Annual report [Section 13 and 15(d), not S-K Item 405]

Fair Value Measurements

v3.25.0.1
Fair Value Measurements
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
Under applicable accounting standards, fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Corporation determines the fair values of its financial instruments under applicable accounting standards that require an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Corporation categorizes its financial instruments into three levels based on the established fair value hierarchy and conducts a review of fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Transfers into or out of fair value hierarchy classifications are made if the significant inputs used in financial models measuring the fair values of the assets and liabilities become unobservable or observable, respectively, in the current marketplace, or when previously insignificant unobservable and observable inputs become significant, respectively. For more information regarding the fair value hierarchy and how the Corporation measures fair value, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles. The Corporation accounts for certain financial instruments under the fair value option. For more information, see Note 21 – Fair Value Option.
Valuation Techniques
The following sections outline the valuation methodologies for the Corporation’s assets and liabilities. While the Corporation believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.
During 2024, there were no significant changes to valuation approaches or techniques that had, or are expected to have, a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Trading Account Assets and Liabilities and Debt Securities
The fair values of trading account assets and liabilities are primarily based on actively traded markets where prices are based on either direct market quotes or observed transactions. The fair values of debt securities are generally based on quoted market prices or market prices for similar assets. Liquidity is a significant factor in the determination of the fair values of trading account assets and liabilities and debt securities. Market price quotes may not be readily available for some positions such as positions within a market sector where trading activity has slowed significantly or ceased. Some of these instruments are valued using a discounted cash flow model, which estimates the fair value of the securities using internal credit risk, and interest rate and prepayment risk models that incorporate management’s best estimate of current key assumptions such as default rates, loss severity and prepayment rates. Principal and interest cash flows are discounted using an observable discount rate for similar instruments with adjustments that management believes a market participant would consider in determining fair value for the specific security. Other instruments are valued using a net asset value approach that considers the value of the underlying securities. Underlying assets are valued using external pricing services, where available, or matrix pricing based on the vintages and ratings. Situations of illiquidity generally are triggered by the market’s perception of credit uncertainty regarding a single company or a specific market sector. In these
instances, fair value is determined based on limited available market information and other factors, principally from reviewing the issuer’s financial statements and changes in credit ratings made by one or more rating agencies.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities
The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities traded in the OTC market are determined using quantitative models that utilize multiple market inputs including interest rates, prices and indices to generate continuous yield or pricing curves and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services. When third-party pricing services are used, the methods and assumptions are reviewed by the Corporation. Estimation risk is greater for derivative asset and liability positions that are either option-based or have longer maturity dates where observable market inputs are less readily available, or are unobservable, in which case, quantitative-based extrapolations of rate, price or index scenarios are used in determining fair values. The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities include adjustments for market liquidity, counterparty credit quality and other instrument-specific factors, where appropriate. In addition, the Corporation incorporates within its fair value measurements of OTC derivatives a valuation adjustment to reflect the credit risk associated with the net position. Positions are netted by counterparty, and fair value for net long exposures is adjusted for counterparty credit risk while the fair value for net short exposures is adjusted for the Corporation’s own credit risk. The Corporation also incorporates FVA within its fair value measurements to include funding costs on uncollateralized derivatives and derivatives where the Corporation is not permitted to use the collateral it receives. An estimate of severity of loss is also used in the determination of fair value, primarily based on market data.
Loans and Loan Commitments
The fair values of loans and loan commitments are based on market prices, where available, or discounted cash flow analyses using market-based credit spreads of comparable debt instruments or credit derivatives of the specific borrower or comparable borrowers. Results of discounted cash flow analyses may be adjusted, as appropriate, to reflect other market conditions or the perceived credit risk of the borrower.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
The fair values of MSRs are primarily determined using an option-adjusted spread valuation approach, which factors in prepayment risk to determine the fair value of MSRs. This approach consists of projecting servicing cash flows under multiple interest rate scenarios and discounting these cash flows using risk-adjusted discount rates.

Loans Held-for-sale
The fair values of LHFS are based on quoted market prices, where available, or are determined by discounting estimated cash flows using interest rates approximating the Corporation’s current origination rates for similar loans adjusted to reflect the inherent credit risk. The borrower-specific credit risk is embedded within the market prices, where available, or is implied by considering loan performance when selecting comparables.
Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Debt
The Corporation issues structured liabilities that have coupons or repayment terms linked to the performance of debt or equity securities, interest rates, indices, currencies or commodities. The fair values of these structured liabilities are estimated using quantitative models for the combined derivative and debt portions of the notes. These models incorporate observable and, in some instances, unobservable inputs including security prices, interest rate yield curves, option volatility, currency, commodity or equity rates and correlations among these inputs. The Corporation also considers the impact of its own credit spread in determining the discount rate used to value these liabilities. The credit spread is determined by reference to observable spreads in the secondary bond market.
Securities Financing Agreements
The fair values of certain reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements and securities borrowed transactions are determined using quantitative models, including discounted cash flow models that require the use of multiple market inputs including interest rates and spreads to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, and volatility factors. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services.
Deposits
The fair values of deposits are determined using quantitative models, including discounted cash flow models that require the use of multiple market inputs including interest rates and spreads to generate continuous yield or pricing curves, and volatility factors. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services. The Corporation considers the impact of its own credit spread in the valuation of these liabilities. The credit risk is determined by reference to observable credit spreads in the secondary cash market.
Asset-backed Secured Financings
The fair values of asset-backed secured financings are based on external broker bids, where available, or are determined by discounting estimated cash flows using interest rates approximating the Corporation’s current origination rates for similar loans, adjusted to reflect the inherent credit risk.
Recurring Fair Value
Assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2024 and 2023, including financial instruments that the Corporation accounts for under the fair value option, are summarized in the following tables.
December 31, 2024
  Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Netting Adjustments (1)
Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
Assets          
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments
 $ 1,318  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 1,318 
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell
 —  521,878  —  (377,377) 144,501 
Trading account assets:          
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 66,582  3,940  —  —  70,522 
Corporate securities, trading loans and other —  43,222  1,814  —  45,036 
Equity securities 66,783  36,450  374  —  103,607 
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 3,017  36,763  344  —  40,124 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS:
U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed —  43,850  5  —  43,855 
Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS —  10,343  973  —  11,316 
Total trading account assets (2)
136,382  174,568  3,510  —  314,460 
Derivative assets 14,626  289,940  3,562  (267,180) 40,948 
AFS debt securities:          
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 233,671  908  —  —  234,579 
Mortgage-backed securities:          
Agency —  31,202  —  —  31,202 
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations —  19,318  —  —  19,318 
Non-agency residential —  38  247  —  285 
Commercial —  25,274  328  —  25,602 
Non-U.S. securities 75  22,320  36  —  22,431 
Other taxable securities —  4,603  —  —  4,603 
Tax-exempt securities —  8,412  —  —  8,412 
Total AFS debt securities 233,746  112,075  611  —  346,432 
Other debt securities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 3,885  —  —  —  3,885 
Non-agency residential MBS —  101  149  —  250 
Non-U.S. and other securities
 854  7,186  —  —  8,040 
Total other debt securities carried at fair value 4,739  7,287  149  —  12,175 
Loans and leases —  4,167  82  —  4,249 
Loans held-for-sale —  2,082  132  —  2,214 
Other assets (3)
8,279  2,928  1,969  —  13,176 
Total assets (4)
$ 399,090  $ 1,114,925  $ 10,015  $ (644,557) $ 879,473 
Liabilities          
Interest-bearing deposits in U.S. offices $ —  $ 310  $ —  $ —  $ 310 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase
 —  570,236  —  (377,377) 192,859 
Trading account liabilities:        
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 16,408  195  —  —  16,603 
Equity securities 40,066  4,843  10  —  44,919 
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 2,727  17,279  —  —  20,006 
Corporate securities and other —  10,871  110  —  10,981 
Mortgage trading loans and ABS —  34  —  —  34 
Total trading account liabilities 59,201  33,222  120  —  92,543 
Derivative liabilities 15,354  284,810  5,523  (266,334) 39,353 
Short-term borrowings —  6,245  —  —  6,245 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 9,113  3,997  89  —  13,199 
Long-term debt —  49,452  553  —  50,005 
Total liabilities (4)
$ 83,668  $ 948,272  $ 6,285  $ (643,711) $ 394,514 
(1)Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements and also cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparties.
(2)Includes securities with a fair value of $18.3 billion that were segregated in compliance with securities regulations or deposited with clearing organizations. This amount is included in the parenthetical disclosure on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Trading account assets also includes certain commodities inventory of $99 million that is accounted for at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which is the current selling price less any costs to sell.
(3)Includes MSRs, which are classified as Level 3 assets, of $972 million.
(4)Total recurring Level 3 assets were 0.31 percent of total consolidated assets, and total recurring Level 3 liabilities were 0.21 percent of total consolidated liabilities.
December 31, 2023
Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in millions) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Netting Adjustments (1)
Assets/Liabilities at Fair Value
Assets          
Time deposits placed and other short-term investments
 $ 1,181  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 1,181 
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell —  436,340  —  (303,287) 133,053 
Trading account assets:          
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 65,160  1,963  —  —  67,123 
Corporate securities, trading loans and other —  41,462  1,689  —  43,151 
Equity securities 47,431  41,380  187  —  88,998 
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 5,517  21,195  396  —  27,108 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS:
U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed —  38,802  2  —  38,804 
Mortgage trading loans, ABS and other MBS —  10,955  1,215  —  12,170 
Total trading account assets (2)
118,108  155,757  3,489  —  277,354 
Derivative assets 14,676  272,244  3,422  (251,019) 39,323 
AFS debt securities:          
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 176,764  902  —  —  177,666 
Mortgage-backed securities:          
Agency —  37,812  —  —  37,812 
Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations —  2,544  —  —  2,544 
Non-agency residential —  109  273  —  382 
Commercial —  10,435  —  —  10,435 
Non-U.S. securities 1,093  21,679  103  —  22,875 
Other taxable securities —  4,835  —  —  4,835 
Tax-exempt securities —  10,100  —  —  10,100 
Total AFS debt securities 177,857  88,416  376  —  266,649 
Other debt securities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 1,690  —  —  —  1,690 
Non-agency residential MBS —  211  69  —  280 
Non-U.S. and other securities 1,786  6,447  —  —  8,233 
Total other debt securities carried at fair value 3,476  6,658  69  —  10,203 
Loans and leases —  3,476  93  —  3,569 
Loans held-for-sale —  1,895  164  —  2,059 
Other assets (3)
8,052  2,152  1,657  —  11,861 
Total assets (4)
$ 323,350  $ 966,938  $ 9,270  $ (554,306) $ 745,252 
Liabilities          
Interest-bearing deposits in U.S. offices $ —  $ 284  $ —  $ —  $ 284 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase —  481,896  —  (303,287) 178,609 
Trading account liabilities:        
U.S. Treasury and government agencies 14,908  65  —  —  14,973 
Equity securities 51,772  4,710  12  —  56,494 
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 9,390  6,997  —  —  16,387 
Corporate securities and other —  7,637  39  —  7,676 
Total trading account liabilities 76,070  19,409  51  —  95,530 
Derivative liabilities 14,375  280,908  5,916  (257,767) 43,432 
Short-term borrowings —  4,680  10  —  4,690 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 8,969  2,483  21  —  11,473 
Long-term debt —  42,195  614  —  42,809 
Total liabilities (4)
$ 99,414  $ 831,855  $ 6,612  $ (561,054) $ 376,827 
(1)Amounts represent the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements and also cash collateral held or placed with the same counterparties.
(2)Includes securities with a fair value of $18.0 billion that were segregated in compliance with securities regulations or deposited with clearing organizations. This amount is included in the parenthetical disclosure on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Trading account assets also includes certain commodities inventory of $42 million that is accounted for at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which is the current selling price less any costs to sell.
(3)Includes MSRs, which are classified as Level 3 assets, of $970 million.
(4)Total recurring Level 3 assets were 0.29 percent of total consolidated assets, and total recurring Level 3 liabilities were 0.23 percent of total consolidated liabilities.
The following tables present a reconciliation of all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during 2024, 2023 and 2022, including net realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings and accumulated OCI. Transfers into Level 3 occur primarily due to decreased price observability, and
transfers out of Level 3 occur primarily due to increased price observability. Transfers occur on a regular basis for long-term debt instruments due to changes in the impact of unobservable inputs on the value of the embedded derivative in relation to the instrument as a whole.
Level 3 – Fair Value Measurements (1)
Balance
January 1
Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income (2)
Gains
(Losses)
in OCI (3)
Gross Gross
Transfers
into
Level 3 		 Gross
Transfers
out of
Level 3 
Balance December 31
Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income Related to Financial Instruments Still Held (2)
(Dollars in millions)

 Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Trading account assets:              
Corporate securities, trading loans and other
$ 1,689  $ 87  $ (6) $ 1,128  $ (913) $ 44  $ (1,158) $ 1,125  $ (182) $ 1,814  $ 324 
Equity securities
 187  50  —  255  (65) —  (62) 62  (53) 374  (12)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt
 396  (1) (57) 82  (16) —  (79) 19  —  344  — 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 1,217  (151) —  420  (617) —  (63) 369  (197) 978  (172)
Total trading account assets 3,489  (15) (63) 1,885  (1,611) 44  (1,362) 1,575  (432) 3,510  140 
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)
(2,494) 1,035  —  1,104  (1,338) —  (576) (696) 1,004  (1,961) (132)
AFS debt securities:                    
Non-agency residential MBS 273  8  57  —  —  —  (152) 191  (130) 247  6 
Commercial MBS
 —  (8) 1  338  —  —  (3) —  —  328  (8)
Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 103  (1) —  —  —  —  (66) 7  (7) 36  1 
Total AFS debt securities 376  (1) 58  338  —  —  (221) 198  (137) 611  (1)
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS
 69  5  —  —  —  —  (27) 118  (16) 149  (1)
Loans and leases (5,6)
93  1  —  —  —  1  (13) —  —  82  — 
Loans held-for-sale (5,6)
164  (6) (7) 25  —  1  (45) —  —  132  (15)
Other assets (6,7)
1,657  279  (52) 272  (6) 139  (321) 1  —  1,969  47 
Trading account liabilities – Equity securities
 (12) 9  —  —  (4) —  7  (21) 11  (10) 6 
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities
   and other
 (39) (55) —  (7) (15) (3) 26  (17) —  (110) (69)
Short-term borrowings (5)
(10) 1  —  —  —  (9) 18  —  —  —  — 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (5)
(21) (234) —  165  —  —  1  —  —  (89) (224)
Long-term debt (5)
(614) 64  (25) —  —  —  23  (1) —  (553) 65 
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 7  $ (7) $ —  $ — 
Trading account assets:          
Corporate securities, trading loans and other
 2,384  144  2  453  (241) 20  (1,029) 385  (429) 1,689  50 
Equity securities 145  44  —  39  (52) —  (61) 153  (81) 187  (5)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 518  68  30  64  (23) —  (259) —  (2) 396  70 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 1,552  (50) —  263  (417) —  (241) 436  (326) 1,217  (71)
Total trading account assets 4,599  206  32  819  (733) 20  (1,590) 974  (838) 3,489  44 
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)
(2,893) 179  (375) 1,318  (1,281) —  (1,575) (8) 2,141  (2,494) (857)
AFS debt securities:              
Non-agency residential MBS 258  1  23  —  —  —  (9) —  —  273  2 
Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 195  10  7  —  —  —  (106) 4  (7) 103  2 
Tax-exempt securities 51  1  —  —  —  —  (52) —  —  —  — 
Total AFS debt securities 504  12  30  —  —  —  (167) 4  (7) 376  4 
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential MBS
 119  (4) —  —  (19) —  (6) —  (21) 69  (3)
Loans and leases (5,6)
253  (9) —  9  (54) —  (100) 16  (22) 93  (13)
Loans held-for-sale (5,6)
232  24  3  —  (25) —  (70) —  —  164  13 
Other assets (6,7)
1,799  211  10  176  (326) 104  (319) 2  —  1,657  74 
Trading account liabilities – Equity securities —  1  —  —  —  —  2  (15) —  (12) 1 
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities
   and other
 (58) (3) —  (3) (1) (1) 24  (35) 38  (39) (9)
Short-term borrowings (5)
(14) 1  —  —  (13) (8) 24  —  —  (10) (1)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (5)
(32) 21  —  (11) —  —  —  —  1  (21) 4 
Long-term debt (5)
(862) 179  (26) (9) 50  —  47  —  7  (614) 183 
(1)Assets (liabilities). For assets, increase (decrease) to Level 3 and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to Level 3.
(2)Includes gains (losses) reported in earnings in the following income statement line items: Trading account assets/liabilities - market making and similar activities and other income; Net derivative assets (liabilities) - market making and similar activities and other income; AFS debt securities - other income; Other debt securities carried at fair value - other income; Loans and leases - market making and similar activities and other income; Loans held-for-sale - market making and similar activities and other income; Other assets - market making and similar activities and other income primarily related to MSRs; Short-term borrowings - market making and similar activities; Accrued expenses and other liabilities - other income; Long-term debt - market making and similar activities.
(3)Includes unrealized gains (losses) in OCI on AFS debt securities, foreign currency translation adjustments, derivatives designated in cash flow hedges and the impact of changes in the Corporation’s credit spreads on long-term debt accounted for under the fair value option. Amounts include net unrealized losses of $104 million and $324 million related to financial instruments still held at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
(4)Net derivative assets (liabilities) include derivative assets of $3.6 billion and $3.4 billion and derivative liabilities of $5.5 billion and $5.9 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
(5)Amounts represent instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option.
(6)Issuances represent loan originations and MSRs recognized following securitizations or whole-loan sales.
(7)Settlements primarily represent the net change in fair value of the MSR asset due to the recognition of modeled cash flows and the passage of time.
Level 3 – Fair Value Measurements (1)
(Dollars in millions) Balance
January 1
Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net
 Income (2)
Gains
(Losses)
in OCI (3)
Gross Gross
Transfers
into
Level 3		 Gross
Transfers
out of
Level 3		 Balance
December 31
Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) in Net Income Related to Financial Instruments Still Held (2)
Purchases Sales Issuances Settlements
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Trading account assets:            
Corporate securities, trading loans and other $ 2,110  $ (52) $ (2) $ 1,069  $ (384) $ —  $ (606) $ 1,023  $ (774) $ 2,384  $ (78)
Equity securities 190  (3) —  45  (25) —  (4) 38  (96) 145  (6)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt 396  59  16  54  (4) —  (68) 75  (10) 518  56 
Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 1,527  (254) —  729  (665) —  (112) 536  (209) 1,552  (152)
Total trading account assets 4,223  (250) 14  1,897  (1,078) —  (790) 1,672  (1,089) 4,599  (180)
Net derivative assets (liabilities) (4)
(2,662) 551  —  319  (830) —  294  (180) (385) (2,893) 259 
AFS debt securities:              
Non-agency residential MBS 316  —  (35) —  (8) —  (75) 73  (13) 258  — 
Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 71  10  (10) 126  —  —  (22) 311  (291) 195  1 
Tax-exempt securities 52  —  1  —  —  —  (3) 1  —  51  — 
Total AFS debt securities 439  10  (44) 126  (8) —  (100) 385  (304) 504  1 
Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential MBS 242  (19) —  —  —  —  (111) 30  (23) 119  14 
Loans and leases (5,6)
748  (45) —  —  (154) 82  (129) —  (249) 253  (21)
Loans held-for-sale (5,6)
317  9  4  171  (6) —  (271) 8  —  232  19 
Other assets (6,7)
1,572  305  (21) 39  (35) 208  (271) 5  (3) 1,799  213 
Trading account liabilities – Corporate securities and other (11) 5  —  (4) —  —  (2) (46) —  (58) 1 
Short-term borrowings (5)
—  3  —  —  (17) —  —  (3) 3  (14) 2 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (6)
—  (23) —  (9) —  —  —  —  —  (32) (7)
Long-term debt (5)
(1,075) (197) 82  —  14  (1) 57  (24) 282  (862) (200)
(1)Assets (liabilities). For assets, increase (decrease) to Level 3 and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to Level 3.
(2)Includes gains (losses) reported in earnings in the following income statement line items: Trading account assets/liabilities - predominantly market making and similar activities; Net derivative assets (liabilities) - market making and similar activities and other income; AFS debt securities - other income; Other debt securities carried at fair value - other income; Loans and leases - market making and similar activities and other income; Loans held-for-sale - other income; Other assets - market making and similar activities and other income primarily related to MSRs; Long-term debt - market making and similar activities.   
(3)Includes unrealized losses in OCI on AFS debt securities, foreign currency translation adjustments and the impact of changes in the Corporation’s credit spreads on long-term debt accounted for under the fair value option. Amounts include net unrealized gains of $28 million related to financial instruments still held at December 31, 2022.
(4)Net derivative assets (liabilities) include derivative assets of $3.2 billion and derivative liabilities of $6.1 billion.
(5)Amounts represent instruments that are accounted for under the fair value option.
(6)Issuances represent loan originations and MSRs recognized following securitizations or whole-loan sales.
(7)Settlements primarily represent the net change in fair value of the MSR asset due to the recognition of modeled cash flows and the passage of time.
The following tables present information about significant unobservable inputs related to the Corporation’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024
(Dollars in millions) Inputs
Financial Instrument Fair
Value		 Valuation
Technique		 Significant Unobservable
Inputs		 Ranges of
Inputs
Weighted Average (1)
Loans and Securities (2)
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets $ 636  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables Yield
0% to 20%
 9  %
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 163  Prepayment speed
0% to 43% CPR
8% CPR
Loans and leases 77  Default rate
0% to 6% CDR
6% CDR
AFS debt securities – Non-agency residential 247  Price
$0 to $115
 $74
Other debt securities carried at fair value – Non-agency residential 149  Loss severity
0% to 76%
 24  %
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets $ 555  Discounted cash
flow		 Yield
1%
 n/a
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other 185  Price
$0 to $103
 $84
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 42 
AFS debt securities – Commercial
 328 
Commercial loans, debt securities and other $ 2,919  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables Yield
4% to 37%
 17  %
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other
 1,629  Prepayment speed
20%
 n/a
Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt 344  Default rate
2%
 n/a
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 773  Loss severity
30%
 n/a
AFS debt securities – Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 36  Price
$0 to $135
 $69
Loans and leases 5 
Loans held-for-sale 132 
Other assets, primarily auction rate securities $ 997  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables Price
$10 to $95
 $86

Discount rate
8% to 11%
 9  %
MSRs $ 972  Discounted cash
flow
Weighted-average life, fixed rate (5)
0 to 13 years
6 years
Weighted-average life, variable rate (5)
0 to 12 years
3 years
Option-adjusted spread, fixed rate
7% to 14%
 9  %
Option-adjusted spread, variable rate
9% to 15%
 11  %
Structured liabilities
Long-term debt $ (553) Discounted cash flow, Market comparables Yield
18% to 22%
 21  %
Price
$32 to $100
 $91
Natural gas forward price
$2/MMBtu to $7/MMBtu
$4 /MMBtu
Net derivative assets (liabilities)
Credit derivatives $ (6) Discounted cash flow, Stochastic recovery correlation model Credit spreads
3 to 298 bps
63 bps
Prepayment speed
15% CPR
n/a
Default rate
 2% CDR
n/a
Credit correlation
29% to 63%
 49  %
Price
$0 to $99
 $94
Equity derivatives $ (869)
Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Equity correlation
0% to 100%
 59  %
Long-dated equity volatilities
1% to 87%
 33  %
Commodity derivatives $ (740)
Discounted cash
flow
 Natural gas forward price
$2/MMBtu to $7/MMBtu
$4/MMBtu
Power forward price
$22 to $104
 $48
Interest rate derivatives $ (346)
Industry standard derivative pricing (4)
Correlation (IR/IR)
(35)% to 70%
 50  %
Correlation (FX/IR)
(25)% to 58%
 27  %
Long-dated inflation rates
 (1)% to 21%
3  %
Long-dated inflation volatilities
0% to 5%
 3  %
Interest rate volatilities
(1)% to 1%
 0  %
Total net derivative assets (liabilities) $ (1,961)
(1)For loans and securities, structured liabilities and net derivative assets (liabilities), the weighted average is calculated based upon the absolute fair value of the instruments.
(2)The categories are aggregated based upon product type, which differs from financial statement classification. The following is a reconciliation to the line items in the table on page 153: Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other of $1.8 billion, Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt of $344 million, Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS of $978 million, AFS debt securities of $611 million, Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential of $149 million, Other assets, including MSRs, of $2.0 billion, Loans and leases of $82 million and LHFS of $132 million.
(3)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.
(4)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.
(5)The weighted-average life is a product of changes in market rates of interest, prepayment rates and other model and cash flow assumptions.
CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate
MMBtu = Million British thermal units
IR = Interest Rate
FX = Foreign Exchange
n/a = not applicable
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions) Inputs
Financial Instrument Fair
Value		 Valuation
Technique		 Significant Unobservable
Inputs		 Ranges of
Inputs
Weighted Average (1)
Loans and Securities (2)
Instruments backed by residential real estate assets $ 538  Discounted cash
flow, Market comparables		 Yield
0% to 22%
 9  %
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 109 
Prepayment speed
1% to 42% CPR
10% CPR
Loans and leases 87  Default rate
0% to 3% CDR
1% CDR
AFS debt securities - Non-agency residential 273  Price
$0 to $115
 $70
Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential 69  Loss severity
0% to 100%
 27  %
Instruments backed by commercial real estate assets $ 363  Discounted cash
flow		 Yield
0% to 25%
 12  %
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other 301  Price
$0 to $100
 $75
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 62 
Commercial loans, debt securities and other $ 3,103  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables Yield
 5% to 59%
 13  %
Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other
 1,388 
Prepayment speed
10% to 20%
 16  %
Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt 396  Default rate
3% to 4%
 4  %
Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS 1,046  Loss severity
35% to 40%
 37  %
AFS debt securities – Non-U.S. and other taxable securities 103  Price
 $0 to $157
 $70
Loans and leases 6 
Loans held-for-sale 164 
Other assets, primarily auction rate securities $ 687  Discounted cash flow, Market comparables
Price
$10 to $95
 $85

Discount rate
10%
 n/a
MSRs $ 970  Discounted cash
flow
Weighted-average life, fixed rate (5)
0 to 14 years
6 years
Weighted-average life, variable rate (5)
0 to 11 years
3 years
Option-adjusted spread, fixed rate
7% to 14%
9  %
Option-adjusted spread, variable rate
9% to 15%
 12  %
Structured liabilities
Long-term debt $ (614)
Discounted cash flow, Market comparables, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Yield
58%
 n/a
Equity correlation
 5% to 97%
 25  %
Price
$0 to $100
 $90
Natural gas forward price
$1/MMBtu to $7/MMBtu
$4/MMBtu
Net derivative assets (liabilities)
Credit derivatives
 $ 9  Discounted cash flow, Stochastic recovery correlation model Credit spreads
2 to 79 bps
59 bps
Prepayment speed
15% CPR
n/a
Default rate
2% CDR
n/a
Credit correlation
22% to 62%
 58  %
Price
$0 to $94
 $87
Equity derivatives
 $ (1,386)
Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Equity correlation
0% to 99%
 67  %
Long-dated equity volatilities
4% to 102%
 34  %
Commodity derivatives
 $ (633)
Discounted cash flow, Industry standard derivative pricing (3)
Natural gas forward price
$1/MMBtu to $7/MMBtu
$4/MMBtu
Power forward price
$21 to $91
 $42
Interest rate derivatives
 $ (484)
Industry standard derivative pricing (4)
Correlation (IR/IR)
(35)% to 89%
 65  %
Correlation (FX/IR)
(25)% to 58%
 35  %
Long-dated inflation rates
G(1)% to 11%
0  %
Long-dated inflation volatilities
0% to 5%
 2  %
Interest rates volatilities
0% to 2%
 1  %
Total net derivative assets (liabilities) $ (2,494)
(1)For loans and securities, structured liabilities and net derivative assets (liabilities), the weighted average is calculated based upon the absolute fair value of the instruments.
(2)The categories are aggregated based upon product type, which differs from financial statement classification. The following is a reconciliation to the line items in the table on page 154: Trading account assets – Corporate securities, trading loans and other of $1.7 billion, Trading account assets – Non-U.S. sovereign debt of $396 million, Trading account assets – Mortgage trading loans, MBS and ABS of $1.2 billion, AFS debt securities of $376 million, Other debt securities carried at fair value - Non-agency residential of $69 million, Other assets, including MSRs, of $1.7 billion, Loans and leases of $93 million and LHFS of $164 million.
(3)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation and Black-Scholes.
(4)Includes models such as Monte Carlo simulation, Black-Scholes and other methods that model the joint dynamics of interest, inflation and foreign exchange rates.
(5)The weighted-average life is a product of changes in market rates of interest, prepayment rates and other model and cash flow assumptions.
CPR = Constant Prepayment Rate
CDR = Constant Default Rate
MMBtu = Million British thermal units
IR = Interest Rate
FX = Foreign Exchange
n/a = not applicable
In the previous tables, instruments backed by residential and commercial real estate assets include RMBS, commercial MBS, whole loans and mortgage CDOs. Commercial loans, debt securities and other include corporate CLOs and CDOs, commercial loans and bonds, and securities backed by non-real estate assets. Structured liabilities primarily include equity-linked notes that are accounted for under the fair value option.
The Corporation uses multiple market approaches in valuing certain of its Level 3 financial instruments. For example, market comparables and discounted cash flows are used together. For a given product, such as corporate debt securities, market comparables may be used to estimate some of the unobservable inputs, and then these inputs are incorporated into a discounted cash flow model. Therefore, the balances disclosed encompass both of these techniques.
The levels of aggregation and diversity within the products disclosed in the tables result in certain ranges of inputs being wide and unevenly distributed across asset and liability categories.
Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements from Unobservable Inputs
Loans and Securities
A significant increase in market yields, default rates, loss severities or duration would have resulted in a significantly lower fair value for long positions. Short positions would have been impacted in a directionally opposite way. The impact of changes in prepayment speeds would have resulted in differing impacts depending on the seniority of the instrument and, in the case of CLOs, whether prepayments can be reinvested. A significant increase in price would have resulted in a significantly higher fair value for long positions, and short positions would have been impacted in a directionally opposite way.
Structured Liabilities and Derivatives
For credit derivatives, a significant increase in market yield, upfront points (i.e., a single upfront payment made by a
protection buyer at inception), credit spreads, default rates or loss severities would have resulted in a significantly lower fair value for protection sellers and higher fair value for protection buyers. The impact of changes in prepayment speeds would have resulted in differing impacts depending on the seniority of the instrument.
Structured credit derivatives are impacted by credit correlation. Default correlation is a parameter that describes the degree of dependence among credit default rates within a credit portfolio that underlies a credit derivative instrument. The sensitivity of this input on the fair value varies depending on the level of subordination of the tranche. For senior tranches that are net purchases of protection, a significant increase in default correlation would have resulted in a significantly higher fair value. Net short protection positions would have been impacted in a directionally opposite way.
For equity derivatives, commodity derivatives, interest rate derivatives and structured liabilities, a significant change in long-dated rates and volatilities and correlation inputs (i.e., the degree of correlation between an equity security and an index, between two different commodities, between two different interest rates, or between interest rates and foreign exchange rates) would have resulted in a significant impact to the fair value; however, the magnitude and direction of the impact depend on whether the Corporation is long or short the exposure. For structured liabilities, a significant increase in yield or decrease in price would have resulted in a significantly lower fair value.
Nonrecurring Fair Value
The Corporation holds certain assets that are measured at fair value only in certain situations (e.g., the impairment of an asset), and these measurements are referred to herein as nonrecurring. The amounts below represent assets still held as of the reporting date for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recorded during 2024, 2023, and 2022.
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023
(Dollars in millions)
 		 Level 2 Level 3 Level 2 Level 3
Assets      
Loans held-for-sale $ 63  $ 2,652  $ 77  $ 2,793 
Loans and leases (1)
—  119  —  153 
Foreclosed properties (2, 3)
—  93  —  48 
Other assets (4)
2  236  31  898 
Gains (Losses)
2024 2023 2022
Assets      
Loans held-for-sale $ (211) $ (246) $ (387)
Loans and leases (1)
(29) (45) (48)
Foreclosed properties (44) (6) (6)
Other assets (27) (252) (91)
(1)Includes $8 million, $10 million and $15 million of losses on loans that were written down to a collateral value of zero during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(2)Amounts are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and represent the carrying value of foreclosed properties that were written down subsequent to their initial classification as foreclosed properties. Losses on foreclosed properties include losses recorded during the first 90 days after transfer of a loan to foreclosed properties.
(3)Excludes $16 million and $31 million of properties acquired upon foreclosure of certain government-guaranteed loans (principally FHA-insured loans) at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
(4)Represents the fair value of certain impaired renewable energy investments.
The table below presents information about significant unobservable inputs utilized in the Corporation's nonrecurring Level 3 fair value measurements at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Quantitative Information about Nonrecurring Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Inputs
Financial Instrument Fair Value Valuation
Technique		 Significant Unobservable
Inputs		 Ranges of
Inputs
Weighted
Average (1)
(Dollars in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2024
Loans held-for-sale $ 2,652  Pricing model Implied yield
9% to 28%
 n/a
Loans and leases (2)
119  Market comparables OREO discount
10% to 66%
 26  %
Costs to sell
8% to 24%
 9  %
Other assets (3)
236  Discounted cash flow Discount rate 7  % n/a
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Loans held-for-sale $ 2,793  Pricing model Implied yield
7% to 23%
 n/a
Loans and leases (2)
153  Market comparables OREO discount
10% to 66%
 26  %
Costs to sell
8% to 24%
 9  %
Other assets (3)
898 Discounted cash flow Discount rate 7  % n/a
(1)The weighted average is calculated based upon the fair value of the loans.
(2)Represents residential mortgages where the loan has been written down to the fair value of the underlying collateral.
(3)Represents the fair value of certain impaired renewable energy investments.
n/a = not applicable