,431	$	82	$	22	$	1,535
Non-U.S. Commercial	44		—		—		44


Commercial Real Estate	2,552		104		151		2,807
Total	$	4,027	$	186	$	173	$	4,386


	September 30, 2024
U.S. Commercial	$	1,193	$	58	$	31	$	1,282
Non-U.S. Commercial	36		—		—		36
Commercial Real Estate	1,667		3		303		1,973
Total	$	2,896	$	61	$	334	$	3,291

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Corporation had commitments to lend $658 million and $1.2 billion to commercial borrowers experiencing financial difficulty whose loans were modified during the period.

Loans Held-for-sale

The Corporation had LHFS of $6.8 billion and $9.5 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Cash and non-cash proceeds from sales and paydowns of loans originally classified as LHFS were $27.0 billion and $21.7 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Cash used for originations and purchases of LHFS totaled $23.4 billion and $26.3 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, non-cash net transfers into LHFS were insignificant.

Accrued Interest Receivable

Accrued interest receivable for loans and leases and loans held-for-sale was $4.3 billion at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and is reported in customer and other receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Outstanding credit card loan balances include unpaid principal, interest and fees. Credit card loans are not classified as nonperforming but are charged off no later than the end of the month in which the account becomes 180 days past due, within 60 days after receipt of notification of death or bankruptcy, or upon confirmation of fraud. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Corporation reversed $209 million and $658 million of interest and fee income against the income statement line item in which it was originally recorded upon charge-off of the principal balance of the loan compared to $213 million and $633 million for the same periods in 2024.

For the outstanding residential mortgage, home equity, direct/indirect consumer and commercial loan balances classified as nonperforming during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, interest and fee income reversed at the time the loans were classified as nonperforming was not significant. For more information on the Corporation's nonperforming loan policies, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

73 Bank of America

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is estimated using quantitative and qualitative methods that consider a variety of factors, such as historical loss experience, the current credit quality of the portfolio and an economic outlook over the life of the loan. Qualitative reserves cover losses that are expected but, in the Corporation's assessment, may not adequately be reflected in the quantitative methods or the economic assumptions. The economic outlook is a significant factor and incorporates forward-looking information through the use of several macroeconomic scenarios in determining the weighted economic outlook over the forecasted life of the assets. These scenarios include key macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product, unemployment rate, real estate prices and corporate bond spreads. The scenarios that are chosen each quarter and the weighting given to each scenario depend on a variety of factors including recent economic events, leading economic indicators, internal and third-party economist views, and industry trends. For more information on the Corporation's credit loss accounting policies including the allowance for credit losses, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The September 30, 2025 estimate for allowance for credit losses was based on various economic scenarios, including a baseline scenario derived from consensus estimates, an adverse scenario reflecting an extended moderate recession, a downside scenario reflecting continued inflation, a tail risk scenario similar to the severely adverse scenario used in stress testing and an upside scenario that considers the potential for improvement above the baseline scenario. The Corporation’s overall weighted economic outlook as of September 30, 2025 deteriorated modestly as compared to the weighted economic outlook estimated as of December 31, 2024 and was relatively consistent compared to June 30, 2025. The weighted economic outlook for the Corporation’s quantitative reserves assumes

that the U.S. average unemployment rate will be just under five percent in the fourth quarter of 2025 and increases to approximately five percent in the fourth quarter of 2026. It also assumes U.S. real gross domestic product will grow at 0.7 percent and 1.4 percent year-over-year in the fourth quarters of 2025 and 2026.

The allowance for credit losses decreased $73 million and increased $25 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. There were no significant changes to the qualitative reserves at September 30, 2025 compared to June 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

The provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $1.3 billion compared to $1.5 billion for the same period in 2024. The provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $4.4 billion, relatively unchanged from the same period in 2024. The decrease in the provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily due to improved asset quality in credit card. The provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was impacted by improved asset quality in credit card and commercial real estate, partially offset by the dampened macroeconomic outlook and loan growth in commercial.

Net charge-offs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $1.4 billion and $4.3 billion compared to $1.5 billion and $4.6 billion for the same periods in 2024. The decrease of $167 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the prior-year period was driven by asset quality improvement in credit card and commercial. The decrease of $221 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the prior-year period was driven by asset quality improvement in commercial real estate office.

The changes in the allowance for credit losses, including net charge-offs and provision for loan and lease losses, are detailed in the following table.

Bank of America 74



	Consumer Real Estate		Credit Card and Other Consumer		Commercial		Total
(Dollars in millions)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2025


Allowance for loan and lease losses, July 1	$	346	$	8,232	$	4,713	$	13,291
Loans and leases charged off	(9)		(1,230)		(462)		(1,701)
Recoveries of loans and leases previously charged off	21		240		73		334
Net charge-offs	12		(990)		(389)		(1,367)

Provision for loan and lease losses	50		803		475		1,328
Other	—		(1)		1		—
Allowance for loan and lease losses, September 30	408		8,044		4,800		13,252
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, July 1	58		—		1,085		1,143
Provision for unfunded lending commitments	6		—		(39)		(33)
Other	—		—		(1)		(1)
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, September 30	64		—		1,045		1,109
Allowance for credit losses, September 30	$	472	$	8,044	$	5,845	$	14,361

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024


Allowance for loan and lease losses, July 1	$	347	$	8,167	$	4,724	$	13,238
Loans and leases charged off	(15)		(1,256)		(529)		(1,800)
Recoveries of loans and leases previously charged off	22		205		39		266
Net charge-offs	7		(1,051)		(490)		(1,534)

Provision for loan and lease losses	(45)		1,167		425		1,547
Other	—		1		(1)		—
Allowance for loan and lease losses, September 30	309		8,284		4,658		13,251


Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, July 1	55		—		1,049		1,104
Provision for unfunded lending commitments	3		—		(8)		(5)
Other	—		—		1		1
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, September 30	58		—		1,042		1,100
Allowance for credit losses, September 30	$	367	$	8,284	$	5,700	$	14,351

(Dollars in millions)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025


Allowance for loan and lease losses, January 1	$	293	$	8,277	$	4,670	$	13,240
Loans and leases charged off	(29)		(3,878)		(1,351)		(5,258)
Recoveries of loans and leases previously charged off	61		690		163		914
Net charge-offs	32		(3,188)		(1,188)		(4,344)
Provision for loan and lease losses	79		2,957		1,318		4,354
Other	4		(2)		—		2
Allowance for loan and lease losses, September 30	408		8,044		4,800		13,252
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, January 1	57		—		1,039		1,096
Provision for unfunded lending commitments	7		—		6		13
Other	—		—		—		—
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, September 30	64		—		1,045		1,109
Allowance for credit losses, September 30	$	472	$	8,044	$	5,845	$	14,361

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024


Allowance for loan and lease losses, January 1	$	386	$	8,134	$	4,822	$	13,342
Loans and leases charged off	(34)		(3,748)		(1,535)		(5,317)
Recoveries of loans and leases previously charged off	65		586		101		752
Net charge-offs	31		(3,162)		(1,434)		(4,565)
Provision for loan and lease losses	(109)		3,311		1,277		4,479
Other	1		1		(7)		(5)
Allowance for loan and lease losses, September 30	309		8,284		4,658		13,251
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, January 1	82		—		1,127		1,209
Provision for unfunded lending commitments	(24)		—		(86)		(110)
Other	—		—		1		1
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, September 30	58		—		1,042		1,100
Allowance for credit losses, September 30	$	367	$	8,284	$	5,700	$	14,351

NOTE 6 Securitizations and Other Variable Interest Entities

The Corporation utilizes VIEs in the ordinary course of business to support its own and its customers’ financing and investing needs. The Corporation routinely securitizes loans and debt securities using VIEs as a source of funding for the Corporation and as a means of transferring the economic risk of the loans or debt securities to third parties. The assets are transferred into a trust or other securitization vehicle such that the assets are legally isolated from the creditors of the Corporation and are not

available to satisfy its obligations. These assets can only be used to settle obligations of the trust or other securitization vehicle. The Corporation also administers, structures or invests in other VIEs including CDOs, investment vehicles and other entities. For more information on the Corporation’s use of VIEs, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles and Note 6 – Securitizations and Other Variable Interest Entities to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The tables in this Note present the assets and liabilities of consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs at September 30, 2025

75 Bank of America

and December 31, 2024 in situations where the Corporation has a loan or security interest and involvement with transferred assets or if the Corporation otherwise has an additional interest in the VIE. The tables also present the Corporation’s maximum loss exposure at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 resulting from its involvement with consolidated VIEs and unconsolidated VIEs. The Corporation’s maximum loss exposure is based on the unlikely event that all of the assets in the VIEs become worthless and incorporates not only potential losses associated with assets recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet but also potential losses associated with off-balance sheet commitments, such as unfunded liquidity commitments and other contractual arrangements. The Corporation’s maximum loss exposure does not include losses previously recognized through write-downs of assets.

The Corporation invests in ABS, CLOs and other similar investments issued by third-party VIEs with which it has no other form of involvement other than a loan or debt security issued by the VIE. In addition, the Corporation also enters into certain commercial lending arrangements that may utilize VIEs for activities secondary to the lending arrangement, for example to hold collateral. The Corporation’s maximum loss exposure to these VIEs is the investment balances. These securities and loans are included in Note 4 – Securities or Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses and are not included in the following tables.

The Corporation did not provide financial support to consolidated or unconsolidated VIEs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 or the year ended December 31, 2024 that it was not previously contractually required to provide, nor does it intend to do so.

The Corporation had liquidity commitments, including written put options and collateral value guarantees, with certain unconsolidated VIEs of $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

First-lien Mortgage Securitizations

As part of its mortgage banking activities, the Corporation securitizes a portion of the first-lien residential mortgage loans it originates or purchases from third parties, generally in the form of residential mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by government-sponsored enterprises, FNMA and FHLMC (collectively the GSEs), or the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) primarily in the case of FHA-insured and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)-guaranteed mortgage loans. Securitization usually occurs in conjunction with or shortly after origination or purchase, and the Corporation may also securitize loans held in its residential mortgage portfolio. In addition, the Corporation may, from time to time, securitize commercial mortgages it originates or purchases from other entities. The Corporation typically services the loans it securitizes. Further, the Corporation may retain beneficial interests in the securitization trusts including senior and subordinate securities and equity tranches issued by the trusts. Except as described in Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies, the Corporation does not provide guarantees or recourse to the securitization trusts other than standard representations and warranties.

The table below summarizes select information related to first-lien mortgage securitizations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.



First-lien Mortgage Securitizations

	Residential Mortgage - Agency								Commercial Mortgage

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30				Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Proceeds from loan sales (1)	$	2,115	$	928	$	4,649	$	3,101	$	1,877	$	1,644	$	8,436	$	8,676
Gains (losses) on securitizations (2)	(1)		(1)		(4)		(3)		19		18		72		106
Repurchases from securitization trusts (3)	13		8		42		24		—		—		—		—

(1)The Corporation transfers residential mortgage loans to securitizations sponsored primarily by the GSEs or GNMA in the normal course of business and primarily receives residential mortgage-backed securities in exchange. Substantially all of these securities are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy and are typically sold shortly after receipt.

(2)A majority of the first-lien residential mortgage loans securitized are initially classified as LHFS and accounted for under the fair value option. Gains recognized on these LHFS prior to securitization, which totaled $12 million and $26 million, net of hedges, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $10 million and $23 million for the same periods in 2024, are not included in the table above.

(3)The Corporation may have the option to repurchase delinquent loans out of securitization trusts, which reduces the amount of servicing advances it is required to make. The Corporation may also repurchase loans from securitization trusts to perform modifications. Repurchased loans include FHA-insured mortgages collateralizing GNMA securities.

The Corporation recognizes consumer MSRs from the sale or securitization of consumer real estate loans. The unpaid principal balance of loans serviced for investors, including residential mortgage and home equity loans, totaled $80.2 billion and $85.7 billion at September 30, 2025 and 2024. Servicing fee and ancillary fee income on serviced loans was $54 million and $164 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $54 million and $174 million for the same periods in 2024. Servicing advances on serviced loans, including loans serviced for others and loans held for investment, were $886 million and $1.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For more information on MSRs, see Note 14 – Fair Value Measurements.

Home Equity Loans

The Corporation retains interests, primarily senior securities, in home equity securitization trusts to which it transferred home equity loans. In addition, the Corporation may be obligated to

provide subordinate funding to the trusts during a rapid amortization event. This obligation is included in the maximum loss exposure in the preceding table. The charges that will ultimately be recorded as a result of the rapid amortization events depend on the undrawn portion of the home equity lines of credit, performance of the loans, the amount of subsequent draws and the timing of related cash flows.

Mortgage and Home Equity Securitizations

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Corporation deconsolidated agency residential mortgage securitization trusts with total assets of $85 million and $580 million compared to $115 million and $940 million for the same periods in 2024.

The following table summarizes select information related to mortgage and home equity securitization trusts in which the Corporation held a variable interest and had continuing involvement at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Bank of America 76



Mortgage and Home Equity Securitizations

	Residential Mortgage
					Non-agency
	Agency				Prime and Alt-A				Subprime				Home Equity (1)				Commercial Mortgage

(Dollars in millions)	Sep 30 2025		Dec 31 2024		Sep 30 2025		Dec 31 2024		Sep 30 2025		Dec 31 2024		Sep 30 2025		Dec 31 2024		Sep 30 2025		Dec 31 2024
Unconsolidated VIEs
Maximum loss exposure (2)	$	6,983	$	7,353	$	9	$	84	$	503	$	301	$	—	$	—	$	1,757	$	1,640
On-balance sheet assets
Senior securities:
Trading account assets	$	181	$	126	$	7	$	10	$	7	$	12	$	—	$	—	$	470	$	328
Debt securities carried at fair value	2,098		2,222		—		—		415		416		—		—		—		—
Held-to-maturity securities	4,704		5,005		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,085		1,172
All other assets	—		—		2		3		14		23		—		—		39		41
Total retained positions	$	6,983	$	7,353	$	9	$	13	$	436	$	451	$	—	$	—	$	1,594	$	1,541
Principal balance outstanding (3)	$	66,385	$	69,018	$	11,544	$	12,590	$	4,070	$	4,180	$	161	$	187	$	88,411	$	90,222

Consolidated VIEs
Maximum loss exposure (2)	$	601	$	1,132	$	—	$	—	$	28	$	—	$	9	$	10	$	—	$	—
On-balance sheet assets
Trading account assets	$	601	$	1,132	$	—	$	—	$	252	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Loans and leases	—		—		—		—		—		—		17		22		—		—
Allowance for loan and lease losses	—		—		—		—		—		—		5		6		—		—

All other assets	—		—		—		—		—		—		1		1		—		—
Total assets	$	601	$	1,132	$	—	$	—	$	252	$	—	$	23	$	29	$	—	$	—




Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	224	$	—	$	14	$	19	$	—	$	—

(1)For unconsolidated home equity loan VIEs, the maximum loss exposure includes outstanding trust certificates issued by trusts in rapid amortization, net of recorded reserves. For both consolidated and unconsolidated home equity loan VIEs, the maximum loss exposure excludes the reserve for representations and warranties obligations and corporate guarantees. For more information, see Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies.

(2)Maximum loss exposure includes obligations under loss-sharing reinsurance and other arrangements for non-agency residential mortgage and commercial mortgage securitizations, but excludes the reserve for representations and warranties obligations and corporate guarantees and also excludes servicing advances and other servicing rights and obligations. For more information, see Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies and Note 14 – Fair Value Measurements.

(3)Principal balance outstanding includes loans where the Corporation was the transferor to securitization VIEs with which it has continuing involvement, which may include servicing the loans.

Other Asset-backed Securitizations

The following paragraphs summarize select information related to other asset-backed VIEs in which the Corporation had a variable interest at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Credit Card and Automobile Loan Securitizations

The Corporation securitizes originated and purchased credit card and automobile loans as a source of financing. The loans are sold on a non-recourse basis to consolidated trusts. The securitizations are ongoing, whereas additional receivables will be funded into the trusts by either loan repayments or proceeds from securities issued to third parties, depending on the securitization structure. The Corporation’s continuing involvement with the securitization trusts includes servicing the receivables and holding various subordinated interests, including an undivided seller’s interest in the credit card receivables and owning certain retained interests.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying values of the receivables in the trusts totaled $17.1 billion and $18.1 billion, which are included in loans and leases, and the carrying values of senior debt securities that were issued to third-party investors from the trusts totaled $7.9 billion and $8.0 billion, which are included in long-term debt.

Resecuritization Trusts

The Corporation transfers securities, typically MBS, into resecuritization VIEs generally at the request of customers seeking securities with specific characteristics. Generally, there are no significant ongoing activities performed in a resecuritization trust, and no single investor has the unilateral ability to liquidate the trust.

The Corporation resecuritized $6.6 billion and $25.1 billion of securities during the three and nine months ended

September 30, 2025 compared to $4.6 billion and $11.1 billion for the same periods in 2024. Securities transferred into resecuritization VIEs were measured at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in market making and similar activities prior to the resecuritization and, accordingly, no gain or loss on sale was recorded. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, resecuritization proceeds included securities with an initial fair value of $1.4 billion and $4.2 billion, compared to $1.3 billion and $2.2 billion for the same periods in 2024, of which substantially all of the securities were classified as trading account assets for both periods. Substantially all of the trading account securities carried at fair value were categorized as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Customer VIEs

Customer VIEs include credit-linked, equity-linked and commodity-linked note VIEs, repackaging VIEs and asset acquisition VIEs, which are typically created on behalf of customers who wish to obtain market or credit exposure to a specific company, index, commodity or financial instrument.

The Corporation’s involvement in the VIE is limited to its loss exposure. The Corporation’s maximum loss exposure to consolidated and unconsolidated customer VIEs totaled $1.4 billion and $1.1 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, including the notional amount of derivatives to which the Corporation is a counterparty, net of losses previously recorded, and the Corporation’s investment, if any, in securities issued by the VIEs.

Municipal Bond Trusts

The Corporation administers municipal bond trusts that hold highly-rated, long-term, fixed-rate municipal bonds. The trusts obtain financing by issuing floating-rate trust certificates that reprice on a weekly or other short-term basis to third-party investors.

77 Bank of America

The Corporation’s liquidity commitments to unconsolidated municipal bond trusts, including those for which the Corporation was transferor, totaled $2.8 billion and $1.8 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The weighted-average remaining life of bonds held in the trusts at September 30, 2025 was 9.9 years. There were no significant write-downs or downgrades of assets or issuers during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Collateralized Debt Obligation VIEs

The Corporation receives fees for structuring CDO VIEs, which hold diversified pools of fixed-income securities, typically corporate debt or ABS, which the CDO VIEs fund by issuing multiple tranches of debt and equity securities. CDOs are generally managed by third-party portfolio managers. The Corporation typically transfers assets to these CDOs, holds securities issued by the CDOs and may be a derivative counterparty to the CDOs. The Corporation’s maximum loss exposure to consolidated and unconsolidated CDOs totaled $63 million and $65 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Investment VIEs

The Corporation sponsors, invests in or provides financing, which may be in connection with the sale of assets, to a variety of investment VIEs that hold loans, real estate, debt securities or other financial instruments and are designed to provide the desired investment profile to investors or the Corporation. At

September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation’s consolidated investment VIEs had total assets of $24 million and $6 million. The Corporation also held investments in unconsolidated VIEs with total assets of $27.8 billion and $23.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Corporation’s maximum loss exposure associated with both consolidated and unconsolidated investment VIEs totaled $4.1 billion and $2.5 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 comprised primarily of on-balance sheet assets less non-recourse liabilities.

Leveraged Lease Trusts

The Corporation’s net investment in consolidated leveraged lease trusts totaled $915 million and $1.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The trusts hold long-lived equipment such as rail cars, power generation and distribution equipment, and commercial aircraft. The Corporation structures the trusts and holds a significant residual interest. The net investment represents the Corporation’s maximum loss exposure to the trusts in the unlikely event that the leveraged lease investments become worthless. Debt issued by the leveraged lease trusts is non-recourse to the Corporation.

The table below summarizes the maximum loss exposure and assets held by the Corporation that related to other asset-backed VIEs at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Other Asset-backed VIEs

	Credit Card and Automobile (1)				Resecuritization Trusts and Customer VIEs				Municipal Bond Trusts and CDOs				Investment VIEs and Leveraged Lease Trusts

(Dollars in millions)	Sep 30 2025		Dec 31 2024		Sep 30 2025		Dec 31 2024		Sep 30 2025		Dec 31 2024		Sep 30 2025		Dec 31 2024
Unconsolidated VIEs
Maximum loss exposure	$	—	$	—	$	5,976	$	5,300	$	2,817	$	1,839	$	4,049	$	2,454
On-balance sheet assets
Securities (2):
Trading account assets	$	—	$	—	$	2,153	$	1,641	$	14	$	16	$	162	$	354
Debt securities carried at fair value	—		—		763		809		—		—		—		—
Held-to-maturity securities	—		—		1,804		1,983		—		—		—		—
Loans and leases	—		—		—		—		—		—		1,397		70
Allowance for loan and lease losses	—		—		—		—		—		—		(2)		(2)
All other assets	—		—		1,256		868		5		6		1,983		1,522
Total retained positions	$	—	$	—	$	5,976	$	5,301	$	19	$	22	$	3,540	$	1,944
Total assets of VIEs	$	—	$	—	$	31,978	$	24,216	$	7,678	$	6,474	$	27,822	$	22,965

Consolidated VIEs
Maximum loss exposure	$	8,443	$	9,385	$	177	$	583	$	5,163	$	3,519	$	932	$	1,012
On-balance sheet assets
Trading account assets	$	—	$	—	$	395	$	1,002	$	4,793	$	3,436	$	22	$	5
Debt securities carried at fair value	—		—		—		—		370		83		—		—
Loans and leases	17,074		18,110		—		—		—		—		916		1,012
Allowance for loan and lease losses	(893)		(924)		—		—		—		—		(1)		(1)

All other assets	201		195		40		39		—		—		2		1
Total assets	$	16,382	$	17,381	$	435	$	1,041	$	5,163	$	3,519	$	939	$	1,017
On-balance sheet liabilities
Short-term borrowings	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,980	$	3,329	$	—	$	—
Long-term debt	7,917		7,975		258		458		—		—		7		5
All other liabilities	22		21		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total liabilities	$	7,939	$	7,996	$	258	$	458	$	4,980	$	3,329	$	7	$	5

(1)At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 loans and leases in the consolidated credit card trust included $3.6 billion and $4.5 billion of seller’s interest.

(2)The retained senior securities were valued using quoted market prices or observable market inputs (Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy).

Bank of America 78

Tax Credit VIEs

The Corporation holds equity investments in unconsolidated limited partnerships and similar entities that construct, own and operate affordable housing, renewable energy and certain other projects. The total assets of these unconsolidated tax credit VIEs were $87.3 billion and $85.7 billion as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. An unrelated third party is typically the general partner or managing member and has control over the significant activities of the VIE. As an investor, tax credits associated with the investments in these entities are allocated to the Corporation, as provided by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and related regulations, and are recognized as income tax benefits in the Corporation’s Consolidated Statement of Income in the year they are earned, which varies based on the type of investments. Tax credits from investments in affordable housing are recognized ratably over a term of up to 10 years, and tax credits from renewable energy investments are recognized either at inception for transactions electing Investment Tax Credits (ITCs) or as energy is produced for transactions electing Production Tax Credits (PTCs), which is generally up to a 10-year time period. The volume and types of investments held by the Corporation will influence the amount of tax credits recognized each period.

The Corporation’s equity investments in affordable housing and other projects totaled $16.5 billion and $16.7 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which included unfunded capital contributions of $7.0 billion and $7.5 billion that are probable to be paid over the next five years. The Corporation may be asked to invest additional amounts to support a troubled affordable housing project. Such additional investments have not been and are not expected to be significant. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Corporation recognized tax credits and other tax benefits related to affordable housing equity investments of $590 million and $1.7 billion compared to $564 million and $1.7 billion for the same periods in 2024, and reported pretax

losses in other income of $458 million and $1.3 billion compared to $418 million and $1.2 billion for the same periods in 2024. The Corporation’s equity investments in renewable energy totaled $11.6 billion and $13.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. In addition, the Corporation had unfunded capital contributions for renewable energy investments of $4.2 billion and $4.6 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which are contingent on various conditions precedent to funding over the next two years. The Corporation’s risk of loss is generally mitigated by policies requiring the project to qualify for the expected tax credits prior to making its investment. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Corporation recognized tax credits and other tax benefits related to renewable energy equity investments of $922 million and $2.5 billion compared to $873 million and $2.8 billion for the same periods in 2024 and reported pretax losses in other income of $552 million and $1.8 billion compared to $697 million and $2.0 billion for the same periods in 2024. The Corporation may also enter into power purchase agreements with renewable energy tax credit entities.

The table below summarizes select information related to unconsolidated tax credit VIEs in which the Corporation held a variable interest at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Unconsolidated Tax Credit VIEs




(Dollars in millions)	September 30 2025		December 31 2024
Maximum loss exposure	$	28,094		$	29,727
On-balance sheet assets






All other assets	28,094			29,727
Total	$	28,094		$	29,727

On-balance sheet liabilities



All other liabilities	7,015			7,599
Total	$	7,015		$	7,599
Total assets of VIEs	$	87,315		$	85,654

79 Bank of America

NOTE 7 Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The table below presents goodwill balances by business segment at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The reporting units utilized for goodwill impairment testing are the operating segments or one level below.



Goodwill

(Dollars in millions)	September 30 2025		December 31 2024




Consumer Banking	$	30,137	$	30,137


Global Wealth & Investment Management	9,677		9,677



Global Banking	24,026		24,026
Global Markets	5,181		5,181

Total goodwill	$	69,021	$	69,021

Intangible Assets

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the net carrying value of intangible assets was $1.9 billion and $2.0 billion. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, intangible assets included $1.5 billion and $1.6 billion of intangible assets associated with trade names, substantially all of which had an indefinite life and, accordingly, are not being amortized. Amortization of intangibles expense was $20 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and $59 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 8 Leases

The Corporation enters into both lessor and lessee arrangements. For more information on lease accounting, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles and Note 8 – Leases to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information on lease financing receivables, see Note 5 – Outstanding Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses.

Lessor Arrangements

The Corporation’s lessor arrangements primarily consist of operating, sales-type and direct financing leases for equipment. Lease agreements may include options to renew and for the lessee to purchase the leased equipment at the end of the lease term.

The table below presents the net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Net Investment (1)



(Dollars in millions)	September 30 2025		December 31 2024
Lease receivables	$	19,550	$	18,559
Unguaranteed residuals	2,948		2,543
Total net investment in sales-type and direct financing leases	$	22,498	$	21,102

(1)In certain cases, the Corporation obtains third-party residual value insurance to reduce its residual asset risk. The carrying value of residual assets with third-party residual value insurance for at least a portion of the asset value was $8.7 billion and $8.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The table below presents lease income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.



Lease Income

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30

(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Sales-type and direct financing leases	$	312	$	277	$	925	$	789
Operating leases	241		228		710		682
Total lease income	$	553	$	505	$	1,635	$	1,471

Lessee Arrangements

The Corporation's lessee arrangements predominantly consist of operating leases for premises and equipment; the Corporation's financing leases are not significant.

The table below provides information on the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Lessee Arrangements



(Dollars in millions)	September 30 2025		December 31 2024
Right-of-use assets	$	8,286	$	8,527
Lease liabilities	8,955		9,135

Bank of America 80

NOTE 9 Securities Financing Agreements, Collateral and Restricted Cash

The Corporation enters into securities financing agreements which include securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase. These financing agreements (also referred to as “matched-book transactions”) are to accommodate customers, obtain securities to cover short positions and finance inventory positions. The Corporation elects to account for certain securities financing agreements under the fair value option. For more information on the fair value option, see Note 15 – Fair Value Option.

Offsetting of Securities Financing Agreements

The Securities Financing Agreements table presents securities financing agreements included on the Consolidated Balance

Sheet in federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell, and in federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty netting. Gross assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements. For more information on the offsetting of derivatives, see Note 3 – Derivatives. For more information on the securities financing agreements and the offsetting of securities financing transactions, see Note 10 – Securities Financing Agreements, Short-term Borrowings, Collateral and Restricted Cash to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.



Securities Financing Agreements

	Gross Assets/Liabilities (1)		Amounts Offset		Net Balance Sheet Amount		Financial Instruments (2)		Net Assets/Liabilities
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
Securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell (3)	$	908,018	$	(582,218)	$	325,800	$	(301,588)	$	24,212

Securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	$	924,806	$	(582,218)	$	342,588	$	(326,901)	$	15,687
Other (4)	6,598		—		6,598		(6,598)		—
Total	$	931,404	$	(582,218)	$	349,186	$	(333,499)	$	15,687

	December 31, 2024
Securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell (3)	$	758,071	$	(483,362)	$	274,709	$	(250,040)	$	24,669

Securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	$	815,120	$	(483,362)	$	331,758	$	(317,974)	$	13,784
Other (4)	10,531		—		10,531		(10,531)		—
Total	$	825,651	$	(483,362)	$	342,289	$	(328,505)	$	13,784

(1)Includes activity where uncertainty exists as to the enforceability of certain master netting agreements under bankruptcy laws in some countries or industries.

(2)Includes securities collateral received or pledged under repurchase or securities lending agreements where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement. These amounts are not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, but are shown as a reduction to derive a net asset or liability. Securities collateral received or pledged where the legal enforceability of the master netting agreements is uncertain is excluded from the table.

(3)Excludes repurchase activity of $20.3 billion and $12.3 billion reported in loans and leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheet for September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(4)Balance is reported in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and relates to transactions where the Corporation acts as the lender in a securities lending agreement and receives securities that can be pledged as collateral or sold. In these transactions, the Corporation recognizes an asset at fair value, representing the securities received, and a liability, representing the obligation to return those securities.

Repurchase Agreements and Securities Loaned Transactions Accounted for as Secured Borrowings

The following tables present securities sold under agreements to repurchase and securities loaned by remaining contractual term to maturity and class of collateral pledged. Included in “Other” are transactions where the Corporation acts as the lender in a securities lending agreement and receives securities that can be pledged as collateral or sold. Certain agreements contain a right to substitute collateral and/or terminate the

agreement prior to maturity at the option of the Corporation or the counterparty. Such agreements are included in the table below based on the remaining contractual term to maturity. For more information on collateral requirements, see Note 10 – Securities Financing Agreements, Short-term Borrowings, Collateral and Restricted Cash to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.



Remaining Contractual Maturity


	Overnight and Continuous		30 Days or Less		After 30 Days Through 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days (1)		Total
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	$	339,019	$	277,344	$	85,350	$	92,486	$	794,199
Securities loaned	119,210		567		487		10,343		130,607
Other	6,598		—		—		—		6,598
Total	$	464,827	$	277,911	$	85,837	$	102,829	$	931,404

	December 31, 2024
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	$	305,577	$	252,526	$	87,978	$	70,148	$	716,229
Securities loaned	88,256		364		842		9,429		98,891
Other	10,531		—		—		—		10,531
Total	$	404,364	$	252,890	$	88,820	$	79,577	$	825,651

(1)No agreements have maturities greater than four years.

81 Bank of America



Class of Collateral Pledged


	Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase		Securities Loaned		Other		Total
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
U.S. government and agency securities	$	413,111	$	162	$	58	$	413,331
Corporate securities, trading loans and other	30,980		1,247		2		32,229
Equity securities	28,383		129,108		6,538		164,029
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	312,467		90		—		312,557
Mortgage trading loans and ABS	9,258		—		—		9,258
Total	$	794,199	$	130,607	$	6,598	$	931,404

	December 31, 2024
U.S. government and agency securities	$	416,241	$	130	$	10	$	416,381
Corporate securities, trading loans and other	29,483		1,517		3		31,003
Equity securities	30,106		97,240		10,518		137,864
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	232,521		4		—		232,525
Mortgage trading loans and ABS	7,878		—		—		7,878
Total	$	716,229	$	98,891	$	10,531	$	825,651

Collateral

The Corporation accepts securities and loans as collateral that it is permitted by contract or practice to sell or repledge. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of this collateral was $1.1 trillion and $925.7 billion, of which $1.1 trillion and $882.2 billion were sold or repledged. The primary source of this collateral is securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell. For more information on collateral, see Note 10 – Securities Financing Agreements, Short-term Borrowings, Collateral and Restricted Cash to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Restricted Cash

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation held restricted cash included within cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Balance Sheet of $6.9 billion and $6.1 billion, predominantly related to cash segregated in compliance with securities regulations and cash held on deposit with central banks to meet reserve requirements.

NOTE 10 Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Corporation enters into a number of off-balance sheet commitments. These commitments expose the Corporation to varying degrees of credit and market risk and are subject to the same credit and market risk limitation reviews as those instruments recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. For more information on commitments and contingencies, see Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Credit Extension Commitments

The Corporation enters into commitments to extend credit such as loan commitments, standby letters of credit (SBLCs) and commercial letters of credit to meet the financing needs of its customers. The following table includes the notional amount of unfunded legally binding lending commitments net of amounts distributed (i.e., syndicated or participated) to other financial institutions. The distributed amounts were $10.6 billion and $10.4 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The carrying value of the Corporation’s credit extension commitments at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, excluding commitments accounted for under the fair value option, was $1.1 billion, which predominantly related to the reserve for unfunded lending commitments. The carrying value of these commitments is classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Legally binding commitments to extend credit generally have specified rates and maturities. Certain of these commitments have adverse change clauses that help to protect the Corporation against deterioration in the borrower’s ability to pay.

The following table includes the notional amount of commitments of $2.3 billion and $2.2 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 that are accounted for under the fair value option. However, the table excludes the cumulative net fair value for these commitments of $67 million and $144 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which is classified in accrued expenses and other liabilities. For more information regarding the Corporation’s loan commitments accounted for under the fair value option, see Note 15 – Fair Value Option.

Bank of America 82



Credit Extension Commitments

	Expire in One Year or Less		Expire After One Year Through Three Years		Expire After Three Years Through Five Years		Expire After Five Years		Total
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
Notional amount of credit extension commitments
Loan commitments (1)	$	136,244	$	204,310	$	232,174	$	21,626	$	594,354
Home equity lines of credit	4,205		10,036		8,230		21,035		43,506
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees (2)	23,049		9,674		2,881		384		35,988
Letters of credit	654		22		14		38		728
Other commitments (3)	6		69		55		1,026		1,156
Legally binding commitments	164,158		224,111		243,354		44,109		675,732
Credit card lines (4)	473,646		—		—		—		473,646
Total credit extension commitments	$	637,804	$	224,111	$	243,354	$	44,109	$	1,149,378

	December 31, 2024
Notional amount of credit extension commitments
Loan commitments (1)	$	123,520	$	227,539	$	191,469	$	19,011	$	561,539
Home equity lines of credit	3,518		10,570		8,920		21,272		44,280
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees (2)	25,080		8,006		2,589		370		36,045
Letters of credit	781		142		8		19		950
Other commitments (3)	5		52		88		1,028		1,173
Legally binding commitments	152,904		246,309		203,074		41,700		643,987
Credit card lines (4)	456,185		—		—		—		456,185
Total credit extension commitments	$	609,089	$	246,309	$	203,074	$	41,700	$	1,100,172

(1) At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $3.3 billion and $4.4 billion of these loan commitments were held in the form of a security.

(2) The notional amounts of SBLCs and financial guarantees classified as investment grade and non-investment grade based on the credit quality of the underlying reference name within the instrument were $25.2 billion and $9.8 billion at September 30, 2025, and $25.0 billion and $10.1 billion at December 31, 2024. Amounts in the table include consumer SBLCs of $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(3) Primarily includes second-loss positions on lease-end residual value guarantees.

(4) Includes business card unused lines of credit.

Other Commitments

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation had commitments to purchase loans (e.g., residential mortgage and commercial real estate) of $672 million and $242 million, which upon settlement will be included in trading account assets, loans or LHFS, and commitments to purchase commercial loans of $602 million and $768 million, which upon settlement will be included in trading account assets.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation had commitments to enter into resale and forward-dated resale and securities borrowing agreements of $190.3 billion and $109.8 billion, and commitments to enter into forward-dated repurchase and securities lending agreements of $139.3 billion and $87.1 billion. A significant portion of these commitments will expire within the next 12 months.

At both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation had a commitment to originate or purchase up to $4.0 billion, on a rolling 12-month basis, of auto loans and leases from a strategic partner. This commitment extends through November 2026 and can be terminated with 12 months prior notice.

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation had unfunded equity investment commitments of $927 million and $787 million.

As a Federal Reserve member bank, the Corporation is required to subscribe to a certain amount of shares issued by its Federal Reserve district bank, which pays cumulative dividends at a prescribed rate. At both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation had paid $5.4 billion for half of its subscribed shares, with the remaining half subject to call by the Federal Reserve district bank board, which the Corporation believes is remote.

Other Guarantees

Bank-owned Life Insurance Book Value Protection

The Corporation sells products that offer book value protection to insurance carriers who offer group life insurance policies to corporations, primarily banks. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, these guarantees, which are accounted for as derivatives, had a notional amount of $2.8 billion and $3.3 billion and an insignificant fair value. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation’s maximum exposure related to these guarantees totaled $446 million and $506 million, with estimated maturity dates between 2034 and 2037.

Merchant Services

The Corporation in its role as merchant acquirer or as a sponsor of other merchant acquirers may be held liable for any reversed charges that cannot be collected from the merchants due to, among other things, merchant fraud or insolvency. If charges are properly reversed after a purchase and cannot be collected from either the merchants or merchant acquirers, the Corporation may be held liable for these reversed charges. The ability to reverse a charge is primarily governed by the applicable payment network rules and regulations, which include, but are not limited to, the type of charge, type of payment used and time limits. The total amount of transactions subject to reversal under payment network rules and regulations processed for the preceding six-month period, which was approximately $187 billion, is an estimate of the Corporation’s maximum potential exposure as of September 30, 2025. The Corporation’s risk in this area primarily relates to circumstances where a cardholder has purchased goods or services for future delivery. The Corporation mitigates this risk by requiring cash deposits, guarantees, letters of credit or other types of collateral from certain merchants. The Corporation’s reserves for contingent losses, and the losses incurred related to the merchant processing activity were not significant.

83 Bank of America

Representations and Warranties Obligations and Corporate Guarantees

For more information on representations and warranties obligations and corporate guarantees, see Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The reserve for representations and warranties obligations and corporate guarantees was $189 million and $184 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and the related provision is included in other income in the Consolidated Statement of Income. The representations and warranties reserve represents the Corporation’s best estimate of incurred losses, is based on its experience in previous negotiations, and is subject to judgment, a variety of assumptions and known or unknown uncertainties. At September 30, 2025, the estimated range of possible loss in excess of the accrued representations and warranties reserve was not significant. Future representations and warranties losses may occur in excess of the amounts recorded for these exposures; however, the Corporation does not expect such amounts to be material to the Corporation's financial condition and liquidity.

Fixed Income Clearing Corporation Sponsored Member Repo Program

The Corporation acts as a sponsoring member in a repo program whereby the Corporation clears certain eligible resale and repurchase agreements through the Government Securities Division of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation on behalf of clients that are sponsored members in accordance with the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation’s rules. As part of this program, the Corporation guarantees the payment and performance of its sponsored members to the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation. The Corporation’s guarantee obligation is secured by a security interest in cash or high-quality securities collateral placed by clients with the clearinghouse and therefore, the potential for the Corporation to incur significant losses under this arrangement is remote. The Corporation’s maximum potential exposure, without taking into consideration the related collateral, was $267.9 billion and $191.9 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Other Guarantees

In the normal course of business, the Corporation periodically guarantees the obligations of its affiliates in a variety of transactions including ISDA-related transactions and non-ISDA related transactions such as commodities trading, repurchase agreements, prime brokerage agreements and other transactions.

Guarantees of Certain Long-term Debt

The Corporation, as the parent company, fully and unconditionally guarantees the securities issued by BofA Finance LLC, a consolidated finance subsidiary of the Corporation, and effectively provides for the full and unconditional guarantee of trust securities and capital securities issued by certain statutory trust companies that are 100 percent owned finance subsidiaries of the Corporation.

Other Contingencies

In 2023, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) issued a final rule to impose a special assessment to recover certain estimated losses to the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) arising from the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. The estimated losses will be recovered through quarterly special assessments collected from certain insured depository institutions, including the Corporation, and collection began during the three months ended June 30, 2024. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation’s accrual for its estimated share of the FDIC special assessment was $773 million and $1.7 billion. The Corporation continues to monitor the FDIC’s estimated loss to the DIF, which could affect the amount of its accrued liability.

Litigation and Regulatory Matters

The following disclosures supplement the disclosure in Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K (the prior commitments and contingencies disclosure).

In the ordinary course of business, the Corporation and its subsidiaries are routinely defendants in or parties to many pending and threatened legal, regulatory and governmental actions and proceedings. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, particularly where the claimants seek very large or indeterminate damages or where the matters present novel legal theories or involve a large number of parties, the Corporation generally cannot predict the eventual outcome of the pending matters, timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters, or eventual loss, fines or penalties related to each pending matter.

As a matter develops, the Corporation, in conjunction with any outside counsel handling the matter, evaluates whether such matter presents a loss contingency that is probable and estimable, and, for the matters disclosed below and in the prior commitments and contingencies disclosure, whether a loss in excess of any accrued liability is reasonably possible in future periods. Once the loss contingency is deemed to be both probable and estimable, the Corporation will establish an accrued liability and record a corresponding amount of litigation-related expense. The Corporation continues to monitor the matter for further developments that could affect the amount of the accrued liability that has been previously established. Excluding expenses of internal and external legal service providers, litigation and regulatory investigation-related expense of $59 million and $297 million was recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $38 million and $188 million for the same periods in 2024.

For any matter disclosed in this Note and in the prior commitments and contingencies disclosure for which a loss in future periods is reasonably possible and estimable (whether in excess of an accrued liability or where there is no accrued liability), the Corporation’s estimated range of possible loss is $0 to $0.5 billion in excess of the accrued liability, if any, as of September 30, 2025.

The accrued liability and estimated range of possible loss are based upon currently available information and subject to significant judgment, a variety of assumptions and known and unknown uncertainties. The matters underlying the accrued liability and estimated range of possible loss are unpredictable and may change from time to time, and actual losses may vary significantly from the current estimate and accrual. The estimated range of possible loss does not represent the Corporation’s maximum loss exposure.

Bank of America 84

Information is provided below and in the prior commitments and contingencies disclosure regarding the nature of the litigation or other contingency and, where specified, associated claimed damages. Based on current knowledge, and taking into account accrued liabilities, management does not believe that loss contingencies arising from pending matters, including the matters described below and in the prior commitments and contingencies disclosure, will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition or liquidity of the Corporation. However, in light of the significant judgment, variety of assumptions and uncertainties involved in those matters, some of which are beyond the Corporation’s control, and the very large or indeterminate damages sought in some of those matters, an adverse outcome in one or more of those matters could be material to the Corporation’s business or results of operations for any particular reporting period, or cause significant reputational harm.

CFPB Lawsuit Related to Processing Electronic Payments

On March 4, 2025, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) dismissed the lawsuit with prejudice.

Deposit Insurance Assessment

On March 31, 2025, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (DC District Court) granted the FDIC’s motion for summary judgment in the amount of $540 million plus interest, related to assessments to the DIF for the period from the second quarter of 2013 to the fourth quarter of 2014. At the same time, the DC District Court granted BANA’s motion for summary judgment, finding that the FDIC is not entitled to recover with respect to assessments to the DIF totaling $583 million for the period from the first quarter of 2012 to the first quarter of 2013. The DC District Court denied the other claims and counterclaims in the case. On July 3, 2025, BANA paid the FDIC a total of $657 million which reflects the judgment and BANA’s calculation of interest, which had been previously accrued by the Corporation. The FDIC and BANA disagree about the appropriate methodology for the interest calculation, and the parties have requested that the DC District Court resolve the dispute. The FDIC seeks an additional payment of approximately $255 million and additional interest that continues to accrue based on the FDIC’s methodology. BANA has pledged security satisfactory to the FDIC with respect to the disputed amount of interest.

Fair Access to Banking

The Corporation is responding to demands and requests regarding “fair access to banking,” including those resulting from Executive Order 14331 “Guaranteeing Fair Banking for All Americans” which directed government agencies to review financial institutions’ policies and practices for providing, maintaining, or discontinuing financial products or services to certain clients or potential clients.

LIBOR

On September 25, 2025, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (NY District Court) granted Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and dismissed all remaining claims pending against the Corporation, BANA, the Merrill Lynch entities, as well as all other defendant banks on the U.S. Dollar LIBOR panel. The NY District Court also decertified the class of antitrust claims on behalf of persons who purchased over-the-counter instruments incorporating LIBOR. Plaintiffs have filed notices of appeal.

Unemployment Insurance Prepaid Cards

On June 16, 2025, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California (CA District Court) issued an order certifying classes of certain individuals who received California unemployment benefits via BANA prepaid debit cards. On June 30, 2025, BANA filed a petition with the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Court requesting permission to appeal the CA District Court’s class certification order, which was denied on September 25, 2025.

NOTE 11 Shareholders’ Equity

Common Stock



Declared Quarterly Cash Dividends on Common Stock (1)

Declaration Date	Record Date	Payment Date	Dividend Per Share
October 23, 2025	December 5, 2025	December 26,2025	$	0.28
July 23, 2025	September 5, 2025	September 26, 2025	0.28
April 23, 2025	June 6, 2025	June 27, 2025	0.26
January 29, 2025	March 7, 2025	March 28, 2025	0.26

(1) In 2025, and through October 31, 2025.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Corporation repurchased and retired approximately 108 million and 335 million shares of common stock, which reduced shareholders’ equity by $5.3 billion and $15.1 billion, including excise taxes.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, in connection with employee stock plans, the Corporation issued 86 million shares of its common stock and, to satisfy tax withholding obligations, repurchased 33 million shares of common stock. At September 30, 2025, the Corporation had reserved 586 million unissued shares of common stock for future issuances under employee stock plans, convertible notes and preferred stock.

On October 23, 2025, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.28 per share.

Preferred Stock

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, June 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the Corporation declared $429 million, $291 million and $397 million of cash dividends on preferred stock, or a total of $1.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

On July 24, 2025, the Corporation issued 100,000 shares of 6.250% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series UU for $2.5 billion, with quarterly dividends commencing in October 2025. The Series UU preferred stock has a liquidation preference of $25,000 per share and is subject to certain restrictions in the event the Corporation fails to declare and pay full dividends.

For more information on the Corporation’s preferred stock, including liquidation preference, dividend requirements and redemption period, see Note 13 – Shareholders’ Equity to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

85 Bank of America

NOTE 12 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The table below presents the changes in accumulated OCI after-tax for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.



(Dollars in millions)	Debt Securities		Debit Valuation Adjustments		Derivatives		Employee Benefit Plans		Foreign Currency		Total
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	(2,410)	$	(1,567)	$	(8,016)	$	(4,748)	$	(1,047)	$	(17,788)
Net change	444		(135)		3,100		75		(30)		3,454
Balance, September 30, 2024	$	(1,966)	$	(1,702)	$	(4,916)	$	(4,673)	$	(1,077)	$	(14,334)

Balance, December 31, 2024	$	(2,252)	$	(1,694)	$	(5,588)	$	(4,617)	$	(1,134)	$	(15,285)
Net change	489		(161)		3,145		37		30		3,540
Balance, September 30, 2025	$	(1,763)	$	(1,855)	$	(2,443)	$	(4,580)	$	(1,104)	$	(11,745)

The table below presents the net change in fair value recorded in accumulated OCI, net realized gains and losses reclassified into earnings and other changes for each component of OCI pre- and after-tax for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.



	Pretax		Tax effect		After- tax		Pretax		Tax effect		After- tax
	Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025						2024
Debt securities:



Net increase (decrease) in fair value	$	644	$	(172)	$	472	$	581	$	(142)	$	439



Net realized (gains) losses reclassified into earnings (1)	23		(6)		17		6		(1)		5
Net change	667		(178)		489		587		(143)		444




Debit valuation adjustments:
Net increase (decrease) in fair value	(218)		54		(164)		(191)		48		(143)
Net realized (gains) losses reclassified into earnings (1)	3		—		3		12		(4)		8

Net change	(215)		54		(161)		(179)		44		(135)
Derivatives:
Net increase (decrease) in fair value	3,091		(813)		2,278		1,851		(464)		1,387
Reclassifications into earnings:
Net interest income	1,165		(285)		880		2,163		(542)		1,621
Market making and similar activities	—		—		—		146		(35)		111

Compensation and benefits expense	(17)		4		(13)		(25)		6		(19)
Net realized (gains) losses reclassified into earnings	1,148		(281)		867		2,284		(571)		1,713

Net change	4,239		(1,094)		3,145		4,135		(1,035)		3,100
Employee benefit plans:




Net actuarial losses and other reclassified into earnings (2)	109		(72)		37		98		(23)		75

Net change	109		(72)		37		98		(23)		75
Foreign currency:
Net increase (decrease) in fair value	(656)		686		30		33		(70)		(37)
Net realized (gains) losses reclassified into earnings (1)	—		—		—		41		(34)		7

Net change	(656)		686		30		74		(104)		(30)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	$	4,144	$	(604)	$	3,540	$	4,715	$	(1,261)	$	3,454

(1) Reclassifications of pretax debt securities, DVA and foreign currency (gains) losses are recorded in other income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(2) Reclassifications of pretax employee benefit plan costs are recorded in other general operating expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Bank of America 86

NOTE 13 Earnings Per Common Share

The calculation of earnings per common share (EPS) and diluted EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 is presented below. For more information on the calculation of EPS, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.



	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(In millions, except per share information)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Earnings per common share
Net income	$	8,469	$	6,896	$	22,981	$	20,467
Preferred stock dividends and other	(429)		(516)		(1,126)		(1,363)
Net income applicable to common shareholders	$	8,040	$	6,380	$	21,855	$	19,104

Average common shares issued and outstanding	7,466.0		7,818.0		7,574.5		7,894.7
Earnings per common share	$	1.08	$	0.82	$	2.89	$	2.42

Diluted earnings per common share

Net income applicable to common shareholders	$	8,040	$	6,380	$	21,855	$	19,104
Add preferred stock dividends due to assumed conversions	56		—		167		—
Net income allocated to common shareholders	$	8,096	$	6,380	$	22,022	$	19,104
Average common shares issued and outstanding	7,466.0		7,818.0		7,574.5		7,894.7
Dilutive potential common shares	161.1		84.1		150.2		70.3
Total average diluted common shares issued and outstanding	7,627.1		7,902.1		7,724.7		7,965.0
Diluted earnings per common share	$	1.06	$	0.81	$	2.85	$	2.40

Diluted EPS is calculated by adjusting net income applicable to common shareholders and average common shares issued and outstanding for the potential impact, if dilutive, of any instruments that are exercisable or convertible into common shares. As the Corporation’s Series L convertible preferred stock (Series L) was dilutive to EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, total average dilutive common shares issued and outstanding included 62 million common shares, as the Series L was assumed to have been converted into common shares as of the beginning of those periods. In addition, Series L preferred dividends of $56 million and $167 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were included in net income allocated to common shareholders, as they would have been paid if the Series L was converted. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Corporation’s Series L was antidilutive, and therefore, there was no assumed conversion of any shares.

NOTE 14 Fair Value Measurements

Under applicable accounting standards, fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most

advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Corporation determines the fair values of its financial instruments under applicable accounting standards and conducts a review of fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Transfers into or out of fair value hierarchy classifications are made if the significant inputs used in the financial models measuring the fair values of the assets and liabilities become unobservable or observable in the current marketplace. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were no changes to valuation approaches or techniques that had, or are expected to have, a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

For more information regarding the fair value hierarchy, how the Corporation measures fair value and valuation techniques, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles and Note 20 – Fair Value Measurements to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Corporation accounts for certain financial instruments under the fair value option. For more information, see Note 15 – Fair Value Option.

87 Bank of America

Recurring Fair Value

Assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, including financial instruments that the Corporation accounts for under the fair value option, are summarized in the following tables.



	September 30, 2025
	Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting Adjustments (1)		Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
Assets
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments	$	1,401	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,401
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell	—		628,938		—		(455,252)		173,686
Trading account assets:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	56,066		4,329		—		—		60,395
Corporate securities, trading loans and other	—		53,152		1,955		—		55,107
Equity securities	68,536		40,411		353		—		109,300
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	9,998		42,568		267		—		52,833
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS:
U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed	—		47,976		9		—		47,985
Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS	—		9,017		929		—		9,946
Total trading account assets (2)	134,600		197,453		3,513		—		335,566
Derivative assets	23,595		275,190		4,349		(261,019)		42,115
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	265,793		840		—		—		266,633
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	—		31,940		—		—		31,940
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	—		20,282		—		—		20,282
Non-agency residential	—		272		3		—		275
Commercial	—		31,550		473		—		32,023
Non-U.S. securities	253		27,783		41		—		28,077

Other taxable securities	—		3,074		—		—		3,074
Tax-exempt securities	—		7,989		—		—		7,989
Total AFS debt securities	266,046		123,730		517		—		390,293
Other debt securities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	2,444		—		—		—		2,444



Non-agency residential MBS	—		209		44		—		253



Non-U.S. and other securities	916		10,730		—		—		11,646
Total other debt securities carried at fair value	3,360		10,939		44		—		14,343
Loans and leases	—		6,569		125		—		6,694
Loans held-for-sale	—		1,981		90		—		2,071


Other assets (3)	4,483		3,292		2,055		—		9,830

Total assets (4)	$	433,485	$	1,248,092	$	10,693	$	(716,271)	$	975,999

Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits in U.S. offices	$	—	$	1,079	$	—	$	—	$	1,079
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	—		670,628		—		(455,252)		215,376
Trading account liabilities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	15,047		199		—		—		15,246
Equity securities	60,479		7,127		6		—		67,612
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	9,541		12,063		—		—		21,604
Corporate securities and other	—		12,747		88		—		12,835
Mortgage trading loans and ABS	—		25		—		—		25
Total trading account liabilities	85,067		32,161		94		—		117,322
Derivative liabilities	24,514		273,615		5,309		(263,281)		40,157
Short-term borrowings	—		6,426		6		—		6,432
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	5,999		2,503		9		—		8,511
Long-term debt	—		65,853		462		—		66,315
Total liabilities (4)	$	115,580	$	1,052,265	$	5,880	$	(718,533)	$	455,192

(1)Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements and also cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparties.

(2)Includes securities with a fair value of $12.3 billion that were segregated in compliance with securities regulations or deposited with clearing organizations. This amount is included in the parenthetical disclosure on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Trading account assets also includes certain commodities inventory of $25 million that is accounted for at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which is the current selling price less any costs to sell.

(3)Includes MSRs, which are classified as Level 3 assets, of $930 million.

(4)Total recurring Level 3 assets were 0.31 percent of total consolidated assets, and total recurring Level 3 liabilities were 0.19 percent of total consolidated liabilities.

Bank of America 88



	December 31, 2024
	Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting Adjustments (1)		Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
Assets
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments	$	1,318	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,318
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell	—		521,878		—		(377,377)		144,501
Trading account assets:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	66,582		3,940		—		—		70,522
Corporate securities, trading loans and other	—		43,222		1,814		—		45,036
Equity securities	66,783		36,450		374		—		103,607
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	3,017		36,763		344		—		40,124
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS:
U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed	—		43,850		5		—		43,855
Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS	—		10,343		973		—		11,316
Total trading account assets (2)	136,382		174,568		3,510		—		314,460
Derivative assets	14,626		289,940		3,562		(267,180)		40,948
AFS debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	233,671		908		—		—		234,579
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	—		31,202		—		—		31,202
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations	—		19,318		—		—		19,318
Non-agency residential	—		38		247		—		285
Commercial	—		25,274		328		—		25,602
Non-U.S. securities	75		22,320		36		—		22,431

Other taxable securities	—		4,603		—		—		4,603
Tax-exempt securities	—		8,412		—		—		8,412
Total AFS debt securities	233,746		112,075		611		—		346,432
Other debt securities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	3,885		—		—		—		3,885


Non-agency residential MBS	—		101		149		—		250



Non-U.S. and other securities	854		7,186		—		—		8,040
Total other debt securities carried at fair value	4,739		7,287		149		—		12,175
Loans and leases	—		4,167		82		—		4,249
Loans held-for-sale	—		2,082		132		—		2,214
Other assets (3)	8,279		2,928		1,969		—		13,176

Total assets (4)	$	399,090	$	1,114,925	$	10,015	$	(644,557)	$	879,473

Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits in U.S. offices	$	—	$	310	$	—	$	—	$	310
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	—		570,236		—		(377,377)		192,859
Trading account liabilities:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies	16,408		195		—		—		16,603
Equity securities	40,066		4,843		10		—		44,919
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	2,727		17,279		—		—		20,006
Corporate securities and other	—		10,871		110		—		10,981
Mortgage trading loans and ABS	—		34		—		—		34
Total trading account liabilities	59,201		33,222		120		—		92,543
Derivative liabilities	15,354		284,810		5,523		(266,334)		39,353
Short-term borrowings	—		6,245		—		—		6,245
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	9,113		3,997		89		—		13,199
Long-term debt	—		49,452		553		—		50,005
Total liabilities (4)	$	83,668	$	948,272	$	6,285	$	(643,711)	$	394,514

(1)Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements and also cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparties.

(2)Includes securities with a fair value of $18.3 billion that were segregated in compliance with securities regulations or deposited with clearing organizations. This amount is included in the parenthetical disclosure on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Trading account assets also includes certain commodities inventory of $99 million that is accounted for at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which is the current selling price less any costs to sell.

(3)Includes MSRs, which are classified as Level 3 assets, of $972 million.

(4)Total recurring Level 3 assets were 0.31 percent of total consolidated assets, and total recurring Level 3 liabilities were 0.21 percent of total consolidated liabilities.

89 Bank of America

The following tables present a reconciliation of all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, including net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings and accumulated OCI. Transfers into Level 3 occur primarily due

to decreased price observability, and transfers out of Level 3 occur primarily due to increased price observability. Transfers occur on a regular basis for long-term debt instruments due to changes in the impact of unobservable inputs on the value of the embedded derivative in relation to the instrument as a whole.



Level 3 – Fair Value Measurements (1)

	Balance June 30		Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income (2)		Gains (Losses) in OCI (3)		Gross								Gross Transfers into Level 3		Gross Transfers out of Level 3		Balance September 30		Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income Related to Financial Instruments Still Held (2)
(Dollars in millions)							Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025

Trading account assets:

Corporate securities, trading loans and other	$	2,152	$	7	$	2	$	447	$	(238)	$	17	$	(365)	$	91	$	(158)	$	1,955	$	(29)
Equity securities	402		(15)		—		44		(17)		—		—		45		(106)		353		(15)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	253		10		4		5		—		—		(5)		—		—		267		10
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS	916		(27)		—		95		(80)		—		(26)		85		(25)		938		(44)
Total trading account assets	3,723		(25)		6		591		(335)		17		(396)		221		(289)		3,513		(78)
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)	(1,187)		(92)		—		163		(389)		—		4		18		523		(960)		(105)
AFS debt securities:



Non-agency residential MBS	3		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		3		—
Commercial MBS	472		—		—		17		—		—		(16)		—		—		473		—



Non-U.S. and other taxable securities	394		(1)		—		9		—		—		—		5		(366)		41		(1)

Total AFS debt securities	869		(1)		—		26		—		—		(16)		5		(366)		517		(1)
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS	43		—		—		—		—		—		—		1		—		44		—
Loans and leases (5)	100		1		—		2		—		24		(2)		—		—		125		1

Loans held-for-sale (5)	97		1		—		1		—		—		(9)		—		—		90		(1)
Other assets (6,7)	1,942		14		(3)		161		—		46		(105)		—		—		2,055		—
Trading account liabilities – Equity securities	(7)		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		1		(6)		—
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities and other	(90)		10		—		(1)		—		(1)		—		(6)		—		(88)		5
Short-term borrowings (5)	—		(7)		—		—		—		—		1		—		—		(6)		(7)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (5)	(6)		(18)		—		15		—		—		—		—		—		(9)		(18)
Long-term debt (5)	(471)		17		(13)		—		—		—		5		—		—		(462)		17

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

Trading account assets:

Corporate securities, trading loans and other	$	1,816	$	80	$	—	$	210	$	(194)	$	21	$	(282)	$	166	$	(17)	$	1,800	$	29
Equity securities	231		2		—		27		(15)		—		—		35		(29)		251		1
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	323		6		5		2		(11)		—		(3)		19		—		341		6
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS	973		(33)		—		87		(68)		—		(13)		128		(40)		1,034		(32)
Total trading account assets	3,343		55		5		326		(288)		21		(298)		348		(86)		3,426		4
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)	(2,366)		409		—		264		(413)		—		(148)		(86)		181		(2,159)		562
AFS debt securities:



Non-agency residential MBS	133		(2)		12		—		—		—		(3)		94		(13)		221		(3)
Commercial MBS	170		—		—		25		—		—		(2)		—		—		193		—


Non-U.S. and other taxable securities	78		1		—		—		—		—		(4)		4		(2)		77		—

Total AFS debt securities	381		(1)		12		25		—		—		(9)		98		(15)		491		(3)
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS	53		4		—		—		—		—		—		80		—		137		5
Loans and leases (5,6)	89		2		—		—		—		—		(5)		—		—		86		2

Loans held-for-sale (5)	133		9		—		25		—		—		(11)		—		—		156		5
Other assets (6,7)	1,700		46		5		58		(6)		24		(79)		—		—		1,748		15
Trading account liabilities – Equity securities	(11)		6		—		—		—		—		1		(4)		—		(8)		6
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities and other	(72)		(10)		—		(1)		(1)		—		14		(1)		—		(71)		(12)
Short-term borrowings (5)	(8)		1		—		—		—		—		7		—		—		—		1
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (5)	(8)		(3)		—		—		—		—		1		—		—		(10)		(3)
Long-term debt (5)	(588)		4		(2)		—		—		—		7		—		—		(579)		4

(1)Assets (liabilities). For assets, increase (decrease) to Level 3 and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to Level 3.

(2)Includes gains (losses) reported in earnings in the following income statement line items: Trading account assets/liabilities - market making and similar activities and other income; Net derivative assets (liabilities) - market making and similar activities and other income; AFS debt securities - other income; Other debt securities carried at fair value - other income; Loans and leases - other income; Loans held-for-sale - other income; Other assets - market making and similar activities and other income primarily related to MSRs; Short-term borrowings - market making and similar activities; Accrued expenses and other liabilities - other income; Long-term debt - market making and similar activities.

(3)Includes unrealized gains (losses) in OCI on AFS debt securities, foreign currency translation adjustments, derivatives designated in cash flow hedges and the impact of changes in the Corporation’s credit spreads on long-term debt accounted for under the fair value option. Amounts include net unrealized gains (losses) of $(10) million and $20 million related to financial instruments still held at September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(4)Net derivative assets (liabilities) include derivative assets of $4.3 billion and $3.7 billion and derivative liabilities of $5.3 billion and $5.8 billion at September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(5)Amounts represent instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option.

(6)Issuances represent MSRs recognized following securitizations or whole-loan sales.

(7)Settlements primarily represent the net change in fair value of the MSR asset due to the recognition of modeled cash flows and the passage of time.

Bank of America 90



Level 3 – Fair Value Measurements (1)

	Balance January 1		Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income (2)		Gains (Losses) in OCI (3)		Gross								Gross Transfers into Level 3		Gross Transfers out of Level 3		Balance September 30		Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income Related to Financial Instruments Still Held (2)
(Dollars in millions)							Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Trading account assets:

Corporate securities, trading loans and other	$	1,814	$	196	$	4	$	1,464	$	(909)	$	40	$	(901)	$	567	$	(320)	$	1,955	$	(42)
Equity securities	374		33		—		129		(45)		—		(105)		152		(185)		353		17
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	344		76		27		30		—		—		(186)		—		(24)		267		52
Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS	978		(46)		—		232		(252)		—		(118)		290		(146)		938		(46)
Total trading account assets	3,510		259		31		1,855		(1,206)		40		(1,310)		1,009		(675)		3,513		(19)
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)	(1,961)		892		—		915		(1,313)		—		28		(254)		733		(960)		247
AFS debt securities:



Non-agency residential MBS	247		1		—		—		—		—		—		—		(245)		3		1
Commercial MBS	328		(2)		4		254		—		—		(111)		—		—		473		(2)


Non-U.S. and other taxable securities	36		(1)		(3)		515		(1)		—		(2)		5		(508)		41		(1)

Total AFS debt securities	611		(2)		1		769		(1)		—		(113)		5		(753)		517		(2)
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS	149		13		—		—		—		—		(2)		1		(117)		44		13
Loans and leases (5,6)	82		2		—		2		—		24		(29)		44		—		125		2
Loans held-for-sale (5,6)	132		28		3		1		(14)		—		(60)		—		—		90		(10)
Other assets (6,7)	1,969		(47)		26		252		—		119		(264)		—		—		2,055		(71)


Trading account liabilities – Equity securities	(10)		1		—		3		—		—		—		(3)		3		(6)		(1)
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities and other	(110)		28		—		6		(15)		(1)		21		(18)		1		(88)		19
Short-term borrowings (5)	—		(7)		—		—		—		—		1		—		—		(6)		(7)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (6)	(89)		(80)		—		161		—		—		(1)		—		—		(9)		(27)
Long-term debt (5)	(553)		(39)		(1)		—		—		—		131		—		—		(462)		(22)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Trading account assets:

Corporate securities, trading loans and other	$	1,689	$	104	$	(3)	$	501	$	(322)	$	44	$	(748)	$	681	$	(146)	$	1,800	$	(11)
Equity securities	187		8		—		113		(52)		—		(4)		46		(47)		251		—
Non-U.S. sovereign debt	396		11		(29)		28		(16)		—		(68)		19		—		341		11
Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS	1,217		(56)		—		324		(539)		—		(56)		292		(148)		1,034		(76)
Total trading account assets	3,489		67		(32)		966		(929)		44		(876)		1,038		(341)		3,426		(76)
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)	(2,494)		915		—		758		(992)		—		(683)		(385)		722		(2,159)		(318)
AFS debt securities:




Non-agency residential MBS	273		7		59		—		—		—		(144)		156		(130)		221		5
Commercial MBS	—		(6)		1		200		—		—		(2)		—		—		193		(6)

Non-U.S. and other taxable securities	103		(6)		—		—		—		—		(18)		5		(7)		77		(2)

Total AFS debt securities	376		(5)		60		200		—		—		(164)		161		(137)		491		(3)
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS	69		7		—		—		—		—		(20)		97		(16)		137		(12)
Loans and leases (5,6)	93		3		—		—		—		1		(11)		—		—		86		3
Loans held-for-sale (5,6)	164		7		(4)		25		—		—		(36)		—		—		156		(1)
Other assets (6,7)	1,657		186		(21)		78		(6)		97		(244)		1		—		1,748		158

Trading account liabilities – Equity securities	(12)		8		—		—		(4)		—		7		(18)		11		(8)		5
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities and other	(39)		(28)		—		(4)		(14)		(2)		23		(7)		—		(71)		(31)
Short-term borrowings (5)	(10)		1		—		—		—		(9)		18		—		—		—		1
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (6)	(21)		(12)		—		22		—		—		1		—		—		(10)		(9)
Long-term debt (5)	(614)		35		(19)		—		—		—		20		(1)		—		(579)		36

(1)Assets (liabilities). For assets, increase (decrease) to Level 3 and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to Level 3.

(3)Includes unrealized gains (losses) in OCI on AFS debt securities, foreign currency translation adjustments and the impact of changes in the Corporation’s credit spreads on long-term debt accounted for under the fair value option. Amounts include net unrealized gains (losses) of $54 million and $(40) million related to financial instruments still held at September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(4)Net derivative assets (liabilities) include derivative assets of $4.3 billion and $3.7 billion and derivative liabilities of $5.3 billion and $5.8 billion at September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(5)Amounts represent instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option.

(6)Issuances represent loan originations and MSRs recognized following securitizations or whole-loan sales.

(7)Settlements primarily represent the net change in fair value of the MSR asset due to the recognition of modeled cash flows and the passage of time.

91 Bank of America

The following tables present information about significant unobservable inputs related to the Corporation’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.



Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2025

(Dollars in millions)				Inputs
Financial Instrument	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Ranges of Inputs	Weighted Average (1)
Loans and Securities (2)
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets	$	299	Discounted cash flow, Market comparables	Yield	0% to 20%	8	%
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS	176			Prepayment speed	0% to 41% CPR	7% CPR
Loans and leases	76			Default rate	0% to 6% CDR	6% CDR



AFS debt securities – Non-agency residential	3			Price	$0 to $115	$74
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential	44			Loss severity	0% to 79%	27	%
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets	$	767	Discounted cash flow, Asset-based approach	Yield	0% to 5%	3	%
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other	209			Price	$0 to $104	$85
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS	49
AFS debt securities – Commercial	483
Loans held-for-sale	26
Commercial loans, debt securities and other	$	2,870	Discounted cash flow, Market comparables	Yield	4% to 25%	17	%
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other	1,746			Prepayment speed	20%	n/a
Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt	267			Default rate	2%	n/a
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS	713			Loss severity	30%	n/a

AFS debt securities – Non-U.S. securities	31			Price	$0 to $136	$66
Loans and leases	49
Loans held-for-sale	64

Other assets, primarily auction rate securities	$	1,125	Discounted cash flow, Market comparables	Price	$10 to $95	$84
				Discount rate	8% to 11%	9	%


MSRs	$	930	Discounted cash flow	Weighted-average life, fixed rate (5)	0 to 13 years	6 years
				Weighted-average life, variable rate (5)	0 to 11 years	4 years
				Option-adjusted spread, fixed rate	7% to 14%	9	%
				Option-adjusted spread, variable rate	9% to 15%	12	%
Structured liabilities
Long-term debt	$	(462)	Discounted cash flow, Market comparables	Yield	22% to 24%	23	%
				Price	$30 to $100	$90

				Natural gas forward price	$2/MMBtu to $7/MMBtu	$4 /MMBtu

Net derivative assets (liabilities)

Credit derivatives	$	31	Market comparables, Discounted cash flow, Stochastic recovery correlation model	Credit spreads	6 to 69 bps	40 bps



				Prepayment speed	15% CPR	n/a
				Default rate	2% CDR	n/a
				Credit correlation	38% to 73%	67	%
				Price	$0 to $103	$99
Equity derivatives	$	(829)	Industry standard derivative pricing (3)	Equity correlation	0% to 100%	60%
				Long-dated equity volatilities	1% to 86%	33%
Commodity derivatives	$	(626)	Discounted cash flow	Natural gas forward price	$2/MMBtu to $7/MMBtu	$3/MMBtu

				Power forward price	$28 to $133	$57


Interest rate derivatives	$	464	Industry standard derivative pricing (4)	Correlation (IR/IR)	(35)% to 70%	46	%
				Correlation (FX/IR)	(5)% to 58%	30	%
				Long-dated inflation rates	(1)% to 24%	2	%
				Long-dated inflation volatilities	5%	n/a
				Interest rate volatilities	(1)% to 9%	0	%

Total net derivative assets (liabilities)	$	(960)

(1)For loans and securities, structured liabilities and net derivative assets (liabilities), the weighted average is calculated based upon the absolute fair value of the instruments.

(2)The categories are aggregated based upon product type, which differs from financial statement classification. The following is a reconciliation to the line items in the table on page 88: Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other of $2.0 billion, Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt of $267 million, Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS of $938 million, AFS debt securities of $517 million, Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential of $44 million, Other assets, including MSRs, of $2.1 billion, Loans and leases of $125 million and LHFS of $90 million.

(3)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.

(4)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.

(5)The weighted-average life is a product of changes in market rates of interest, prepayment rates and other model and cash flow assumptions.

CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate

CDR = Constant Default Rate

MMBtu = Million British thermal units

IR = Interest Rate

FX = Foreign Exchange

n/a = not applicable

Bank of America 92



Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024

(Dollars in millions)				Inputs
Financial Instrument	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Ranges of Inputs	Weighted Average (1)
Loans and Securities (2)
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets	$	636	Discounted cash flow, Market comparables	Yield	0% to 20%	9	%
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS	163			Prepayment speed	0% to 43% CPR	8% CPR
Loans and leases	77			Default rate	0% to 6% CDR	6% CDR
AFS debt securities - Non-agency residential	247			Price	$0 to $115	$74
Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential	149			Loss severity	0% to 76%	24	%
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets	$	555	Discounted cash flow	Yield	1%	n/a

Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other	185			Price	$0 to $103	$84
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS	42
AFS debt securities – Commercial	328
Commercial loans, debt securities and other	$	2,919	Discounted cash flow, Market comparables	Yield	4% to 37%	17	%
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other	1,629			Prepayment speed	20%	n/a
Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt	344			Default rate	2%	n/a
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS	773			Loss severity	30%	n/a

AFS debt securities – Non-U.S. and other taxable securities	36			Price	$0 to $135	$69
Loans and leases	5
Loans held-for-sale	132
Other assets, primarily auction rate securities	$	997	Discounted cash flow, Market comparables	Price	$10 to $95	$86
				Discount rate	8% to 11%	9	%

MSRs	$	972	Discounted cash flow	Weighted-average life, fixed rate (5)	0 to 13 years	6 years
				Weighted-average life, variable rate (5)	0 to 12 years	3 years
				Option-adjusted spread, fixed rate	7% to 14%	9	%
				Option-adjusted spread, variable rate	9% to 15%	11	%
Structured liabilities
Long-term debt	$	(553)	Discounted cash flow, Market comparables	Yield	18% to 22%	21	%

				Price	$32 to $100	$91
				Natural gas forward price	$2/MMBtu to $7/MMBtu	$4/MMBtu

Net derivative assets (liabilities)
Credit derivatives	$	(6)	Discounted cash flow, Stochastic recovery correlation model	Credit spreads	3 to 298 bps	63 bps


				Prepayment speed	15% CPR	n/a
				Default rate	2% CDR	n/a
				Credit correlation	29% to 63%	49	%
				Price	$0 to $99	$94
Equity derivatives	$	(869)	Industry standard derivative pricing (3)	Equity correlation	0% to 100%	59	%
				Long-dated equity volatilities	1% to 87%	33	%
Commodity derivatives	$	(740)	Discounted cash flow	Natural gas forward price	$2/MMBtu to $7/MMBtu	$4/MMBtu
				Power forward price	$22 to $104	$48

Interest rate derivatives	$	(346)	Industry standard derivative pricing (4)	Correlation (IR/IR)	(35)% to 70%	50	%
				Correlation (FX/IR)	(25)% to 58%	27	%
				Long-dated inflation rates	G(1)% to 21%	3	%
				Long-dated inflation volatilities	0% to 5%	3	%
				Interest rates volatilities	(1)% to 1%	0	%
Total net derivative assets (liabilities)	$	(1,961)

(1)For loans and securities, structured liabilities and net derivative assets (liabilities), the weighted average is calculated based upon the absolute fair value of the instruments.

(2)The categories are aggregated based upon product type, which differs from financial statement classification. The following is a reconciliation to the line items in the table on page 89: Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other of $1.8 billion, Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt of $344 million, Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS of $978 million, AFS debt securities of $611 million, Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential of $149 million, Other assets, including MSRs, of $2.0 billion, Loans and leases of $82 million and LHFS of $132 million.

(3)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.

(4)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.

(5)The weighted-average life is a product of changes in market rates of interest, prepayment rates and other model and cash flow assumptions.

CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate

CDR = Constant Default Rate

MMBtu = Million British thermal units

IR = Interest Rate

FX = Foreign Exchange

n/a = not applicable

Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements from Unobservable Inputs

For information on the types of instruments, valuation approaches and the impact of changes in unobservable inputs used in Level 3 measurements, see Note 20 – Fair Value Measurements to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

93 Bank of America

Nonrecurring Fair Value

The Corporation holds certain assets that are measured at fair value only in certain situations (e.g., the impairment of an asset), and these measurements are referred to herein as nonrecurring. The amounts below represent assets still held as of the reporting date for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.



Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis


	September 30, 2025				Three Months Ended September 30, 2025		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
(Dollars in millions)	Level 2		Level 3		Gains (Losses)
Assets
Loans held-for-sale	$	157	$	—	$	(1)	$	49
Loans and leases (1)	—		89		(10)		(23)
Foreclosed properties (2, 3)	—		63		(2)		1
Other assets (4)	—		329		(11)		(14)

	September 30, 2024				Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Assets
Loans held-for-sale	$	795	$	2,685	$	(62)	$	(160)
Loans and leases (1)	—		89		(10)		(26)
Foreclosed properties (2, 3)	—		149		(17)		(15)
Other assets (4)	1		274		—		(40)

(1)Includes $2 million and $5 million of losses on loans that were written down to a collateral value of zero during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to losses of $3 million and $7 million for the same periods in 2024.

(2)Amounts are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and represent the carrying value of foreclosed properties that were written down subsequent to their initial classification as foreclosed properties. Losses on foreclosed properties include losses recorded during the first 90 days after transfer of a loan to foreclosed properties.

(3)Excludes $15 million and $19 million of properties acquired upon foreclosure of certain government-guaranteed loans (principally FHA-insured loans) at September 30, 2025 and 2024.

(4)Represents the fair value of certain impaired renewable energy investments.

The table below presents information about significant unobservable inputs utilized in the Corporation's nonrecurring Level 3 fair value measurements during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024.



Quantitative Information about Nonrecurring Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

				Inputs
Financial Instrument	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Ranges of Inputs		Weighted Average (1)
(Dollars in millions)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025

Loans and leases (2)	$	89	Market comparables	OREO discount	10% to 66%		26	%
				Costs to sell	8% to 24%		9	%
Other assets (3)	329		Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7	%	n/a

	Year Ended December 31, 2024

Loans held-for-sale	$	2,652	Pricing model	Implied yield	9% to 28%		n/a
Loans and leases (2)	119		Market comparables	OREO discount	10% to 66%		26	%
				Costs to sell	8% to 24%		9	%
Other assets (3)	236		Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	7	%	n/a

(1)The weighted average is calculated based upon the fair value of the loans.

(2)Represents residential mortgages where the loan has been written down to the fair value of the underlying collateral.

(3)Represents the fair value of certain impaired renewable energy investments.

n/a = not applicable

NOTE 15 Fair Value Option

The Corporation elects to account for certain financial instruments under the fair value option. For more information on the primary financial instruments for which the fair value option elections have been made, see Note 21 – Fair Value Option to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following tables provide

information about the fair value carrying amount and the contractual principal outstanding of assets and liabilities accounted for under the fair value option at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and information about where changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities accounted for under the fair value option are included in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Bank of America 94



Fair Value Option Elections

	September 30, 2025						December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions)	Fair Value Carrying Amount		Contractual Principal Outstanding		Fair Value Carrying Amount Less Unpaid Principal		Fair Value Carrying Amount		Contractual Principal Outstanding		Fair Value Carrying Amount Less Unpaid Principal
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell	$	173,686	$	173,518	$	168	$	144,501	$	144,449	$	52
Loans reported as trading account assets (1)	9,905		23,882		(13,977)		11,615		24,461		(12,846)
Trading inventory – other	16,477		n/a		n/a		15,369		n/a		n/a
Consumer and commercial loans	6,694		6,729		(35)		4,249		4,292		(43)
Loans held-for-sale (1)	2,071		2,733		(662)		2,214		2,824		(610)

Other assets	4,139		n/a		n/a		2,732		n/a		n/a
Long-term deposits	1,079		1,149		(70)		310		386		(76)
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase	215,376		215,401		(25)		192,859		192,877		(18)
Short-term borrowings	6,432		6,432		—		6,245		6,247		(2)
Unfunded loan commitments	67		n/a		n/a		144		n/a		n/a
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	1,985		1,938		47		2,642		2,414		228
Long-term debt	66,315		70,506		(4,191)		50,005		54,257		(4,252)

(1)A significant portion of the loans reported as trading account assets and LHFS are distressed loans that were purchased at a deep discount to par, and the remainder are loans with a fair value near contractual principal outstanding.

n/a = not applicable



Gains (Losses) Related to Assets and Liabilities Accounted for Under the Fair Value Option

	Three Months Ended September 30
	2025						2024
(Dollars in millions)	Market making and similar activities		Other Income		Total		Market making and similar activities		Other Income		Total

Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell	$	298	$	(2)	$	296	$	169	$	(2)	$	167
Loans reported as trading account assets	(8)		—		(8)		72		40		112
Trading inventory – other (1)	(673)		—		(673)		539		—		539
Consumer and commercial loans	59		10		69		30		7		37
Loans held-for-sale (2)	—		10		10		—		23		23




Short-term borrowings	(48)		—		(48)		231		—		231
Unfunded loan commitments	—		2		2		—		7		7
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(1)		(18)		(19)		13		—		13
Long-term debt (3)	(319)		(3)		(322)		(877)		(4)		(881)
Other (4)	(149)		(15)		(164)		(108)		(9)		(117)
Total	$	(841)	$	(16)	$	(857)	$	69	$	62	$	131


















	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2025						2024
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell	$	621	$	(5)	$	616	$	277	$	(6)	$	271
Loans reported as trading account assets	164		3		167		77		40		117
Trading inventory – other (1)	1,161		—		1,161		1,320		—		1,320
Consumer and commercial loans	140		8		148		86		26		112
Loans held-for-sale (2)	—		87		87		—		6		6




Short-term borrowings	21		—		21		304		—		304
Unfunded loan commitments	—		(18)		(18)		—		(13)		(13)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(7)		(27)		(34)		411		—		411
Long-term debt (3)	(1,196)		(21)		(1,217)		(610)		(24)		(634)
Other (4)	(424)		(184)		(608)		(192)		(16)		(208)
Total	$	480	$	(157)	$	323	$	1,673	$	13	$	1,686

(1) The gains (losses) in market making and similar activities are primarily offset by (losses) gains on trading liabilities that hedge these assets.

(2) Includes the value of IRLCs on funded loans, including those sold during the period.

(3) The net gains (losses) in market making and similar activities relate to the embedded derivatives in structured liabilities and are typically offset by (losses) gains on derivatives and securities that hedge these liabilities. For the cumulative impact of changes in the Corporation’s own credit spreads and the amount recognized in accumulated OCI, see Note 12 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss). For more information on how the Corporation’s own credit spread is determined, see Note 20 – Fair Value Measurements to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(4) Includes gains (losses) on other assets, long-term deposits and federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase.

95 Bank of America



Gains (Losses) Related to Borrower-specific Credit Risk for Assets and Liabilities Accounted for Under the Fair Value Option

	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024
Loans reported as trading account assets	$	(4)	$	48	$	109	$	(16)
Consumer and commercial loans	11		7		9		23
Loans held-for-sale	(2)		7		5		6
Unfunded loan commitments	2		7		(18)		(13)
Long-term debt	—		—		—		(3)

NOTE 16 Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following disclosures include financial instruments that are not carried at fair value or only a portion of the ending balance is carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Certain loans, deposits, long-term debt, unfunded lending commitments and other financial instruments are accounted for under the fair value option. For more information, see Note 21 – Fair Value Option to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying values and fair values by fair value hierarchy of certain financial instruments where only a portion of the ending balance was carried at fair value at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are presented in the table below.



Fair Value of Financial Instruments

			Fair Value
	Carrying Value		Level 2		Level 3		Total
(Dollars in millions)	September 30, 2025
Financial assets
Loans	$	1,129,340	$	53,849	$	1,063,168	$	1,117,017
Loans held-for-sale	6,831		6,222		609		6,831
Financial liabilities
Deposits (1)	2,002,208		2,003,614		—		2,003,614
Long-term debt	311,484		316,943		567		317,510
Commercial unfunded lending commitments (2)	1,176		67		6,234		6,301

	December 31, 2024
Financial assets
Loans	$	1,060,629	$	50,971	$	992,135	$	1,043,106
Loans held-for-sale	9,545		6,707		2,838		9,545
Financial liabilities
Deposits (1)	1,965,467		1,967,061		—		1,967,061
Long-term debt	283,279		287,098		652		287,750
Commercial unfunded lending commitments (2)	1,240		55		3,639		3,694

(1) Includes demand deposits of $896.3 billion and $892.9 billion with no stated maturities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

(2) The carrying value of commercial unfunded lending commitments is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Corporation does not estimate the fair value of consumer unfunded lending commitments because, in many instances, the Corporation can reduce or cancel these commitments by providing notice to the borrower. For more information on commitments, see Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies.

Bank of America 96

NOTE 17 Business Segment Information

The Corporation reports its results of operations through the following four business segments: Consumer Banking, Global Wealth & Investment Management, Global Banking and Global Markets, with the remaining operations recorded in All Other. For more information, see Note 23 – Business Segment Information to the Consolidated Financial Statements of the

Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following tables presents net income (loss) and the components thereto (with net interest income on an FTE basis for the business segments, All Other and the total Corporation) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and total assets at September 30, 2025 and 2024 for each business segment, as well as All Other.



Results of Business Segments and All Other (1)

At and for the three months ended September 30	Total Corporation (2)					Consumer Banking				Global Wealth & Investment Management

(Dollars in millions)			2025			2024				2025			2024			2025			2024
Net interest income			$	15,387		$	14,114			$	8,988		$	8,278		$	1,800		$	1,709
Noninterest income			12,855			11,378				2,178			2,140			4,512			4,053
Total revenue, net of interest expense			28,242			25,492				11,166			10,418			6,312			5,762
Provision for credit losses			1,295			1,542				1,009			1,302			4			7
Noninterest expense
Compensation and benefits (3)		10,523			9,916				1,527			1,503			2,969			2,783
Other noninterest expense		6,814			6,563				4,048			4,031			1,653			1,557
Total noninterest expense		17,337			16,479				5,575			5,534			4,622			4,340
Income before income taxes			9,610			7,471				4,582			3,582			1,686			1,415
Income tax expense			1,141			575				1,145			895			421			354
Net income			$	8,469		$	6,896			$	3,437		$	2,687		$	1,265		$	1,061
Period-end total assets			$	3,403,716		$	3,324,293			$	1,032,826		$	1,026,293		$	325,605		$	328,831
















			Global Banking					Global Markets					All Other
			2025			2024				2025			2024			2025			2024
Net interest income			$	3,141		$	3,230			$	1,484		$	898		$	(26)		$	(1)
Noninterest income			3,104			2,604				4,740			4,732			(1,679)			(2,151)
Total revenue, net of interest expense			6,245			5,834				6,224			5,630			(1,705)			(2,152)
Provision for credit losses			269			229				9			7			4			(3)
Noninterest expense
Compensation and benefits (3)		1,126			1,080				985			877			—			—
Other noninterest expense		1,918			1,911				2,910			2,566			201			171
Total noninterest expense		3,044			2,991				3,895			3,443			201			171
Income (loss) before income taxes			2,932			2,614				2,320			2,180			(1,910)			(2,320)
Income tax expense (benefit)			806			719				673			632			(1,904)			(2,025)
Net income (loss)			$	2,126		$	1,895			$	1,647		$	1,548		$	(6)		$	(295)
Period-end total assets			$	738,273		$	650,936			$	997,961		$	958,227		$	309,051		$	360,006

(1)Segment results are presented on an FTE basis and include additional net interest income and income tax expense, related to tax-exempt securities, of $154 million and $147 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as compared to the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(2)There were no material intersegment revenues.

(3)Represents the compensation and benefits directly incurred by each segment.

97 Bank of America



Results of Business Segments and All Other (1)

At and for the nine months ended September 30	Total Corporation (2)					Consumer Banking				Global Wealth & Investment Management

(Dollars in millions)			2025			2024				2025			2024			2025			2024
Net interest income			$	44,790		$	42,166			$	26,219		$	24,593		$	5,327		$	5,216
Noninterest income			37,571			34,839				6,253			6,197			12,938			11,711
Total revenue, net of interest expense			82,361			77,005				32,472			30,790			18,265			16,927
Provision for credit losses			4,367			4,369				3,583			3,733			38			1
Noninterest expense
Compensation and benefits (3)		31,744			29,937				4,652			4,549			8,967			8,280
Other noninterest expense		20,546			20,088				12,316			11,924			4,907			4,523
Total noninterest expense		52,290			50,025				16,968			16,473			13,874			12,803
Income before income taxes			25,704			22,611				11,921			10,584			4,353			4,123
Income tax expense			2,723			2,144				2,980			2,646			1,088			1,031
Net income			$	22,981		$	20,467			$	8,941		$	7,938		$	3,265		$	3,092
Period-end total assets			$	3,403,716		$	3,324,293			$	1,032,826		$	1,026,293		$	325,605		$	328,831
















			Global Banking					Global Markets					All Other
			2025			2024				2025			2024			2025			2024
Net interest income			$	9,373		$	9,965			$	3,940		$	2,349		$	(69)		$	43
Noninterest income			8,539			7,902				14,848			14,623			(5,007)			(5,594)
Total revenue, net of interest expense			17,912			17,867				18,788			16,972			(5,076)			(5,551)
Provision for credit losses			700			693				59			(42)			(13)			(16)
Noninterest expense
Compensation and benefits (3)		3,406			3,292				2,980			2,715			—			—
Other noninterest expense		5,892			5,610				8,532			7,706			638			1,426
Total noninterest expense		9,298			8,902				11,512			10,421			638			1,426
Income (loss) before income taxes			7,914			8,272				7,217			6,593			(5,701)			(6,961)
Income tax expense (benefit)			2,176			2,275				2,093			1,912			(5,614)			(5,720)
Net income (loss)			$	5,738		$	5,997			$	5,124		$	4,681		$	(87)		$	(1,241)
Period-end total assets			$	738,273		$	650,936			$	997,961		$	958,227		$	309,051		$	360,006

(1)Segment results are presented on an FTE basis and include additional net interest income and income tax expense, related to tax-exempt securities, of $444 million and $465 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, as compared to the Consolidated Statement of Income.

(2)There were no material intersegment revenues.

(3)Represents the compensation and benefits directly incurred by each segment.

Bank of America 98

The table below presents noninterest income and the associated components for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 for each business segment, All Other and the total Corporation. For more information, see Note 2 – Net Interest Income and Noninterest Income.



Noninterest Income by Business Segment and All Other


	Total Corporation				Consumer Banking				Global Wealth & Investment Management
	Three Months Ended September 30

(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Fees and commissions:
Card income
Interchange fees	$	990	$	1,030	$	785	$	824	$	(12)	$	(5)
Other card income	639		588		618		578		18		14
Total card income	1,629		1,618		1,403		1,402		6		9
Service charges
Deposit-related fees	1,267		1,198		645		631		10		12
Lending-related fees	365		354		—		—		20		12
Total service charges	1,632		1,552		645		631		30		24
Investment and brokerage services
Asset management fees	3,972		3,533		64		52		3,911		3,482
Brokerage fees	1,091		1,013		30		28		423		392
Total investment and brokerage services	5,063		4,546		94		80		4,334		3,874
Investment banking fees
Underwriting income	992		742		—		—		63		64
Syndication fees	438		274		—		—		—		—
Financial advisory services	583		387		—		—		2		—
Total investment banking fees	2,013		1,403		—		—		65		64
Total fees and commissions	10,337		9,119		2,142		2,113		4,435		3,971
Market making and similar activities	3,203		3,278		5		5		31		35
Other income (loss)	(685)		(1,019)		31		22		46		47
Total noninterest income	$	12,855	$	11,378	$	2,178	$	2,140	$	4,512	$	4,053


	Global Banking				Global Markets				All Other
	Three Months Ended September 30
	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Fees and commissions:
Card income
Interchange fees	$	200	$	197	$	17	$	14	$	—	$	—
Other card income	4		3		—		—		(1)		(7)
Total card income	204		200		17		14		(1)		(7)
Service charges
Deposit-related fees	597		534		14		21		1		—
Lending-related fees	266		268		79		74		—		—
Total service charges	863		802		93		95		1		—
Investment and brokerage services
Asset management fees	—		—		—		—		(3)		(1)
Brokerage fees	24		31		614		562		—		—
Total investment and brokerage services	24		31		614		562		(3)		(1)
Investment banking fees
Underwriting income	398		285		572		426		(41)		(33)
Syndication fees	221		147		217		127		—		—
Financial advisory services	536		351		45		36		—		—
Total investment banking fees	1,155		783		834		589		(41)		(33)
Total fees and commissions	2,246		1,816		1,558		1,260		(44)		(41)
Market making and similar activities	73		66		3,141		3,349		(47)		(177)
Other income (loss)	785		722		41		123		(1,588)		(1,933)
Total noninterest income	$	3,104	$	2,604	$	4,740	$	4,732	$	(1,679)	$	(2,151)

99 Bank of America



Noninterest Income by Business Segment and All Other

	Total Corporation				Consumer Banking				Global Wealth & Investment Management
	Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions)	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Fees and commissions:
Card income
Interchange fees	$	2,942	$	2,984	$	2,316	$	2,371	$	(25)	$	(16)
Other card income	1,851		1,678		1,799		1,664		51		44
Total card income	4,793		4,662		4,115		4,035		26		28
Service charges
Deposit-related fees	3,760		3,492		1,890		1,823		35		33
Lending-related fees	1,048		1,009		—		—		50		38
Total service charges	4,808		4,501		1,890		1,823		85		71
Investment and brokerage services
Asset management fees	11,408		10,173		177		152		11,241		10,028
Brokerage fees	3,248		2,880		85		84		1,215		1,153
Total investment and brokerage services	14,656		13,053		262		236		12,456		11,181
Investment banking fees
Underwriting income	2,568		2,512		—		—		197		184
Syndication fees	1,096		886		—		—		—		—
Financial advisory services	1,300		1,134		—		—		2		—
Total investment banking fees	4,964		4,532		—		—		199		184
Total fees and commissions	29,221		26,748		6,267		6,094		12,766		11,464
Market making and similar activities	9,940		10,464		19		16		93		107
Other income (loss)	(1,590)		(2,373)		(33)		87		79		140
Total noninterest income	$	37,571	$	34,839	$	6,253	$	6,197	$	12,938	$	11,711


	Global Banking				Global Markets				All Other
	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Fees and commissions:
Card income
Interchange fees	$	601	$	578	$	50	$	51	$	—	$	—
Other card income	12		8		—		—		(11)		(38)
Total card income	613		586		50		51		(11)		(38)
Service charges
Deposit-related fees	1,786		1,568		45		66		4		2
Lending-related fees	767		759		231		212		—		—
Total service charges	2,553		2,327		276		278		4		2
Investment and brokerage services
Asset management fees	—		—		—		—		(10)		(7)
Brokerage fees	65		70		1,883		1,573		—		—
Total investment and brokerage services	65		70		1,883		1,573		(10)		(7)
Investment banking fees
Underwriting income	1,042		1,011		1,514		1,453		(185)		(136)
Syndication fees	561		467		535		419		—		—
Financial advisory services	1,166		990		132		144		—		—
Total investment banking fees	2,769		2,468		2,181		2,016		(185)		(136)
Total fees and commissions	6,000		5,451		4,390		3,918		(202)		(179)
Market making and similar activities	207		212		10,063		10,397		(442)		(268)
Other income (loss)	2,332		2,239		395		308		(4,363)		(5,147)
Total noninterest income	$	8,539	$	7,902	$	14,848	$	14,623	$	(5,007)	$	(5,594)

Bank of America 100

Glossary

Alt-A Mortgage – A type of U.S. mortgage that is considered riskier than A-paper, or “prime,” and less risky than “subprime,” the riskiest category. Typically, Alt-A mortgages are characterized by borrowers with less than full documentation, lower credit scores and higher LTVs.

Assets Under Management (AUM) – The total market value of assets under the investment advisory and/or discretion of GWIM which generate asset management fees based on a percentage of the assets’ market values. AUM reflects assets that are generally managed for institutional, high net worth and retail clients, and are distributed through various investment products including mutual funds, other commingled vehicles and separate accounts.

Banking Book – All on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments of the Corporation except for those positions that are held for trading purposes.

Brokerage and Other Assets – Non-discretionary client assets which are held in brokerage accounts or held for safekeeping.

Committed Credit Exposure – Any funded portion of a facility plus the unfunded portion of a facility on which the lender is legally bound to advance funds during a specified period under prescribed conditions.

Credit Derivatives – Contractual agreements that provide protection against a specified credit event on one or more referenced obligations.

Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA) – A portfolio adjustment required to properly reflect the counterparty credit risk exposure as part of the fair value of derivative instruments.

Debit Valuation Adjustment (DVA) – A portfolio adjustment required to properly reflect the Corporation’s own credit risk exposure as part of the fair value of derivative instruments and/or structured liabilities.

Funding Valuation Adjustment (FVA) – A portfolio adjustment required to include funding costs on uncollateralized derivatives and derivatives where the Corporation is not permitted to use the collateral it receives.

Interest Rate Lock Commitment (IRLC) – Commitment with a loan applicant in which the loan terms are guaranteed for a designated period of time subject to credit approval.

Letter of Credit – A document issued on behalf of a customer to a third party promising to pay the third party upon presentation of specified documents. A letter of credit effectively substitutes the issuer’s credit for that of the customer.

Loan-to-value (LTV) – A commonly used credit quality metric. LTV is calculated as the outstanding carrying value of the loan divided by the estimated value of the property securing the loan.

Macro Products – Include currencies, interest rates and commodities products.

Margin Receivable – An extension of credit secured by eligible securities in certain brokerage accounts.

Matched Book – Repurchase and resale agreements or securities borrowed and loaned transactions where the overall asset and liability position is similar in size and/or maturity. Generally, these are entered into to accommodate customers where the Corporation earns the interest rate spread.

Mortgage Servicing Right (MSR) – The right to service a mortgage loan when the underlying loan is sold or securitized. Servicing includes collections for principal, interest and escrow payments from borrowers and accounting for and remitting principal and interest payments to investors.

Nonperforming Loans and Leases – Includes loans and leases that have been placed on nonaccrual status, including nonaccruing loans whose contractual terms have been restructured in a manner that grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties.

Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) – A framework established by the U.S. banking regulators requiring banks to maintain certain levels of regulatory capital ratios, comprised of five categories of capitalization: “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized.” Insured depository institutions that fail to meet certain of these capital levels are subject to increasingly strict limits on their activities, including their ability to make capital distributions, pay management compensation, grow assets and take other actions.

Subprime Loans – Although a standard industry definition for subprime loans (including subprime mortgage loans) does not exist, the Corporation defines subprime loans as specific product offerings for higher risk borrowers.

Value-at-Risk (VaR) – VaR is a model that simulates the value of a portfolio under a range of hypothetical scenarios in order to generate a distribution of potential gains and losses. VaR represents the loss the portfolio is expected to experience with a given confidence level based on historical data. A VaR model is an effective tool in estimating ranges of potential gains and losses on our trading portfolios.

101 Bank of America

Key Metrics

Active Digital Banking Users – Mobile and/or online active users over the past 90 days.

Active Mobile Banking Users – Mobile active users over the past 90 days.

Book Value – Ending common shareholders’ equity divided by ending common shares outstanding.

Common Equity Ratio - Ending common shareholders’ equity divided by ending total assets.

Deposit Spread – Annualized net interest income divided by average deposits.

Dividend Payout Ratio – Common dividends declared divided by net income applicable to common shareholders.

Efficiency Ratio – Noninterest expense divided by total revenue, net of interest expense.

Gross Interest Yield – Effective annual percentage rate divided by average loans.

Net Interest Yield – Net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

Operating Margin – Income before income taxes divided by total revenue, net of interest expense.

Return on Average Allocated Capital – Adjusted net income divided by allocated capital.

Return on Average Assets – Net income divided by total average assets.

Return on Average Common Shareholders’ Equity – Net income applicable to common shareholders divided by average common shareholders’ equity.

Return on Average Shareholders’ Equity – Net income divided by average shareholders’ equity.

Risk-adjusted Margin – Difference between total revenue, net of interest expense, and net charge-offs divided by average loans.

Bank of America 102

Acronyms


ABS			Asset-backed securities
AFS			Available-for-sale

ALM			Asset and liability management

AUM			Assets under management


BANA			Bank of America, National Association
BHC			Bank holding company

BofAS			BofA Securities, Inc.
BofASE			BofA Securities Europe SA
bps			Basis points



CCAR			Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review


CDO			Collateralized debt obligation

CECL			Current expected credit losses

CET1			Common equity tier 1

CFTC			Commodity Futures Trading Commission

CLO			Collateralized loan obligation
CLTV			Combined loan-to-value



CVA			Credit valuation adjustment
DIF			Deposit Insurance Fund

DVA			Debit valuation adjustment





EPS			Earnings per common share





FDIC			Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation



FHA			Federal Housing Administration

FHLB			Federal Home Loan Bank
FHLMC			Freddie Mac
FICC			Fixed income, currencies and commodities
FICO			Fair Isaac Corporation (credit score)


FINRA			Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
FNMA			Fannie Mae
FTE			Fully taxable-equivalent
FVA			Funding valuation adjustment
GAAP			Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
GLS			Global Liquidity Sources
GNMA			Government National Mortgage Association



































G-SIB			Global systemically important bank
GWIM			Global Wealth & Investment Management
HELOC			Home equity line of credit
HQLA			High Quality Liquid Assets
HTM			Held-to-maturity


IRLC			Interest rate lock commitment

ISDA			International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.
LCR			Liquidity Coverage Ratio

LHFS			Loans held-for-sale


LTV			Loan-to-value


MBS			Mortgage-backed securities
MD&A			Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

MLI			Merrill Lynch International
MLPF&S			Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated

MSA			Metropolitan Statistical Area
MSR			Mortgage servicing right


NPR			Notice of proposed rulemaking
NSFR			Net Stable Funding Ratio



OCI			Other comprehensive income


OREO			Other real estate owned
OTC			Over-the-counter

PCA			Prompt Corrective Action






RWA			Risk-weighted assets


SBLC			Standby letter of credit

SCB			Stress capital buffer

SEC			Securities and Exchange Commission

SLR			Supplementary leverage ratio
SOFR			Secured Overnight Financing Rate



TLAC			Total loss-absorbing capacity




VA			U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
VaR			Value-at-Risk
VIE			Variable interest entity

103 Bank of America

Part II. Other Information

Bank of America Corporation and Subsidiaries

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

See Litigation and Regulatory Matters in Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which is incorporated by reference in this Item 1, for litigation and regulatory disclosure that supplements the disclosure in Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies to the

Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There are no material changes from the risk factors set forth under Part 1, Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The table below presents share repurchase activity for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The primary source of funds for cash distributions by the Corporation to its shareholders is dividends received from its banking subsidiaries. Each of the banking subsidiaries is subject to various regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain capital above regulatory minimums. All of the Corporation’s preferred stock outstanding has preference over the Corporation’s common stock with respect to payment of dividends.



(Dollars in millions, except per share information; shares in thousands)	Total Common Shares Repurchased (1,2)	Weighted-Average Per Share Price		Total Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs (2)	Remaining Buyback Authority Amounts (2)(3)
July 1 - 31, 2025	33,817	$	47.98	33,778	$	7,521
August 1 - 31, 2025	45,256	47.90		44,455	37,891
September 1 - 30, 2025	30,182	51.37		30,152	36,357
Three months ended September 30, 2025	109,255	48.88		108,385

(1)Includes 870 thousand shares of the Corporation's common stock acquired by the Corporation in connection with satisfaction of tax withholding obligations on vested restricted stock or restricted stock units and certain forfeitures and terminations of employment-related awards and for potential re-issuance to certain employees under equity incentive plans.

(2)On July 24, 2024, the Corporation’s Board of Directors (Board) authorized and announced a $25 billion common stock repurchase program, effective August 1, 2024 (2024 Repurchase Program), to replace the Corporation’s previous program, which expired on August 1, 2024. On July 23, 2025, the Board authorized and announced a $40 billion common stock repurchase program (2025 Repurchase Program, and together with the 2024 Repurchase Program, Repurchase Programs), effective August 1, 2025, to replace the 2024 Repurchase Program. The 2024 Repurchase Program expired on August 1, 2025. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, pursuant to the Repurchase Programs, as applicable, the Corporation repurchased approximately 108 million shares, or $5.3 billion, of its common stock. For more information, see Capital Management – CCAR and Capital Planning in the MD&A on page 20 and Note 11 – Shareholders’ Equity to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(3) The remaining buyback authority amount for July reflects the remaining buyback authority amount under the 2024 Repurchase Program prior to its expiration. The remaining buyback authority amounts for August and September reflect the remaining buyback authority amount under the 2025 Repurchase Program.

The Corporation did not have any unregistered sales of equity securities during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

Item 5. Other Information

Trading Arrangements

During the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2025, none of the Corporation’s directors or officers as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (in each case, as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K) for the purchase or sale of the Corporation’s securities.

Disclosure Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act, an issuer is required to disclose in its annual or quarterly reports, as applicable, whether it or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain activities, transactions or dealings relating to Iran or with individuals or entities designated pursuant to certain Executive Orders. Disclosure may be required even where the activities, transactions or dealings were conducted in

compliance with applicable law. Except as set forth below, as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Corporation is not aware of any other activity, transaction or dealing by any of its affiliates during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that requires disclosure under Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act.

During the third quarter of 2025, Bank of America, National Association (BANA), a U.S. subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation, processed two authorized wire payments totaling $193,911 pursuant to general licenses issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) regarding official business of certain international organizations and entities and certain activities in support of nongovernmental organizations. These payments were processed to a beneficiary bank subject to Executive Order 13224. There was no measurable gross revenue or net profit to the Corporation relating to these transactions, except nominal fees received by BANA for processing payments.

The Corporation may in the future engage in authorized transactions for its clients to the extent permitted by U.S. law.

Bank of America 104

Item 6. Exhibits



			Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No.	Description	Notes	Form	Exhibit	Filing Date	File No.

3.1	Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and in effect on the date hereof		10-Q	3.1	7/31/25	1-6523

3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Corporation as in effect on the date hereof		10-Q	3.2	7/30/24	1-6523

22	Subsidiary Issuers of Guaranteed Securities		10-K	22	2/22/23	1-6523

31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	1

31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	1

32.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	2

32.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	2

101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document	3

101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	1

101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	1

101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	1

101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	1

101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definitions Linkbase Document	1

104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

(1)Filed herewith.

(2)Furnished herewith. This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

(3)The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.

Signature

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


		Bank of America Corporation Registrant

Date:	October 31, 2025	/s/ Johnbull E. Okpara
		Johnbull E. Okpara Chief Accounting Officer

105 Bank of America

Form: 10-Q

Documents