Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Fair Value Measurements

v3.10.0.1
Fair Value Measurements
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
Under applicable accounting standards, fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Corporation determines the fair values of its financial instruments under applicable accounting standards that require an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Corporation categorizes its financial instruments into three levels based on the established fair value hierarchy. The Corporation conducts a review of its fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Transfers into or out of fair value hierarchy classifications are made if the significant inputs used in the financial models measuring the fair values of the assets and liabilities became unobservable or observable in the current marketplace. For more information regarding the fair value hierarchy and how the Corporation measures fair value, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles. The Corporation accounts for certain financial instruments under the fair value option. For additional information, see Note 21 – Fair Value Option.
Valuation Techniques
The following sections outline the valuation methodologies for the Corporation’s assets and liabilities. While the Corporation believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.
During 2018, there were no changes to valuation approaches or techniques that had, or are expected to have, a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Trading Account Assets and Liabilities and Debt Securities
The fair values of trading account assets and liabilities are primarily based on actively traded markets where prices are based on either direct market quotes or observed transactions. The fair values of debt securities are generally based on quoted market prices or market prices for similar assets. Liquidity is a significant factor in the determination of the fair values of trading account assets and liabilities and debt securities. Market price quotes may not be readily available for some positions such as positions within a market sector where trading activity has slowed significantly or ceased. Some of these instruments are valued using a discounted cash flow model, which estimates the fair value of the securities using internal credit risk, interest rate and prepayment risk models that incorporate management’s best estimate of current key assumptions such as default rates, loss severity and prepayment
rates. Principal and interest cash flows are discounted using an observable discount rate for similar instruments with adjustments that management believes a market participant would consider in determining fair value for the specific security. Other instruments are valued using a net asset value approach which considers the value of the underlying securities. Underlying assets are valued using external pricing services, where available, or matrix pricing based on the vintages and ratings. Situations of illiquidity generally are triggered by the market’s perception of credit uncertainty regarding a single company or a specific market sector. In these instances, fair value is determined based on limited available market information and other factors, principally from reviewing the issuer’s financial statements and changes in credit ratings made by one or more rating agencies.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities
The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities traded in the OTC market are determined using quantitative models that utilize multiple market inputs including interest rates, prices and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services. When third-party pricing services are used, the methods and assumptions are reviewed by the Corporation. Estimation risk is greater for derivative asset and liability positions that are either option-based or have longer maturity dates where observable market inputs are less readily available, or are unobservable, in which case, quantitative-based extrapolations of rate, price or index scenarios are used in determining fair values. The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities include adjustments for market liquidity, counterparty credit quality and other instrument-specific factors, where appropriate. In addition, the Corporation incorporates within its fair value measurements of OTC derivatives a valuation adjustment to reflect the credit risk associated with the net position. Positions are netted by counterparty, and fair value for net long exposures is adjusted for counterparty credit risk while the fair value for net short exposures is adjusted for the Corporation’s own credit risk. The Corporation also incorporates FVA within its fair value measurements to include funding costs on uncollateralized derivatives and derivatives where the Corporation is not permitted to use the collateral it receives. An estimate of severity of loss is also used in the determination of fair value, primarily based on market data.
Loans and Loan Commitments
The fair values of loans and loan commitments are based on market prices, where available, or discounted cash flow analyses using market-based credit spreads of comparable debt instruments or credit derivatives of the specific borrower or comparable borrowers. Results of discounted cash flow analyses may be adjusted, as appropriate, to reflect other market conditions or the perceived credit risk of the borrower.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
The fair values of MSRs are primarily determined using an option-adjusted spread (OAS) valuation approach, which factors in prepayment risk to determine the fair value of MSRs. This approach consists of projecting servicing cash flows under multiple interest rate scenarios and discounting these cash flows using risk-adjusted discount rates.
Loans Held-for-sale
The fair values of LHFS are based on quoted market prices, where available, or are determined by discounting estimated cash flows using interest rates approximating the Corporation’s current origination rates for similar loans adjusted to reflect the inherent credit risk. The borrower-specific credit risk is embedded within the quoted market prices or is implied by considering loan performance when selecting comparables.
Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Debt
The Corporation issues structured liabilities that have coupons or repayment terms linked to the performance of debt or equity securities, indices, currencies or commodities. The fair values of these structured liabilities are estimated using quantitative models for the combined derivative and debt portions of the notes. These models incorporate observable and, in some instances, unobservable inputs including security prices, interest rate yield curves, option volatility, currency, commodity or equity rates and correlations among these inputs. The Corporation also considers the impact of its own credit spread in determining the discount rate used to value these liabilities. The credit spread is determined by reference to observable spreads in the secondary bond market.
Securities Financing Agreements
The fair values of certain reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements and securities borrowed transactions are determined using quantitative models, including discounted cash flow models that require the use of multiple market inputs including interest rates and spreads to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, and volatility factors. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services.
Deposits
The fair values of deposits are determined using quantitative models, including discounted cash flow models that require the use of multiple market inputs including interest rates and spreads to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, and volatility factors. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services. The Corporation considers the impact of its own credit spread in the valuation of these liabilities. The credit risk is determined by reference to observable credit spreads in the secondary cash market.
Asset-backed Secured Financings
The fair values of asset-backed secured financings are based on external broker bids, where available, or are determined by discounting estimated cash flows using interest rates approximating the Corporation’s current origination rates for similar loans adjusted to reflect the inherent credit risk.
Recurring Fair Value
Assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2018 and 2017, including financial instruments which the Corporation accounts for under the fair value option, are summarized in the following tables.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
Fair Value Measurements
 
 
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Netting Adjustments (1)
 
Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
Assets
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Time deposits placed and other short-term investments
$
1,214

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
1,214

Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell

 
56,399

 

 

 
56,399

Trading account assets:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

U.S. Treasury and agency securities (2)
53,131

 
1,593

 

 

 
54,724

Corporate securities, trading loans and other

 
24,630

 
1,558

 

 
26,188

Equity securities
53,840

 
23,163

 
276

 

 
77,279

Non-U.S. sovereign debt
5,818

 
19,210

 
465

 

 
25,493

Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed

 
19,586

 

 

 
19,586

Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS

 
9,443

 
1,635

 

 
11,078

Total trading account assets (3)
112,789

 
97,625

 
3,934

 

 
214,348

Derivative assets
9,967

 
315,413

 
3,466

 
(285,121
)
 
43,725

AFS debt securities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

U.S. Treasury and agency securities
53,663

 
1,260

 

 

 
54,923

Mortgage-backed securities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Agency

 
121,826

 

 

 
121,826

Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations

 
5,530

 

 

 
5,530

Non-agency residential

 
1,320

 
597

 

 
1,917

Commercial

 
14,078

 

 

 
14,078

Non-U.S. securities

 
9,304

 
2

 

 
9,306

Other taxable securities

 
4,403

 
7

 

 
4,410

Tax-exempt securities

 
17,376

 

 

 
17,376

Total AFS debt securities
53,663

 
175,097

 
606

 

 
229,366

Other debt securities carried at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury and agency securities
1,282

 

 

 

 
1,282

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-agency residential

 
1,434

 
172

 

 
1,606

Non-U.S. securities
490

 
5,354

 

 

 
5,844

Other taxable securities

 
3

 

 

 
3

Total other debt securities carried at fair value
1,772

 
6,791

 
172

 

 
8,735

Loans and leases

 
4,011

 
338

 

 
4,349

Loans held-for-sale

 
2,400

 
542

 

 
2,942

Other assets (4)
15,032

 
1,775

 
2,932

 

 
19,739

Total assets (5)
$
194,437

 
$
659,511

 
$
11,990

 
$
(285,121
)
 
$
580,817

Liabilities
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Interest-bearing deposits in U.S. offices
$

 
$
492

 
$

 
$

 
$
492

Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase

 
28,875

 

 

 
28,875

Trading account liabilities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
U.S. Treasury and agency securities
7,894

 
761

 

 

 
8,655

Equity securities
33,739

 
4,070

 

 

 
37,809

Non-U.S. sovereign debt
7,452

 
9,182

 

 

 
16,634

Corporate securities and other

 
5,104

 
18

 

 
5,122

Total trading account liabilities
49,085

 
19,117

 
18

 

 
68,220

Derivative liabilities
9,931

 
303,441

 
4,401

 
(279,882
)
 
37,891

Short-term borrowings

 
1,648

 

 

 
1,648

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
18,096

 
1,979

 

 

 
20,075

Long-term debt

 
26,820

 
817

 

 
27,637

Total liabilities (5)
$
77,112

 
$
382,372

 
$
5,236

 
$
(279,882
)
 
$
184,838

(1) 
Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements and also cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparties.
(2) 
Includes $20.2 billion of GSE obligations.
(3) 
Includes securities with a fair value of $16.6 billion that were segregated in compliance with securities regulations or deposited with clearing organizations. This amount is included in the parenthetical disclosure on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(4) 
Includes MSRs of $2.0 billion which are classified as Level 3 assets.
(5) 
Total recurring Level 3 assets were 0.51 percent of total consolidated assets, and total recurring Level 3 liabilities were 0.25 percent of total consolidated liabilities.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Fair Value Measurements
 
 
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Netting Adjustments (1)
 
Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
Assets
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Time deposits placed and other short-term investments
$
2,234

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
2,234

Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell

 
52,906

 

 

 
52,906

Trading account assets:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

U.S. Treasury and agency securities (2)
38,720

 
1,922

 

 

 
40,642

Corporate securities, trading loans and other

 
28,714

 
1,864

 

 
30,578

Equity securities
60,747

 
23,958

 
235

 

 
84,940

Non-U.S. sovereign debt
6,545

 
15,839

 
556

 

 
22,940

Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed

 
20,586

 

 

 
20,586

Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS

 
8,174

 
1,498

 

 
9,672

Total trading account assets (3)
106,012

 
99,193

 
4,153

 

 
209,358

Derivative assets
6,305

 
341,178

 
4,067

 
(313,788
)
 
37,762

AFS debt securities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

U.S. Treasury and agency securities
51,915

 
1,608

 

 

 
53,523

Mortgage-backed securities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Agency

 
192,929

 

 

 
192,929

Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations

 
6,804

 

 

 
6,804

Non-agency residential

 
2,669

 

 

 
2,669

Commercial

 
13,684

 

 

 
13,684

Non-U.S. securities
772

 
5,880

 
25

 

 
6,677

Other taxable securities

 
5,261

 
509

 

 
5,770

Tax-exempt securities

 
20,106

 
469

 

 
20,575

Total AFS debt securities
52,687

 
248,941

 
1,003

 

 
302,631

Other debt securities carried at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-agency residential

 
2,769

 

 

 
2,769

Non-U.S. securities
8,191

 
1,297

 

 

 
9,488

Other taxable securities

 
229

 

 

 
229

Total other debt securities carried at fair value
8,191

 
4,295

 

 

 
12,486

Loans and leases

 
5,139

 
571

 

 
5,710

Loans held-for-sale

 
1,466

 
690

 

 
2,156

Other assets (4)
19,367

 
789

 
2,425

 

 
22,581

Total assets (5)
$
194,796

 
$
753,907

 
$
12,909

 
$
(313,788
)
 
$
647,824

Liabilities
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Interest-bearing deposits in U.S. offices
$

 
$
449

 
$

 
$

 
$
449

Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase

 
36,182

 

 

 
36,182

Trading account liabilities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
U.S. Treasury and agency securities
17,266

 
734

 

 

 
18,000

Equity securities
33,019

 
3,885

 

 

 
36,904

Non-U.S. sovereign debt
11,976

 
7,382

 

 

 
19,358

Corporate securities and other

 
6,901

 
24

 

 
6,925

Total trading account liabilities
62,261

 
18,902

 
24

 

 
81,187

Derivative liabilities
6,029

 
334,261

 
5,781

 
(311,771
)
 
34,300

Short-term borrowings

 
1,494

 

 

 
1,494

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
21,887

 
945

 
8

 

 
22,840

Long-term debt

 
29,923

 
1,863

 

 
31,786

Total liabilities (5)
$
90,177

 
$
422,156

 
$
7,676

 
$
(311,771
)
 
$
208,238


(1) 
Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements and also cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparties.
(2) 
Includes $21.3 billion of GSE obligations.
(3) 
Includes securities with a fair value of $16.8 billion that were segregated in compliance with securities regulations or deposited with clearing organizations. This amount is included in the parenthetical disclosure on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(4) 
Includes MSRs of $2.3 billion which are classified as Level 3 assets.
(5) 
Total recurring Level 3 assets were 0.57 percent of total consolidated assets, and total recurring Level 3 liabilities were 0.38 percent of total consolidated liabilities.The following tables present a reconciliation of all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during 2018, 2017 and 2016, including net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings and accumulated OCI.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Level 3 – Fair Value Measurements in 2018 (1)
 
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
Balance
January 1
2018
Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income (2)
Gains
(Losses)
in OCI
(3)
Gross
Gross
Transfers
into
Level 3 
Gross
Transfers
out of
Level 3 
Balance
December 31
2018
Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income Related to Financial Instruments Still Held (2)
Purchases
Sales
Issuances
Settlements
Trading account assets:
 

 

 

 

 
 
 
 

 

 

 
Corporate securities, trading loans and other
$
1,864

$
(32
)
$
(1
)
$
436

$
(403
)
$
5

$
(568
)
$
804

$
(547
)
$
1,558

$
(117
)
Equity securities
235

(17
)

44

(11
)

(4
)
78

(49
)
276

(22
)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt
556

47

(44
)
13

(57
)

(30
)
117

(137
)
465

48

Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS
1,498

148

3

585

(910
)

(158
)
705

(236
)
1,635

97

Total trading account assets
4,153

146

(42
)
1,078

(1,381
)
5

(760
)
1,704

(969
)
3,934

6

Net derivative assets (4)
(1,714
)
106


531

(1,179
)

778

39

504

(935
)
(116
)
AFS debt securities:
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Non-agency residential MBS

27

(33
)

(71
)

(25
)
774

(75
)
597


Non-U.S. securities
25


(1
)

(10
)

(15
)
3


2


Other taxable securities
509

1

(3
)

(23
)

(11
)
60

(526
)
7


Tax-exempt securities
469






(1
)
1

(469
)


Total AFS debt securities (5)
1,003

28

(37
)

(104
)

(52
)
838

(1,070
)
606


Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS

(18
)


(8
)

(34
)
365

(133
)
172

(18
)
Loans and leases (6, 7)
571

(16
)


(134
)

(83
)


338

(9
)
Loans held-for-sale (6)
690

44

(26
)
71


1

(201
)
23

(60
)
542

31

Other assets (5, 7, 8)
2,425

414

(38
)
2

(69
)
96

(792
)
929

(35
)
2,932

149

Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities and other
(24
)
11


9

(12
)
(2
)



(18
)
(7
)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (6)
(8
)





8





Long-term debt (6)
(1,863
)
103

4

9


(141
)
486

(262
)
847

(817
)
95

(1) 
Assets (liabilities). For assets, increase (decrease) to Level 3 and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to Level 3.
(2) 
Includes gains (losses) reported in earnings in the following income statement line items: Trading account assets/liabilities - predominantly trading account profits; Net derivative assets - primarily trading account profits and other income; Other debt securities carried at fair value - other income; Loans and leases - other income; Loans held-for-sale - other income; Other assets - primarily other income related to MSRs; Long-term debt - primarily trading account profits. For MSRs, the amounts reflect the changes in modeled MSR fair value due to observed changes in interest rates, volatility, spreads and the shape of the forward swap curve, and periodic adjustments to the valuation model to reflect changes in the modeled relationships between inputs and projected cash flows, as well as changes in cash flow assumptions including cost to service.
(3) 
Includes unrealized gains (losses) in OCI on AFS debt securities, foreign currency translation adjustments and the impact of changes in the Corporation’s credit spreads on long-term debt accounted for under the fair value option. Total gains (losses) in OCI include net unrealized losses of $105 million related to financial instruments still held at December 31, 2018. For additional information, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles.
(4) 
Net derivative assets include derivative assets of $3.5 billion and derivative liabilities of $4.4 billion.
(5) 
Transfers out of AFS debt securities and into other assets primarily relate to the reclassification of certain securities.
(6) 
Amounts represent instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option.
(7) 
Issuances represent loan originations and MSRs recognized following securitizations or whole-loan sales.
(8) 
Settlements primarily represent the net change in fair value of the MSR asset due to the recognition of modeled cash flows and the passage of time.
Transfers into Level 3, primarily due to decreased price observability, during 2018 included $1.7 billion of trading account assets, $838 million of AFS debt securities, $365 million of other debt securities carried at fair value and $262 million of long-term debt. Transfers occur on a regular basis for long-term debt instruments due to changes in the impact of unobservable inputs
on the value of the embedded derivative in relation to the instrument as a whole.
Transfers out of Level 3, primarily due to increased price observability, during 2018 included $969 million of trading account assets, $504 million of net derivatives assets, $1.1 billion of AFS debt securities and $847 million of long-term debt.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Level 3 – Fair Value Measurements in 2017 (1)
 
 
 
 
Balance
January 1
2017
Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income (2)
Gains
(Losses)
in OCI
(3)
Gross
Gross
Transfers
into
Level 3 
Gross
Transfers
out of
Level 3 
Balance
December 31
2017
Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income Related to Financial Instruments Still Held (2)
(Dollars in millions)
Purchases
Sales
Issuances
Settlements
Trading account assets:
 

 

 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 

 
Corporate securities, trading loans and other
$
2,777

$
229

$

$
547

$
(702
)
$
5

$
(666
)
$
728

$
(1,054
)
$
1,864

$
2

Equity securities
281

18


55

(70
)

(10
)
146

(185
)
235

(1
)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt
510

74

(8
)
53

(59
)

(73
)
72

(13
)
556

70

Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS
1,211

165

(2
)
1,210

(990
)

(233
)
218

(81
)
1,498

72

Total trading account assets
4,779

486

(10
)
1,865

(1,821
)
5

(982
)
1,164

(1,333
)
4,153

143

Net derivative assets (4)
(1,313
)
(984
)

664

(979
)

949

48

(99
)
(1,714
)
(409
)
AFS debt securities:
 

 

 

 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 
Non-U.S. securities
229

2

16

49



(271
)


25


Other taxable securities
594

4

8

5



(42
)
34

(94
)
509


Tax-exempt securities
542

1

3

14

(70
)

(11
)
35

(45
)
469


Total AFS debt securities
1,365

7

27

68

(70
)

(324
)
69

(139
)
1,003


Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS
25

(1
)


(21
)

(3
)




Loans and leases (5)
720

15


3

(34
)

(126
)

(7
)
571

11

Loans held-for-sale (5, 6)
656

100

(3
)
3

(189
)

(346
)
501

(32
)
690

14

Other assets (6, 7)
2,986

144

(57
)
2

(214
)
258

(758
)
64


2,425

(226
)
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase (5)
(359
)
(5
)



(12
)
171

(58
)
263



Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities and other
(27
)
14


8

(17
)
(2
)



(24
)
2

Accrued expenses and other liabilities (5)
(9
)





1



(8
)

Long-term debt (5)
(1,514
)
(135
)
(31
)
84


(288
)
514

(711
)
218

(1,863
)
(196
)
(1) 
Assets (liabilities). For assets, increase (decrease) to Level 3 and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to Level 3.
(2) 
Includes gains (losses) reported in earnings in the following income statement line items: Trading account assets/liabilities - predominantly trading account profits; Net derivative assets - primarily trading account profits and other income; Other debt securities carried at fair value - other income; Loans and leases - other income; Loans held-for-sale - other income; Other assets - primarily other income related to MSRs; Long-term debt - trading account profits. For MSRs, the amounts reflect the changes in modeled MSR fair value due to observed changes in interest rates, volatility, spreads and the shape of the forward swap curve, and periodic adjustments to the valuation model to reflect changes in the modeled relationships between inputs and projected cash flows, as well as changes in cash flow assumptions including cost to service.  
(3) 
Includes unrealized gains (losses) in OCI on AFS debt securities, foreign currency translation adjustments and the impact of changes in the Corporation’s credit spreads on long-term debt accounted for under the fair value option. For additional information, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles.
(4) 
Net derivative assets include derivative assets of $4.1 billion and derivative liabilities of $5.8 billion.
(5) 
Amounts represent instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option.
(6) 
Issuances represent loan originations and MSRs recognized following securitizations or whole-loan sales.
(7) 
Settlements primarily represent the net change in fair value of the MSR asset due to the recognition of modeled cash flows and the passage of time.
Transfers into Level 3, primarily due to decreased price observability, during 2017 included $1.2 billion of trading account assets, $501 million of LHFS and $711 million of long-term debt. Transfers occur on a regular basis for long-term debt instruments due to changes in the impact of unobservable inputs on the value of the embedded derivative in relation to the instrument as a whole.
Transfers out of Level 3, primarily due to increased price observability, during 2017 included $1.3 billion of trading account assets, $139 million of AFS debt securities, $263 million of federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase and $218 million of long-term debt.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Level 3 – Fair Value Measurements in 2016 (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
Balance
January 1
2016
Total Realized/Unrealized Gains/(Losses) in Net Income (2)
Gains/
(Losses)
in OCI
(3)
Gross
Gross
Transfers
into
Level 3 
Gross
Transfers
out of
Level 3 
Balance
December 31
2016
Change in Unrealized Gains/(Losses) in Net Income Related to Financial Instruments Still Held (2)
Purchases
Sales
Issuances
Settlements
Trading account assets:
 

 

 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 

 
Corporate securities, trading loans and other
$
2,838

$
78

$
2

$
1,508

$
(847
)
$

$
(725
)
$
728

$
(805
)
$
2,777

$
(82
)
Equity securities
407

74


73

(169
)

(82
)
70

(92
)
281

(59
)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt
521

122

91

12

(146
)

(90
)


510

120

Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS
1,868

188

(2
)
988

(1,491
)

(344
)
158

(154
)
1,211

64

Total trading account assets
5,634

462

91

2,581

(2,653
)

(1,241
)
956

(1,051
)
4,779

43

Net derivative assets (4)
(441
)
285


470

(1,155
)

76

(186
)
(362
)
(1,313
)
(376
)
AFS debt securities:
 

 

 

 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 
Non-agency residential MBS
106




(106
)






Non-U.S. securities


(6
)
584

(92
)

(263
)
6


229


Other taxable securities
757

4

(2
)



(83
)

(82
)
594


Tax-exempt securities
569


(1
)
1



(2
)
10

(35
)
542


Total AFS debt securities
1,432

4

(9
)
585

(198
)

(348
)
16

(117
)
1,365


Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS
30

(5
)







25


Loans and leases (5, 6)
1,620

(44
)

69

(553
)
50

(194
)
6

(234
)
720

17

Loans held-for-sale (5)
787

79

50

22

(256
)

(93
)
173

(106
)
656

70

Other assets (6, 7)
3,461

136


38

(191
)
411

(872
)
3


2,986

(143
)
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase (5)
(335
)
(11
)



(22
)
27

(19
)
1

(359
)
4

Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities and other
(21
)
5



(11
)




(27
)
4

Short-term borrowings (5)
(30
)
1





29





Accrued expenses and other liabilities (5)
(9
)








(9
)

Long-term debt (5)
(1,513
)
(74
)
(20
)
140


(521
)
948

(939
)
465

(1,514
)
(184
)
(1) 
Assets (liabilities). For assets, increase (decrease) to Level 3 and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to Level 3.
(2) 
Includes gains/losses reported in earnings in the following income statement line items: Trading account assets/liabilities - trading account profits; Net derivative assets - primarily trading account profits and other income; Other debt securities carried at fair value - other income; Loans and leases - other income; Loans held-for-sale - other income; Other assets - primarily other income related to MSRs; Long-term debt - predominantly trading account profits. For MSRs, the amounts reflect the changes in modeled MSR fair value due to observed changes in interest rates, volatility, spreads and the shape of the forward swap curve, and periodic adjustments to the valuation model to reflect changes in the modeled relationships between inputs and projected cash flows, as well as changes in cash flow assumptions including cost to service.   
(3) 
Includes unrealized gains/losses in OCI on AFS debt securities, foreign currency translation adjustments and the impact of changes in the Corporation’s credit spreads on long-term debt accounted for under the fair value option. For more information, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles.
(4) 
Net derivatives include derivative assets of $3.9 billion and derivative liabilities of $5.2 billion.
(5) 
Amounts represent instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option.
(6) 
Issuances represent loan originations and MSRs recognized following securitizations or whole-loan sales.
(7) 
Settlements represent the net change in fair value of the MSR asset due to the recognition of modeled cash flows and the passage of time.
Transfers into Level 3, primarily due to decreased price observability, during 2016 included $956 million of trading account assets, $186 million of net derivative assets, $173 million of LHFS and $939 million of long-term debt. Transfers occur on a regular basis for long-term debt instruments due to changes in the impact of unobservable inputs on the value of the embedded derivative in relation to the instrument as a whole.
Transfers out of Level 3, primarily due to increased price observability, during 2016 included $1.1 billion of trading account assets, $362 million of net derivative assets, $117 million of AFS debt securities, $234 million of loans and leases, $106 million of LHFS and $465 million of long-term debt.The following tables present information about significant unobservable inputs related to the Corporation’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
 
 
Inputs
Financial Instrument
Fair
Value
Valuation
Technique
Significant Unobservable
Inputs
Ranges of
Inputs
Weighted Average (1)
Loans and Securities (2)
 
 
 
 
 
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets
$
1,536

Discounted cash flow, Market comparables
Yield
0% to 25%
8%
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS
419

Prepayment speed
0% to 21% CPR
12%
Loans and leases
338

Default rate
0% to 3% CDR
1%
Loans held-for-sale
1

Loss severity
0% to 51%
17%
AFS debt securities, primarily non-agency residential
606

Price
$0 to $128
$72
Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential
172

 
 
 
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets
$
291

Discounted cash flow
Yield
0% to 25%
7%
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other
200

Price
$0 to $100
$79
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS
91

 
 
 
Commercial loans, debt securities and other
$
3,489

Discounted cash flow, Market comparables
Yield
1% to 18%
13%
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other
1,358

Prepayment speed
10% to 20%
15%
Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt
465

Default rate
3% to 4%
4%
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS
1,125

Loss severity
35% to 40%
38%
Loans held-for-sale
541

Price
$0 to $141
$68
Other assets, primarily auction rate securities
$
890

Discounted cash flow, Market comparables
Price
$10 to $100
$95

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
MSRs
$
2,042

Discounted cash flow
Weighted-average life, fixed rate (5)
0 to 14 years
5 years
 
 
Weighted-average life, variable rate (5)
0 to 10 years
3 years
 
 
Option-adjusted spread, fixed rate
7% to 14%
9%
 
 
Option-adjusted spread, variable rate
9% to 15%
12%
Structured liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term debt
$
(817
)
Discounted cash flow, Market comparables, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Equity correlation
11% to 100%
67%
 
 
Long-dated equity volatilities
4% to 84%
32%
 
 
Yield
7% to 18%
16%
 
 
Price
$0 to $100
$72
Net derivative assets
 
 
 
 
 
Credit derivatives
$
(565
)
Discounted cash flow, Stochastic recovery correlation model
Yield
0% to 5%
4%
 
 
Upfront points
0 points to 100 points
70 points
 
 
Credit correlation
70%
n/a
 
 
Prepayment speed
15% to 20% CPR
15%
 
 
Default rate
1% to 4% CDR
2%
 
 
Loss severity
35%
n/a
 
 
Price
$0 to $138
$93
Equity derivatives
$
(348
)
Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Equity correlation
11% to 100%
67%
 
 
Long-dated equity volatilities
4% to 84%
32%
Commodity derivatives
$
10

Discounted cash flow, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Natural gas forward price
$1/MMBtu to $12/MMBtu
$3/MMBtu
 
 
Correlation
38% to 87%
71%
 
 
Volatilities
15% to 132%
38%
Interest rate derivatives
$
(32
)
Industry standard derivative pricing (4)
Correlation (IR/IR)
15% to 70%
61%
 
 
Correlation (FX/IR)
0% to 46%
1%
 
 
Long-dated inflation rates
-20% to 38%
2%
 
 
Long-dated inflation volatilities
0% to 1%
1%
Total net derivative assets
$
(935
)
 
 
 
 
(1) 
For loans and securities, structured liabilities and net derivative assets, the weighted average is calculated based upon the absolute fair value of the instruments.
(2) 
The categories are aggregated based upon product type which differs from financial statement classification. The following is a reconciliation to the line items in the table on page 152: Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other of $1.6 billion, Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt of $465 million, Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS of $1.6 billion, AFS debt securities of $606 million, Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential of $172 million, Other assets, including MSRs, of $2.9 billion, Loans and leases of $338 million and LHFS of $542 million.
(3) 
Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.
(4) 
Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.
(5) 
The weighted-average life is a product of changes in market rates of interest, prepayment rates and other model and cash flow assumptions.
CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate
MMBtu = Million British thermal units
IR = Interest Rate
FX = Foreign Exchange
n/a = not applicable
 
 
 
 
 
 
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
 
 
Inputs
Financial Instrument
Fair
Value
Valuation
Technique
Significant Unobservable
Inputs
Ranges of
Inputs
Weighted Average (1)
Loans and Securities (2)
 
 
 
 
 
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets
$
871

Discounted cash flow
Yield
0% to 25%
6%
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS
298

Prepayment speed
0% to 22% CPR
12%
Loans and leases
570

Default rate
0% to 3% CDR
1%
Loans held-for-sale
3

Loss severity
0% to 53%
17%
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets
$
286

Discounted cash flow
Yield
0% to 25%
9%
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other
244

Price
$0 to $100
$67
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS
42

 
 
 
Commercial loans, debt securities and other
$
4,023

Discounted cash flow, Market comparables
Yield
0% to 12%
5%
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other
1,613

Prepayment speed
10% to 20%
16%
Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt
556

Default rate
3% to 4%
4%
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS
1,158

Loss severity
35% to 40%
37%
AFS debt securities – Other taxable securities
8

Price
$0 to $145
$63
Loans and leases
1

 
 
 
Loans held-for-sale
687

 
 
 
Auction rate securities
$
977

Discounted cash flow, Market comparables
Price
$10 to $100
$94
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other
7

 
 
 
AFS debt securities – Other taxable securities
501

 
 
 
AFS debt securities – Tax-exempt securities
469

 
 
 
MSRs
$
2,302

Discounted cash flow
Weighted-average life, fixed rate (5)
0 to 14 years
5 years
 
 
Weighted-average life, variable rate (5)
0 to 10 years
3 years
 
 
Option-adjusted spread, fixed rate
9% to 14%
10%
 
 
Option-adjusted spread, variable rate
9% to 15%
12%
Structured liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term debt
$
(1,863
)
Discounted cash flow, Market comparables, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Equity correlation
15% to 100%
63%
 
 
Long-dated equity volatilities
4% to 84%
22%
 
 
Yield
7.5%
n/a
 
 
Price
$0 to $100
$66
Net derivative assets
 
 
 
 
 
Credit derivatives
$
(282
)
Discounted cash flow, Stochastic recovery correlation model
Yield
1% to 5%
3%
 
 
Upfront points
0 points to 100 points
71 points
 
 
Credit correlation
35% to 83%
42%
 
 
Prepayment speed
15% to 20% CPR
16%
 
 
Default rate
1% to 4% CDR
2%
 
 
Loss severity
35%
n/a
 
 
Price
$0 to $102
$82
Equity derivatives
$
(2,059
)
Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Equity correlation
15% to 100%
63%
 
 
Long-dated equity volatilities
4% to 84%
22%
Commodity derivatives
$
(3
)
Discounted cash flow, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Natural gas forward price
$1/MMBtu to $5/MMBtu
$3/MMBtu
 
 
Correlation
71% to 87%
81%
 
 
Volatilities
26% to 132%
57%
Interest rate derivatives
$
630

Industry standard derivative pricing (4)
Correlation (IR/IR)
15% to 92%
50%
 
 
Correlation (FX/IR)
0% to 46%
1%
 
 
Long-dated inflation rates
-14% to 38%
4%
 
 
Long-dated inflation volatilities
0% to 1%
1%
Total net derivative assets
$
(1,714
)
 
 
 
 

(1) 
For loans and securities, structured liabilities and net derivative assets, the weighted average is calculated based upon the absolute fair value of the instruments.
(2) 
The categories are aggregated based upon product type which differs from financial statement classification. The following is a reconciliation to the line items in the table on page 153: Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other of $1.9 billion, Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt of $556 million, Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS of $1.5 billion, AFS debt securities – Other taxable securities of $509 million, AFS debt securities – Tax-exempt securities of $469 million, Loans and leases of $571 million and LHFS of $690 million.
(3) 
Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.
(4) 
Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.
(5) 
The weighted-average life is a product of changes in market rates of interest, prepayment rates and other model and cash flow assumptions.
CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate
MMBtu = Million British thermal units
IR = Interest Rate
FX = Foreign Exchange
n/a = not applicable

In the previous tables, instruments backed by residential and commercial real estate assets include RMBS, commercial MBS, whole loans and mortgage CDOs. Commercial loans, debt securities and other include corporate CLOs and CDOs, commercial loans and bonds, and securities backed by non-real estate assets. Structured liabilities primarily include equity-linked notes that are accounted for under the fair value option.
The Corporation uses multiple market approaches in valuing certain of its Level 3 financial instruments. For example, market comparables and discounted cash flows are used together. For a given product, such as corporate debt securities, market comparables may be used to estimate some of the unobservable inputs and then these inputs are incorporated into a discounted cash flow model. Therefore, the balances disclosed encompass both of these techniques.
The level of aggregation and diversity within the products disclosed in the tables results in certain ranges of inputs being wide and unevenly distributed across asset and liability categories.
Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements from Unobservable Inputs
Loans and Securities
A significant increase in market yields, default rates, loss severities or duration would have resulted in a significantly lower fair value for long positions. Short positions would have been impacted in a directionally opposite way. The impact of changes in prepayment speeds would have resulted in differing impacts depending on the seniority of the instrument and, in the case of CLOs, whether prepayments can be reinvested. A significant increase in price would have resulted in a significantly higher fair value for long positions, and short positions would have been impacted in a directionally opposite way.
Structured Liabilities and Derivatives
For credit derivatives, a significant increase in market yield, upfront points (i.e., a single upfront payment made by a protection buyer at inception), credit spreads, default rates or loss severities would have resulted in a significantly lower fair value for protection sellers and higher fair value for protection buyers. The impact of changes in prepayment speeds would have resulted in differing impacts depending on the seniority of the instrument.
Structured credit derivatives are impacted by credit correlation. Default correlation is a parameter that describes the degree of
dependence among credit default rates within a credit portfolio that underlies a credit derivative instrument. The sensitivity of this input on the fair value varies depending on the level of subordination of the tranche. For senior tranches that are net purchases of protection, a significant increase in default correlation would have resulted in a significantly higher fair value. Net short protection positions would have been impacted in a directionally opposite way.
For equity derivatives, commodity derivatives, interest rate derivatives and structured liabilities, a significant change in long-dated rates and volatilities and correlation inputs (i.e., the degree of correlation between an equity security and an index, between two different commodities, between two different interest rates, or between interest rates and foreign exchange rates) would have resulted in a significant impact to the fair value; however, the magnitude and direction of the impact depend on whether the Corporation is long or short the exposure. For structured liabilities, a significant increase in yield or decrease in price would have resulted in a significantly lower fair value. A significant decrease in duration would have resulted in a significantly higher fair value.
Sensitivity of Fair Value Measurements for Mortgage Servicing Rights
The weighted-average lives and fair value of MSRs are sensitive to changes in modeled assumptions. The weighted-average life is a product of changes in market rates of interest, prepayment rates and other model and cash flow assumptions. The weighted-average life represents the average period of time that the MSRs’ cash flows are expected to be received. Absent other changes, an increase (decrease) to the weighted-average life would generally result in an increase (decrease) in the fair value of the MSRs. For example, a 10 percent or 20 percent decrease in prepayment rates, which impacts the weighted-average life, could result in an increase in fair value of $64 million or $133 million, while a 10 percent or 20 percent increase in prepayment rates could result in a decrease in fair value of $59 million or $115 million. A 100 bp or 200 bp decrease in OAS levels could result in an increase in fair value of $63 million or $131 million, while a 100 bp or 200 bp increase in OAS levels could result in a decrease in fair value of $59 million or $115 million. These sensitivities are hypothetical and actual amounts may vary materially.Nonrecurring Fair Value
The Corporation holds certain assets that are measured at fair value, but only in certain situations (e.g., impairment) and these measurements are referred to herein as nonrecurring. The amounts below represent assets still held as of the reporting date for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recorded during 2018, 2017 and 2016.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
(Dollars in millions)
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
Assets
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Loans held-for-sale
$
274

 
$

 
$

 
$
2

Loans and leases (1)

 
474

 

 
894

Foreclosed properties (2, 3)

 
42

 

 
83

Other assets
331

 
14

 
425

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gains (Losses)
 
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Assets
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

Loans held-for-sale
 
 
$
(18
)
 
$
(6
)
 
$
(54
)
Loans and leases (1)
 
 
(202
)
 
(336
)
 
(458
)
Foreclosed properties
 
 
(24
)
 
(41
)
 
(41
)
Other assets
 
 
(64
)
 
(124
)
 
(74
)
(1) 
Includes $83 million, $135 million and $150 million of losses on loans that were written down to a collateral value of zero during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(2) 
Amounts are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and represent the carrying value of foreclosed properties that were written down subsequent to their initial classification as foreclosed properties. Losses on foreclosed properties include losses recorded during the first 90 days after transfer of a loan to foreclosed properties.
(3) 
Excludes $488 million and $801 million of properties acquired upon foreclosure of certain government-guaranteed loans (principally FHA-insured loans) at December 31, 2018 and 2017.