Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Fair Value Measurements

v3.22.4
Fair Value Measurements
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
Under applicable accounting standards, fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Corporation determines the fair values of its financial instruments under applicable accounting standards that require an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Corporation categorizes its financial instruments into three levels based on the established fair value hierarchy and conducts a review of fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Transfers into or out of fair value hierarchy classifications are made if the significant inputs used in the financial models measuring the fair values of the assets and liabilities become unobservable or observable in the current marketplace. For more information regarding the fair value hierarchy and how the Corporation measures fair value, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles. The Corporation accounts for certain financial instruments under the fair value option. For more information, see Note 21 – Fair Value Option.
Valuation Techniques
The following sections outline the valuation methodologies for the Corporation’s assets and liabilities. While the Corporation believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.
During 2022, there were no significant changes to valuation approaches or techniques that had, or are expected to have, a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Trading Account Assets and Liabilities and Debt Securities
The fair values of trading account assets and liabilities are primarily based on actively traded markets where prices are based on either direct market quotes or observed transactions. The fair values of debt securities are generally based on quoted market prices or market prices for similar assets. Liquidity is a significant factor in the determination of the fair values of trading account assets and liabilities and debt securities. Market price quotes may not be readily available for some positions such as positions within a market sector where trading activity has slowed significantly or ceased. Some of these instruments are valued using a discounted cash flow model, which estimates the fair value of the securities using internal credit risk, and interest rate and prepayment risk models that incorporate management’s best estimate of current key assumptions such as default rates, loss severity and prepayment rates. Principal and interest cash flows are discounted using an observable discount rate for similar instruments with adjustments that management believes a market participant would consider in determining fair value for the specific security. Other instruments are valued using a net asset value approach which considers the value of the underlying securities. Underlying assets are valued using external pricing services, where available, or matrix pricing based on the vintages and ratings. Situations of illiquidity generally are triggered by the market’s perception of credit uncertainty regarding a single company or a specific market sector. In these instances, fair value is determined based on limited available market information and other factors,
principally from reviewing the issuer’s financial statements and changes in credit ratings made by one or more rating agencies.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities
The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities traded in the OTC market are determined using quantitative models that utilize multiple market inputs including interest rates, prices and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services. When third-party pricing services are used, the methods and assumptions are reviewed by the Corporation. Estimation risk is greater for derivative asset and liability positions that are either option-based or have longer maturity dates where observable market inputs are less readily available, or are unobservable, in which case, quantitative-based extrapolations of rate, price or index scenarios are used in determining fair values. The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities include adjustments for market liquidity, counterparty credit quality and other instrument-specific factors, where appropriate. In addition, the Corporation incorporates within its fair value measurements of OTC derivatives a valuation adjustment to reflect the credit risk associated with the net position. Positions are netted by counterparty, and fair value for net long exposures is adjusted for counterparty credit risk while the fair value for net short exposures is adjusted for the Corporation’s own credit risk. The Corporation also incorporates FVA within its fair value measurements to include funding costs on uncollateralized derivatives and derivatives where the Corporation is not permitted to use the collateral it receives. An estimate of severity of loss is also used in the determination of fair value, primarily based on market data.
Loans and Loan Commitments
The fair values of loans and loan commitments are based on market prices, where available, or discounted cash flow analyses using market-based credit spreads of comparable debt instruments or credit derivatives of the specific borrower or comparable borrowers. Results of discounted cash flow analyses may be adjusted, as appropriate, to reflect other market conditions or the perceived credit risk of the borrower.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
The fair values of MSRs are primarily determined using an option-adjusted spread valuation approach, which factors in prepayment risk to determine the fair value of MSRs. This approach consists of projecting servicing cash flows under multiple interest rate scenarios and discounting these cash flows using risk-adjusted discount rates.

Loans Held-for-sale
The fair values of LHFS are based on quoted market prices, where available, or are determined by discounting estimated cash flows using interest rates approximating the Corporation’s current origination rates for similar loans adjusted to reflect the inherent credit risk. The borrower-specific credit risk is embedded within the quoted market prices or is implied by considering loan performance when selecting comparables.
Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Debt
The Corporation issues structured liabilities that have coupons or repayment terms linked to the performance of debt or equity securities, interest rates, indices, currencies or commodities. The fair values of these structured liabilities are estimated using quantitative models for the combined derivative and debt portions of the notes. These models incorporate observable and, in some instances, unobservable inputs including security prices, interest rate yield curves, option volatility, currency, commodity or equity rates and correlations among these inputs. The Corporation also considers the impact of its own credit spread in determining the discount rate used to value these liabilities. The credit spread is determined by reference to observable spreads in the secondary bond market.
Securities Financing Agreements
The fair values of certain reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements and securities borrowed transactions are determined using quantitative models, including discounted cash flow models that require the use of multiple market inputs including interest rates and spreads to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, and volatility factors. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services.
Deposits
The fair values of deposits are determined using quantitative models, including discounted cash flow models that require the use of multiple market inputs including interest rates and spreads to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, and volatility factors. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services. The Corporation considers the impact of its own credit spread in the valuation of these liabilities. The credit risk is determined by reference to observable credit spreads in the secondary cash market.
Asset-backed Secured Financings
The fair values of asset-backed secured financings are based on external broker bids, where available, or are determined by discounting estimated cash flows using interest rates approximating the Corporation’s current origination rates for similar loans adjusted to reflect the inherent credit risk.

Recurring Fair Value
Assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021, including financial instruments that the Corporation accounts for under the fair value option, are summarized in the following tables.
December 31, 2022
  Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Netting Adjustments (1)
Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
Assets          
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments
 $ 868  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 868 
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell
 —  146,999  —  —  146,999 
Trading account assets:          
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 58,894  212  —  —  59,106 
Corporate securities, trading loans and other —  46,897  2,384  —  49,281 
Equity securities 77,868  35,065  145  —  113,078 
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 7,392  26,306  518  —  34,216 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS:
U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed —  28,563  34  —  28,597 
Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS —  10,312  1,518  —  11,830 
Total trading account assets (2)
144,154  147,355  4,599  —  296,108 
Derivative assets 14,775  380,380  3,213  (349,726) 48,642 
AFS debt securities:          
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 158,102  920  —  —  159,022 
Mortgage-backed securities:          
Agency —  23,442  —  —  23,442 
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations —  2,221  —  —  2,221 
Non-agency residential —  128  258  —  386 
Commercial —  6,407  —  —  6,407 
Non-U.S. securities —  13,212  195  —  13,407 
Other taxable securities —  4,645  —  —  4,645 
Tax-exempt securities —  11,207  51  —  11,258 
Total AFS debt securities 158,102  62,182  504  —  220,788 
Other debt securities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 561  —  —  —  561 
Non-agency residential MBS —  248  119  —  367 
Non-U.S. and other securities
 3,027  5,251  —  —  8,278 
Total other debt securities carried at fair value 3,588  5,499  119  —  9,206 
Loans and leases —  5,518  253  —  5,771 
Loans held-for-sale —  883  232  —  1,115 
Other assets (3)
6,898  897  1,799  —  9,594 
Total assets (4)
$ 328,385  $ 749,713  $ 10,719  $ (349,726) $ 739,091 
Liabilities          
Interest-bearing deposits in U.S. offices $ —  $ 311  $ —  $ —  $ 311 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase
 —  151,708  —  —  151,708 
Trading account liabilities:        
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 13,906  181  —  —  14,087 
Equity securities 36,937  4,825  —  —  41,762 
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 9,636  8,228  —  —  17,864 
Corporate securities and other —  6,628  58  —  6,686 
Total trading account liabilities 60,479  19,862  58  —  80,399 
Derivative liabilities 15,431  376,979  6,106  (353,700) 44,816 
Short-term borrowings —  818  14  —  832 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 7,458  2,262  32  —  9,752 
Long-term debt —  32,208  862  —  33,070 
Total liabilities (4)
$ 83,368  $ 584,148  $ 7,072  $ (353,700) $ 320,888 
(1)Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements and also cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparties.
(2)Includes securities with a fair value of $16.6 billion that were segregated in compliance with securities regulations or deposited with clearing organizations. This amount is included in the parenthetical disclosure on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Trading account assets also includes certain commodities inventory of $40 million that is accounted for at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which is the current selling price less any costs to sell.
(3)Includes MSRs of $1.0 billion, which are classified as Level 3 assets.
(4)Total recurring Level 3 assets were 0.35 percent of total consolidated assets, and total recurring Level 3 liabilities were 0.25 percent of total consolidated liabilities.
December 31, 2021
Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Netting Adjustments (1)
Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
Assets          
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments
 $ 707  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 707 
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell
 —  150,665  —  —  150,665 
Trading account assets:          
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 44,599  803  —  —  45,402 
Corporate securities, trading loans and other —  31,601  2,110  —  33,711 
Equity securities 61,425  38,383  190  —  99,998 
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 3,822  25,612  396  —  29,830 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS:
U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed —  25,645  109  —  25,754 
Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS —  10,967  1,418  —  12,385 
Total trading account assets (2)
109,846  133,011  4,223  —  247,080 
Derivative assets 34,748  310,581  3,133  (313,118) 35,344 
AFS debt securities:          
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 198,071  1,074  —  —  199,145 
Mortgage-backed securities:          
Agency —  46,339  —  —  46,339 
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations —  3,380  —  —  3,380 
Non-agency residential —  267  316  —  583 
Commercial —  19,604  —  —  19,604 
Non-U.S. securities —  11,933  —  —  11,933 
Other taxable securities —  2,690  71  —  2,761 
Tax-exempt securities —  15,381  52  —  15,433 
Total AFS debt securities 198,071  100,668  439  —  299,178 
Other debt securities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 575  —  —  —  575 
Non-agency residential MBS —  343  242  —  585 
Non-U.S. and other securities 2,580  5,155  —  —  7,735 
Total other debt securities carried at fair value 3,155  5,498  242  —  8,895 
Loans and leases —  7,071  748  —  7,819 
Loans held-for-sale —  4,138  317  —  4,455 
Other assets (3)
7,657  2,915  1,572  —  12,144 
Total assets (4)
$ 354,184  $ 714,547  $ 10,674  $ (313,118) $ 766,287 
Liabilities          
Interest-bearing deposits in U.S. offices $ —  $ 408  $ —  $ —  $ 408 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase
 —  139,641  —  —  139,641 
Trading account liabilities:        
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 19,826  313  —  —  20,139 
Equity securities 41,744  6,491  —  —  48,235 
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 10,400  13,781  —  —  24,181 
Corporate securities and other —  8,124  11  —  8,135 
Total trading account liabilities 71,970  28,709  11  —  100,690 
Derivative liabilities 35,282  314,380  5,795  (317,782) 37,675 
Short-term borrowings —  4,279  —  —  4,279 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 8,359  3,130  —  —  11,489 
Long-term debt —  28,633  1,075  —  29,708 
Total liabilities (4)
$ 115,611  $ 519,180  $ 6,881  $ (317,782) $ 323,890 
(1)Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements and also cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparties.
(2)Includes securities with a fair value of $10.6 billion that were segregated in compliance with securities regulations or deposited with clearing organizations. This amount is included in the parenthetical disclosure on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Trading account assets also includes certain commodities inventory of $752 million that is accounted for at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which is the current selling price less any costs to sell.
(3)Includes MSRs of $818 million, which are classified as Level 3 assets.
(4)Total recurring Level 3 assets were 0.34 percent of total consolidated assets, and total recurring Level 3 liabilities were 0.24 percent of total consolidated liabilities.
The following tables present a reconciliation of all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during 2022, 2021 and 2020, including net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings and accumulated OCI. Transfers into Level 3 occur primarily due to decreased price observability, and
transfers out of Level 3 occur primarily due to increased price observability. Transfers occur on a regular basis for long-term debt instruments due to changes in the impact of unobservable inputs on the value of the embedded derivative in relation to the instrument as a whole.
Level 3 – Fair Value Measurements (1)
Balance
January 1
Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income (2)
Gains
(Losses)
in OCI (3)
Gross Gross
Transfers
into
Level 3 		 Gross
Transfers
out of
Level 3 		 Balance
December 31
Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income Related to Financial Instruments Still Held (2)
(Dollars in millions)

 Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Trading account assets:              
Corporate securities, trading loans and other
2,110  (52) (2) 1,069  (384) —  (606) 1,023  (774) 2,384  (78)
Equity securities
 190  (3) —  45  (25) —  (4) 38  (96) 145  (6)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt
 396  59  16  54  (4) —  (68) 75  (10) 518  56 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 1,527  (254) —  729  (665) —  (112) 536  (209) 1,552  (152)
Total trading account assets 4,223  (250) 14  1,897  (1,078) —  (790) 1,672  (1,089) 4,599  (180)
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)
(2,662) 551  —  319  (830) —  294  (180) (385) (2,893) 259 
AFS debt securities:                    
Non-agency residential MBS 316  —  (35) —  (8) —  (75) 73  (13) 258  — 
Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 71  10  (10) 126  —  —  (22) 311  (291) 195  1 
Tax-exempt securities 52  —  1  —  —  —  (3) 1  —  51  — 
Total AFS debt securities 439  10  (44) 126  (8) —  (100) 385  (304) 504  1 
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS
 242  (19) —  —  —  —  (111) 30  (23) 119  14 
Loans and leases (5,6)
748  (45) —  —  (154) 82  (129) —  (249) 253  (21)
Loans held-for-sale (5,6)
317  9  4  171  (6) —  (271) 8  —  232  19 
Other assets (6,7)
1,572  305  (21) 39  (35) 208  (271) 5  (3) 1,799  213 
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities
   and other
 (11) 5  —  (4) —  —  (2) (46) —  (58) 1 
Short-term borrowings (5)
—  3  —  —  (17) —  —  (3) 3  (14) 2 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (5)
—  (23) —  (9) —  —  —  —  —  (32) (7)
Long-term debt (5)
(1,075) (197) 82  —  14  (1) 57  (24) 282  (862) (200)
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Trading account assets:          
Corporate securities, trading loans and other
 $ 1,359  $ (17) $ —  $ 765  $ (437) $ —  $ (327) $ 1,218  $ (451) $ 2,110  $ (79)
Equity securities 227  (18) —  103  (68) —  —  112  (166) 190  (44)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 354  31  (20) 18  —  —  (13) 26  —  396  34 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 1,440  (58) —  518  (721) 7  (167) 771  (263) 1,527  (91)
Total trading account assets 3,380  (62) (20) 1,404  (1,226) 7  (507) 2,127  (880) 4,223  (180)
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)
(3,468) 927  —  521  (653) —  293  (74) (208) (2,662) 800 
AFS debt securities:              
Non-agency residential MBS 378  (11) (111) —  (98) —  (45) 304  (101) 316  8 
Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 89  (4) (7) 8  (10) —  (4) —  (1) 71  — 
Tax-exempt securities 176  20  —  —  —  —  (2) —  (142) 52  (19)
Total AFS debt securities 643  5  (118) 8  (108) —  (51) 304  (244) 439  (11)
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS
 267  1  —  —  (45) —  (37) 101  (45) 242  10 
Loans and leases (5,6)
717  62  —  59  (13) 70  (180) 46  (13) 748  65 
Loans held-for-sale (5,6)
236  13  (6) 132  (1) —  (79) 26  (4) 317  18 
Other assets (6,7)
1,970  7  3  26  (202) 144  (383) 9  (2) 1,572  3 
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities
   and other
 (16) 6  —  —  —  (1) —  —  —  (11) — 
Long-term debt (5)
(1,164) (92) 13  (6) 15  (12) 98  (65) 138  (1,075) (113)
(1)Assets (liabilities). For assets, increase (decrease) to Level 3 and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to Level 3.
(2)Includes gains (losses) reported in earnings in the following income statement line items: Trading account assets/liabilities - predominantly market making and similar activities; Net derivative assets (liabilities) - market making and similar activities and other income; AFS debt securities - other income; Other debt securities carried at fair value - other income; Loans and leases - market making and similar activities and other income; Loans held-for-sale - other income; Other assets - market making and similar activities and other income related to MSRs; Short-term borrowings - market making and similar activities; Accrued expenses and other liabilities - market making and similar activities and other income; Long-term debt - market making and similar activities.
(3)Includes unrealized gains (losses) in OCI on AFS debt securities, foreign currency translation adjustments and the impact of changes in the Corporation’s credit spreads on long-term debt accounted for under the fair value option. Amounts include net unrealized gains (losses) of $28 million and $(19) million related to financial instruments still held at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
(4)Net derivative assets (liabilities) include derivative assets of $3.2 billion and $3.1 billion and derivative liabilities of $6.1 billion and $5.8 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
(5)Amounts represent instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option.
(6)Issuances represent loan originations and MSRs recognized following securitizations or whole-loan sales.
(7)Settlements primarily represent the net change in fair value of the MSR asset due to the recognition of modeled cash flows and the passage of time.
Level 3 – Fair Value Measurements (1)
(Dollars in millions) Balance
January 1
Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net
 Income (2)
Gains
(Losses)
in OCI (3)
Gross Gross
Transfers
into
Level 3		 Gross
Transfers
out of
Level 3		 Balance
December 31
Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income Related to Financial Instruments Still Held (2)
Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Trading account assets:            
Corporate securities, trading loans and other $ 1,507  $ (138) $ (1) $ 430  $ (242) $ 10  $ (282) $ 639  $ (564) $ 1,359  $ (102)
Equity securities 239  (43) —  78  (53) —  (3) 58  (49) 227  (31)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 482  45  (46) 76  (61) —  (39) 150  (253) 354  47 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 1,553  (120) (3) 577  (746) 11  (96) 757  (493) 1,440  (92)
Total trading account assets 3,781  (256) (50) 1,161  (1,102) 21  (420) 1,604  (1,359) 3,380  (178)
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)
(2,538) (235) —  120  (646) —  (112) (235) 178  (3,468) (953)
AFS debt securities:              
Non-agency residential MBS 424  (2) 3  23  (54) —  (44) 158  (130) 378  (2)
Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 67  1  —  9  (5) —  (1) 18  —  89  1 
Tax-exempt securities 108  (21) 3  —  —  —  (169) 265  (10) 176  (20)
Total AFS debt securities 599  (22) 6  32  (59) —  (214) 441  (140) 643  (21)
Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential MBS 299  26  —  —  (180) —  (24) 190  (44) 267  3 
Loans and leases (5,6)
693  (4) —  145  (76) 22  (161) 98  —  717  9 
Loans held-for-sale (5,6)
375  26  (28) —  (489) 691  (119) 93  (313) 236  (5)
Other assets (6,7)
2,360  (288) 3  178  (4) 224  (506) 5  (2) 1,970  (374)
Trading account liabilities – Equity securities (2) 1  —  —  —  —  —  —  1  —  — 
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities and other (15) 8  —  (7) (3) —  1  —  —  (16) — 
Long-term debt (5)
(1,149) (46) 2  (104) —  (47) 218  (52) 14  (1,164) (5)
(1)Assets (liabilities). For assets, increase (decrease) to Level 3 and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to Level 3.
(2)Includes gains/losses reported in earnings in the following income statement line items: Trading account assets/liabilities - predominantly market making and similar activities; Net derivative assets (liabilities) - market making and similar activities and other income; AFS debt securities - other income; Other debt securities carried at fair value - other income; Loans and leases - market making and similar activities and other income; Loans held-for-sale - other income; Other assets - market making and similar activities and other income related to MSRs; Long-term debt - market making and similar activities.   
(3)Includes unrealized losses in OCI on AFS debt securities, foreign currency translation adjustments and the impact of changes in the Corporation’s credit spreads on long-term debt accounted for under the fair value option. Amounts include net unrealized losses of $41 million related to financial instruments still held at December 31, 2020.
(4)Net derivative assets (liabilities) include derivative assets of $2.8 billion and derivative liabilities of $6.2 billion.
(5)Amounts represent instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option.
(6)Issuances represent loan originations and MSRs recognized following securitizations or whole-loan sales.
(7)Settlements primarily represent the net change in fair value of the MSR asset due to the recognition of modeled cash flows and the passage of time.
The following tables present information about significant unobservable inputs related to the Corporation’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022
(Dollars in millions) Inputs
Financial Instrument Fair
Value		 Valuation
Technique		 Significant Unobservable
Inputs		 Ranges of
Inputs
Weighted Average (1)
Loans and Securities (2)
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets $ 852  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables Yield
0% to 25%
 10  %
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 338  Prepayment speed
0% to 29% CPR
12% CPR
Loans and leases 137  Default rate
0% to 3% CDR
1% CDR
AFS debt securities – Non-agency residential 258  Price
$0 to $111
 $26
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential 119  Loss severity
0% to 100%
 24  %
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets $ 362  Discounted cash
flow		 Yield
0% to 25%
 10  %
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other 292  Price
$0 to $100
 $75
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 66 
Loans held-for-sale 4 
Commercial loans, debt securities and other $ 4,348  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables Yield
5% to 43%
 15  %
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other
 2,092  Prepayment speed
10% to 20%
 15  %
Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt 518  Default rate
3% to 4%
 4  %
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 1,148  Loss severity
35% to 40%
 38  %
AFS debt securities – Tax-exempt securities 51  Price
$0 to $157
 $75
AFS debt securities – Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 195 
Loans and leases 116 
Loans held-for-sale 228 
Other assets, primarily auction rate securities $ 779  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables Price
$10 to $97
 $94

Discount rate 11  % n/a
MSRs $ 1,020  Discounted cash
flow
Weighted-average life, fixed rate (5)
0 to 14 years
6 years
Weighted-average life, variable rate (5)
0 to 12 years
4 years
Option-adjusted spread, fixed rate
7% to 14%
 9  %
Option-adjusted spread, variable rate
9% to 15%
 12  %
Structured liabilities
Long-term debt $ (862)
Discounted cash flow, Market comparables, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Yield
22% to 43%
 23  %
Equity correlation
0% to 95%
 69  %
Price
$0 to $119
 $90
Natural gas forward price
$3/MMBtu to $13/MMBtu
$9 /MMBtu
Net derivative assets (liabilities)
Credit derivatives $ (44) Discounted cash flow, Stochastic recovery correlation model Credit spreads
3 to 63 bps
22 bps
Upfront points
0 to 100 points
 83 points
Prepayment speed
15% CPR
 n/a
Default rate
2% CDR
 n/a
Credit correlation
18% to 53%
 44  %
Price
$0 to $151
 $63
Equity derivatives $ (1,534)
Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Equity correlation
0% to 100%
 73  %
Long-dated equity volatilities
4% to 101%
 44  %
Commodity derivatives $ (291)
Discounted cash flow, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Natural gas forward price
$3/MMBtu to $13/MMBtu
$8 /MMBtu
Power forward price
$9 to $123
 $43
Interest rate derivatives $ (1,024)
Industry standard derivative pricing (4)
Correlation (IR/IR)
(35)% to 89%
 67  %
Correlation (FX/IR)
11% to 58%
 43  %
Long-dated inflation rates
 0% to 39%
1  %
Long-dated inflation volatilities
0% to 5%
 2  %
Interest rate volatilities
0% to 2%
 1  %
Total net derivative assets (liabilities) $ (2,893)
(1)For loans and securities, structured liabilities and net derivative assets (liabilities), the weighted average is calculated based upon the absolute fair value of the instruments.
(2)The categories are aggregated based upon product type which differs from financial statement classification. The following is a reconciliation to the line items in the table on page 150: Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other of $2.4 billion, Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt of $518 million, Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS of $1.6 billion, AFS debt securities of $504 million, Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential of $119 million, Other assets, including MSRs, of $1.8 billion, Loans and leases of $253 million and LHFS of $232 million.
(3)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.
(4)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.
(5)The weighted-average life is a product of changes in market rates of interest, prepayment rates and other model and cash flow assumptions.
CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate
MMBtu = Million British thermal units
IR = Interest Rate
FX = Foreign Exchange
n/a = not applicable
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021
(Dollars in millions) Inputs
Financial Instrument Fair
Value		 Valuation
Technique		 Significant Unobservable
Inputs		 Ranges of
Inputs
Weighted Average (1)
Loans and Securities (2)
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets $ 1,269  Discounted cash
flow, Market comparables		 Yield
0% to 25%
 6  %
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 338 
Prepayment speed
1% to 40% CPR
19% CPR
Loans and leases 373  Default rate
0% to 3% CDR
1% CDR
AFS debt securities - Non-agency residential 316  Price
$0 to $168
 $92
Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential 242  Loss severity
0% to 43%
 13  %
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets $ 298  Discounted cash
flow		 Yield
0% to 25%
 4  %
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other 138  Price
$0 to $101
 $57
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 77 
AFS debt securities – Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 71 
Loans held-for-sale 12 
Commercial loans, debt securities and other $ 4,212  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables Yield
 0% to 19%
 10  %
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other
 1,972 
Prepayment speed
10% to 20%
 16  %
Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt 396  Default rate
3% to 4%
 4  %
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 1,112  Loss severity
35% to 40%
 37  %
AFS debt securities – Tax-exempt securities 52  Price
 $0 to $189
 $73
Loans and leases 375  Long-dated equity volatilities
45%
 n/a
Loans held-for-sale 305 
Other assets, primarily auction rate securities $ 754  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables
Price
$10 to $96
 $91

Discount rate
9%
 n/a
MSRs $ 818  Discounted cash
flow
Weighted-average life, fixed rate (5)
0 to 14 years
4 years
Weighted-average life, variable rate (5)
0 to 10 years
3 years
Option-adjusted spread, fixed rate
7% to 14%
9  %
Option-adjusted spread, variable rate
9% to 15%
 12  %
Structured liabilities
Long-term debt $ (1,075)
Discounted cash flow, Market comparables, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Yield
 0% to 19%
 18  %
Equity correlation
 3% to 100%
 80  %
Long-dated equity volatilities
5% to 78%
 36  %
Price
$0 to $125
 $82
Natural gas forward price
$2/MMBtu to $8/MMBtu
$4/MMBtu
Net derivative assets (liabilities)
Credit derivatives
 $ (104) Discounted cash flow, Stochastic recovery correlation model Credit spreads
7 to 155 bps
61 bps
Upfront points
16 to 100 points
 68 points
Prepayment speed
15% CPR
n/a
Default rate
2% CDR
n/a
Credit correlation
20% to 60%
 55  %
Price
$0 to $120
 $53
Equity derivatives
 $ (1,710)
Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Equity correlation
3% to 100%
 80  %
Long-dated equity volatilities
5% to 78%
 36  %
Commodity derivatives
 $ (976)
Discounted cash flow, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Natural gas forward price
$2/MMBtu to $8/MMBtu
$4/MMBtu
Correlation
65% to 85%
 76  %
Power forward price
$11 to $103
 $32
Volatilities
41% to 69%
 63  %
Interest rate derivatives
 $ 128 
Industry standard derivative pricing (4)
Correlation (IR/IR)
(1)% to 90%
 54  %
Correlation (FX/IR)
(1)% to 58%
 44  %
Long-dated inflation rates
G(10)% to 11%
3  %
Long-dated inflation volatilities
0% to 2%
 2  %
Interest rates volatilities
0% to 2%
 1  %
Total net derivative assets (liabilities) $ (2,662)
(1)For loans and securities, structured liabilities and net derivative assets (liabilities), the weighted average is calculated based upon the absolute fair value of the instruments.
(2)The categories are aggregated based upon product type which differs from financial statement classification. The following is a reconciliation to the line items in the table on page 151: Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other of $2.1 billion, Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt of $396 million, Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS of $1.5 billion, AFS debt securities of $439 million, Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential of $242 million, Other assets, including MSRs, of $1.6 billion, Loans and leases of $748 million and LHFS of $317 million.
(3)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.
(4)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.
(5)The weighted-average life is a product of changes in market rates of interest, prepayment rates and other model and cash flow assumptions.
CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate
MMBtu = Million British thermal units
IR = Interest Rate
FX = Foreign Exchange
n/a = not applicable
In the previous tables, instruments backed by residential and commercial real estate assets include RMBS, commercial MBS, whole loans and mortgage CDOs. Commercial loans, debt securities and other include corporate CLOs and CDOs, commercial loans and bonds, and securities backed by non-real estate assets. Structured liabilities primarily include equity-linked notes that are accounted for under the fair value option.
The Corporation uses multiple market approaches in valuing certain of its Level 3 financial instruments. For example, market comparables and discounted cash flows are used together. For a given product, such as corporate debt securities, market comparables may be used to estimate some of the unobservable inputs, and then these inputs are incorporated into a discounted cash flow model. Therefore, the balances disclosed encompass both of these techniques.
The levels of aggregation and diversity within the products disclosed in the tables result in certain ranges of inputs being wide and unevenly distributed across asset and liability categories.
Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements from Unobservable Inputs
Loans and Securities
A significant increase in market yields, default rates, loss severities or duration would have resulted in a significantly lower fair value for long positions. Short positions would have been impacted in a directionally opposite way. The impact of changes in prepayment speeds would have resulted in differing impacts depending on the seniority of the instrument and, in the case of CLOs, whether prepayments can be reinvested. A significant increase in price would have resulted in a significantly higher fair value for long positions, and short positions would have been impacted in a directionally opposite way.
Structured Liabilities and Derivatives
For credit derivatives, a significant increase in market yield, upfront points (i.e., a single upfront payment made by a
protection buyer at inception), credit spreads, default rates or loss severities would have resulted in a significantly lower fair value for protection sellers and higher fair value for protection buyers. The impact of changes in prepayment speeds would have resulted in differing impacts depending on the seniority of the instrument.
Structured credit derivatives are impacted by credit correlation. Default correlation is a parameter that describes the degree of dependence among credit default rates within a credit portfolio that underlies a credit derivative instrument. The sensitivity of this input on the fair value varies depending on the level of subordination of the tranche. For senior tranches that are net purchases of protection, a significant increase in default correlation would have resulted in a significantly higher fair value. Net short protection positions would have been impacted in a directionally opposite way.
For equity derivatives, commodity derivatives, interest rate derivatives and structured liabilities, a significant change in long-dated rates and volatilities and correlation inputs (i.e., the degree of correlation between an equity security and an index, between two different commodities, between two different interest rates, or between interest rates and foreign exchange rates) would have resulted in a significant impact to the fair value; however, the magnitude and direction of the impact depend on whether the Corporation is long or short the exposure. For structured liabilities, a significant increase in yield or decrease in price would have resulted in a significantly lower fair value.
Nonrecurring Fair Value
The Corporation holds certain assets that are measured at fair value only in certain situations (e.g., the impairment of an asset), and these measurements are referred to herein as nonrecurring. The amounts below represent assets still held as of the reporting date for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recorded during 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
(Dollars in millions) Level 2 Level 3 Level 2 Level 3
Assets      
Loans held-for-sale $ 1,979  $ 3,079  $ 634  $ 24 
Loans and leases (1)
—  166  —  213 
Foreclosed properties (2, 3)
—  7  —  5 
Other assets 88  165  256  2,046 
Gains (Losses)
2022 2021 2020
Assets      
Loans held-for-sale $ (387) $ (44) $ (79)
Loans and leases (1)
(48) (60) (73)
Foreclosed properties (6) (2) (6)
Other assets (91) (492) (98)
(1)Includes $15 million, $24 million and $30 million of losses on loans that were written down to a collateral value of zero during 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(2)Amounts are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and represent the carrying value of foreclosed properties that were written down subsequent to their initial classification as foreclosed properties. Losses on foreclosed properties include losses recorded during the first 90 days after transfer of a loan to foreclosed properties.
(3)Excludes $60 million and $52 million of properties acquired upon foreclosure of certain government-guaranteed loans (principally FHA-insured loans) at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
The table below presents information about significant unobservable inputs utilized in the Corporation's nonrecurring Level 3 fair value measurements at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Quantitative Information about Nonrecurring Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Inputs
Financial Instrument Fair Value Valuation
Technique		 Significant Unobservable
Inputs		 Ranges of
Inputs
Weighted
Average (1)
(Dollars in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2022
Loans held-for-sale $ 3,079  Pricing model Implied yield
9% to 24%
 n/a
Loans and leases (2)
166  Market comparables OREO discount
10% to 66%
 26  %
Costs to sell
8% to 24%
 9  %
Other assets (3)
165  Discounted cash flow Discount rate 7  % n/a
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Loans and leases (2)
$ 213  Market comparables OREO discount
13% to 59%
 24  %
Costs to sell
8% to 26%
 9  %
Other assets (4)
1,875  Discounted cash flow Discount rate
7%
 n/a
166 Market comparables Estimated appraisal value n/a n/a
(1)The weighted average is calculated based upon the fair value of the loans.
(2)Represents residential mortgages where the loan has been written down to the fair value of the underlying collateral.
(3)Represents the fair value of certain impaired renewable energy investments.
(4)Represents the fair value of certain impaired renewable energy investments and impaired assets related to the Corporation’s real estate rationalization.
n/a = not applicable