Bank of America Corporation Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Derivatives

Derivatives

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Balances

Derivatives are entered into on behalf of customers, for trading or to support risk management activities. Derivatives used in risk management activities include derivatives that may or may not be designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships. Derivatives that are not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships are referred to as other risk management derivatives. For more information on the Corporation’s derivatives and hedging

activities, see Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Principles. The following tables present derivative instruments included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in derivative assets and liabilities at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and have been reduced by cash collateral received or paid.




			December 31, 2019
			Gross Derivative Assets							Gross Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	Contract/ Notional ⁽¹⁾		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total			Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	15,074.4	$	162.0	$	9.7	$	171.7		$	168.5	$	0.4	$	168.9
Futures and forwards	3,279.8		1.0		—		1.0			1.0		—		1.0
Written options	1,767.7		—		—		—			32.5		—		32.5
Purchased options	1,673.6		37.4		—		37.4			—		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts
Swaps	1,657.7		30.3		0.7		31.0			31.7		0.9		32.6
Spot, futures and forwards	3,792.7		35.9		0.1		36.0			38.7		0.3		39.0
Written options	274.3		—		—		—			3.8		—		3.8
Purchased options	261.6		4.0		—		4.0			—		—		—
Equity contracts
Swaps	315.0		6.5		—		6.5			8.1		—		8.1
Futures and forwards	125.1		0.3		—		0.3			1.1		—		1.1
Written options	731.1		—		—		—			34.6		—		34.6
Purchased options	668.6		42.4		—		42.4			—		—		—
Commodity contracts
Swaps	42.0		2.1		—		2.1			4.4		—		4.4
Futures and forwards	61.3		1.7		—		1.7			0.4		—		0.4
Written options	33.2		—		—		—			1.4		—		1.4
Purchased options	37.9		1.4		—		1.4			—		—		—
Credit derivatives ⁽²⁾
Purchased credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	321.6		2.7		—		2.7			5.6		—		5.6
Total return swaps/options	86.6		0.4		—		0.4			1.3		—		1.3
Written credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	300.2		5.4		—		5.4			2.0		—		2.0
Total return swaps/options	86.2		0.8		—		0.8			0.4		—		0.4
Gross derivative assets/liabilities			$	334.3	$	10.5	$	344.8		$	335.5	$	1.6	$	337.1
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements							(270.4		)					(270.4		)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid							(33.9		)					(28.5		)
Total derivative assets/liabilities							$	40.5						$	38.2


⁽¹⁾	Represents the total contract/notional amount of derivative assets and liabilities outstanding.


⁽²⁾	The net derivative asset (liability) and notional amount of written credit derivatives for which the Corporation held purchased credit derivatives with identical underlying referenced names were $2.8 billion and $309.7 billion at December 31, 2019.




			December 31, 2018
			Gross Derivative Assets							Gross Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	Contract/ Notional ⁽¹⁾		Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total			Trading and Other Risk Management Derivatives		Qualifying Accounting Hedges		Total
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	15,977.9	$	141.0	$	3.2	$	144.2		$	138.9	$	2.0	$	140.9
Futures and forwards	3,656.6		4.7		—		4.7			5.0		—		5.0
Written options	1,584.9		—		—		—			28.6		—		28.6
Purchased options	1,614.0		30.8		—		30.8			—		—		—
Foreign exchange contracts
Swaps	1,704.8		38.8		1.4		40.2			42.2		2.3		44.5
Spot, futures and forwards	4,276.0		39.8		0.4		40.2			39.3		0.3		39.6
Written options	256.7		—		—		—			5.0		—		5.0
Purchased options	240.4		4.6		—		4.6			—		—		—
Equity contracts
Swaps	253.6		7.7		—		7.7			8.4		—		8.4
Futures and forwards	100.0		2.1		—		2.1			0.3		—		0.3
Written options	597.1		—		—		—			27.5		—		27.5
Purchased options	549.4		36.0		—		36.0			—		—		—
Commodity contracts
Swaps	43.1		2.7		—		2.7			4.5		—		4.5
Futures and forwards	51.7		3.2		—		3.2			0.5		—		0.5
Written options	27.5		—		—		—			2.2		—		2.2
Purchased options	23.4		1.7		—		1.7			—		—		—
Credit derivatives ⁽²⁾
Purchased credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	408.1		5.3		—		5.3			4.9		—		4.9
Total return swaps/options	84.5		0.4		—		0.4			1.0		—		1.0
Written credit derivatives:
Credit default swaps	371.9		4.4		—		4.4			4.3		—		4.3
Total return swaps/options	87.3		0.6		—		0.6			0.6		—		0.6
Gross derivative assets/liabilities			$	323.8	$	5.0	$	328.8		$	313.2	$	4.6	$	317.8
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements							(252.7		)					(252.7		)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid							(32.4		)					(27.2		)
Total derivative assets/liabilities							$	43.7						$	37.9


⁽¹⁾	Represents the total contract/notional amount of derivative assets and liabilities outstanding.


⁽²⁾	The net derivative asset (liability) and notional amount of written credit derivatives for which the Corporation held purchased credit derivatives with identical underlying referenced names were $(185) million and $342.8 billion at December 31, 2018.

Offsetting of Derivatives

The Corporation enters into International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA) master netting agreements or similar agreements with substantially all of the Corporation’s derivative counterparties. Where legally enforceable, these master netting agreements give the Corporation, in the event of default by the counterparty, the right to liquidate securities held as collateral and to offset receivables and payables with the same counterparty. For purposes of the Consolidated Balance Sheet, the Corporation offsets derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral held with the same counterparty where it has such a legally enforceable master netting agreement.

The following table presents derivative instruments included in derivative assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance

Sheet at December 31, 2019 and 2018 by primary risk (e.g., interest rate risk) and the platform, where applicable, on which these derivatives are transacted. Balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting. Total gross derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted on an aggregate basis to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements which include reducing the balance for counterparty netting and cash collateral received or paid.

For more information on offsetting of securities financing agreements, see Note 11 – Federal Funds Sold or Purchased, Securities Financing Agreements, Short-term Borrowings and Restricted Cash.




Offsetting of Derivatives ⁽¹⁾

	Derivative Assets			Derivative Liabilities			Derivative Assets			Derivative Liabilities
(Dollars in billions)	December 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
Interest rate contracts
Over-the-counter	$	203.1		$	196.6		$	174.2		$	169.4
Exchange-traded	0.1			0.1			—			—
Over-the-counter cleared	6.0			5.3			4.8			4.0
Foreign exchange contracts
Over-the-counter	69.2			73.1			82.5			86.3
Over-the-counter cleared	0.5			0.5			0.9			0.9
Equity contracts
Over-the-counter	21.3			17.8			24.6			14.6
Exchange-traded	26.4			22.8			16.1			15.1
Commodity contracts
Over-the-counter	2.8			4.2			3.5			4.5
Exchange-traded	0.8			0.8			1.0			0.9
Over-the-counter cleared	—			0.1			—			—
Credit derivatives
Over-the-counter	6.4			6.6			7.7			8.2
Over-the-counter cleared	2.5			2.2			2.5			2.3
Total gross derivative assets/liabilities, before netting
Over-the-counter	302.8			298.3			292.5			283.0
Exchange-traded	27.3			23.7			17.1			16.0
Over-the-counter cleared	9.0			8.1			8.2			7.2
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received/paid
Over-the-counter	(274.7		)	(269.3		)	(264.4		)	(259.2		)
Exchange-traded	(21.5		)	(21.5		)	(13.5		)	(13.5		)
Over-the-counter cleared	(8.1		)	(8.1		)	(7.2		)	(7.2		)
Derivative assets/liabilities, after netting	34.8			31.2			32.7			26.3
Other gross derivative assets/liabilities ⁽²⁾	5.7			7.0			11.0			11.6
Total derivative assets/liabilities	40.5			38.2			43.7			37.9
Less: Financial instruments collateral ⁽³⁾	(14.6		)	(16.1		)	(16.3		)	(8.6		)
Total net derivative assets/liabilities	$	25.9		$	22.1		$	27.4		$	29.3


⁽¹⁾	OTC derivatives include bilateral transactions between the Corporation and a particular counterparty. OTC-cleared derivatives include bilateral transactions between the Corporation and a counterparty where the transaction is cleared through a clearinghouse. Exchange-traded derivatives include listed options transacted on an exchange.


⁽²⁾	Consists of derivatives entered into under master netting agreements where the enforceability of these agreements is uncertain under bankruptcy laws in some countries or industries.

⁽³⁾

Amounts are limited to the derivative asset/liability balance and, accordingly, do not include excess collateral received/pledged. Financial instruments collateral includes securities collateral received or pledged and cash securities held and posted at third-party custodians that are not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet but shown as a reduction to derive net derivative assets and liabilities.

ALM and Risk Management Derivatives

The Corporation’s ALM and risk management activities include the use of derivatives to mitigate risk to the Corporation including derivatives designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships and derivatives used in other risk management activities. Interest rate, foreign exchange, equity, commodity and credit contracts are utilized in the Corporation's ALM and risk management activities.

The Corporation maintains an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of interest rate contracts, which are generally non-leveraged generic interest rate and basis swaps, options, futures and forwards, to minimize significant fluctuations in earnings caused by interest rate volatility. The Corporation’s goal is to manage interest rate sensitivity and volatility so that movements in interest rates do not significantly adversely affect earnings or capital. As a result of interest rate fluctuations, hedged fixed-rate assets and liabilities appreciate or depreciate in fair value. Gains or losses on the derivative instruments that are linked to the hedged fixed-rate assets and liabilities are expected to substantially offset this unrealized appreciation or depreciation.

Market risk, including interest rate risk, can be substantial in the mortgage business. Market risk in the mortgage business is the risk that values of mortgage assets or revenues will be adversely affected by changes in market conditions such as interest rate movements. To mitigate the interest rate risk in mortgage banking production income, the Corporation utilizes forward loan sale commitments and other derivative instruments, including purchased options, and certain debt securities. The

Corporation also utilizes derivatives such as interest rate options, interest rate swaps, forward settlement contracts and eurodollar futures to hedge certain market risks of MSRs.

The Corporation uses foreign exchange contracts to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities, as well as the Corporation’s investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries. Exposure to loss on these contracts will increase or decrease over their respective lives as currency exchange and interest rates fluctuate.

The Corporation purchases credit derivatives to manage credit risk related to certain funded and unfunded credit exposures. Credit derivatives include credit default swaps (CDS), total return swaps and swaptions. These derivatives are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in other income.

Derivatives Designated as Accounting Hedges

The Corporation uses various types of interest rate and foreign exchange derivative contracts to protect against changes in the fair value of its assets and liabilities due to fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates (fair value hedges). The Corporation also uses these types of contracts to protect against changes in the cash flows of its assets and liabilities, and other forecasted transactions (cash flow hedges). The Corporation hedges its net investment in consolidated non-U.S. operations determined to have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar using forward exchange contracts and cross-currency basis swaps, and by issuing foreign currency-denominated debt (net investment hedges).

Fair Value Hedges

The table below summarizes information related to fair value hedges for 2019, 2018 and 2017.




Gains and Losses on Derivatives Designated as Fair Value Hedges

	Derivative									Hedged Item
(Dollars in millions)	2019			2018			2017			2019			2018		2017
Interest rate risk on long-term debt ⁽¹⁾	$	6,113		$	(1,538	)	$	(1,537	)	$	(6,110	)	$	1,429	$	1,045
Interest rate and foreign currency risk on long-term debt ⁽²⁾	119			(1,187		)	1,811			(101		)	1,079		(1,767		)
Interest rate risk on available-for-sale securities ⁽³⁾	(102		)	(52		)	(67		)	98			50		35
Total	$	6,130		$	(2,777	)	$	207		$	(6,113	)	$	2,558	$	(687	)


⁽¹⁾	Amounts are recorded in interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.


⁽²⁾	In 2019, 2018 and 2017, the derivative amount includes gains (losses) of $73 million, $(116) million and $(365) million in interest expense, $28 million, $(992) million and $2.2 billion in market making and similar activities, and $18 million and $(79) million in accumulated OCI, respectively. Line item totals are in the Consolidated Statement of Income and in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.


⁽³⁾	Amounts are recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The table below summarizes the carrying value of hedged assets and liabilities that are designated and qualifying in fair value hedging relationships along with the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying value that have been recorded in the current hedging relationships. These fair value hedging adjustments are open basis adjustments that are not subject to amortization as long as the hedging relationship remains designated.




Designated Fair Value Hedged Assets (Liabilities)

	Carrying Value			Cumulative Fair Value Adjustments ⁽¹⁾			Carrying Value			Cumulative Fair Value Adjustments⁽¹⁾
(Dollars in millions)	December 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
Long-term debt ⁽²⁾	$	(162,389	)	$	(8,685	)	$	(138,682	)	$	(2,117	)
Available-for-sale debt securities ⁽²⁾	1,654			64			981			(29		)


⁽¹⁾	For assets, increase (decrease) to carrying value and for liabilities, (increase) decrease to carrying value.

⁽²⁾

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the cumulative fair value adjustments remaining on long-term debt and AFS debt securities from discontinued hedging relationships resulted in a decrease in the related liability of $1.3 billion and $1.6 billion and an increase (decrease) in the related asset of $8 million and $(29) million, which are being amortized over the remaining contractual life of the de-designated hedged items.

Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges

The following table summarizes certain information related to cash flow hedges and net investment hedges for 2019, 2018 and 2017. Of the $400 million after-tax net loss ($526 million pretax) on derivatives in accumulated OCI at December 31, 2019, $68 million after-tax ($90 million pretax) is expected to be reclassified into

earnings in the next 12 months. These net losses reclassified into earnings are expected to primarily reduce net interest income related to the respective hedged items. For terminated cash flow hedges, the time period over which the majority of the forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately 3 years, with a maximum length of time for certain forecasted transactions of 16 years.




Gains and Losses on Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges

	Gains (Losses) in Accumulated OCI on Derivatives								Gains (Losses) in Income Reclassified from Accumulated OCI
(Dollars in millions, amounts pretax)	2019		2018			2017			2019			2018			2017
Cash flow hedges
Interest rate risk on variable-rate assets ⁽¹⁾	$	671	$	(159	)	$	(109	)	$	(104	)	$	(165	)	$	(327	)
Price risk on certain compensation plans ⁽²⁾	34		4			59			(2		)	27			148
Total	$	705	$	(155	)	$	(50	)	$	(106	)	$	(138	)	$	(179	)
Net investment hedges
Foreign exchange risk ⁽³⁾	$	22	$	989		$	(1,588	)	$	366		$	411		$	1,782


⁽¹⁾	Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.


⁽²⁾	Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in compensation and benefits expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.


⁽³⁾	Amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI are recorded in other income in the Consolidated Statement of Income. Amounts excluded from effectiveness testing and recognized in market making and similar activities were gains of $154 million, $47 million and $120 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Other Risk Management Derivatives

Other risk management derivatives are used by the Corporation to reduce certain risk exposures by economically hedging various assets and liabilities. The following table presents gains (losses) on these derivatives for 2019, 2018 and 2017. These gains (losses) are largely offset by the income or expense recorded on the hedged item.




Gains and Losses on Other Risk Management Derivatives

(Dollars in millions)	2019			2018			2017
Interest rate risk on mortgage activities ^{(1, 2)}	$	315		$	(107	)	$	8
Credit risk on loans ⁽²⁾	(58		)	9			(6		)
Interest rate and foreign currency risk on ALM activities ⁽³⁾	1,112			3,278			(1,318		)
Price risk on certain compensation plans ⁽⁴⁾	943			(495		)	704


⁽¹⁾	Primarily related to hedges of interest rate risk on MSRs and IRLCs to originate mortgage loans that will be held for sale. The net gains on IRLCs, which are not included in the table but are considered derivative instruments, were $73 million, $47 million and $220 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


⁽²⁾	Gains (losses) on these derivatives are recorded in other income.


⁽³⁾	Gains (losses) on these derivatives are recorded in market making and similar activities. Prior-period amounts have been updated to conform to the current-period presentation.


⁽⁴⁾	Gains (losses) on these derivatives are recorded in compensation and benefits expense.

Transfers of Financial Assets with Risk Retained through Derivatives

The Corporation enters into certain transactions involving the transfer of financial assets that are accounted for as sales where substantially all of the economic exposure to the transferred financial assets is retained through derivatives (e.g., interest rate and/or credit), but the Corporation does not retain control over the assets transferred. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Corporation had transferred $5.2 billion and $5.8 billion of non-U.S. government-guaranteed MBS to a third-party trust and retained economic exposure to the transferred assets through derivative contracts. In connection with these transfers, the Corporation received gross cash proceeds of $5.2 billion and $5.8 billion at the transfer dates. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the fair value of the transferred securities was $5.3 billion and $5.5 billion.

Sales and Trading Revenue

The Corporation enters into trading derivatives to facilitate client transactions and to manage risk exposures arising from trading account assets and liabilities. It is the Corporation’s policy to include these derivative instruments in its trading activities which include derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments. The resulting risk from these derivatives is managed on a portfolio basis as part of the Corporation’s Global Markets business segment. The related sales and trading revenue generated within Global Markets is recorded in various income statement line items including market making and similar activities and net interest income as well as other revenue categories.

Sales and trading revenue includes changes in the fair value and realized gains and losses on the sales of trading and other assets, net interest income, and fees primarily from commissions on equity securities. Revenue is generated by the difference in the client price for an instrument and the price at which the trading desk can execute the trade in the dealer market. For equity securities, commissions related to purchases and sales are recorded in the “Other” column in the Sales and Trading Revenue table. Changes in the fair value of these securities are included in market making and similar activities. For debt securities, revenue, with the exception of interest associated with the debt securities, is typically included in market making and similar activities. Unlike commissions for equity securities, the initial revenue related to broker-dealer services for debt securities is typically included in the pricing of the instrument rather than being charged through separate fee arrangements. Therefore, this revenue is recorded in market making and similar activities as part of the initial mark to fair value. For derivatives, the majority of revenue is included in market making and similar activities. In

transactions where the Corporation acts as agent, which include exchange-traded futures and options, fees are recorded in other income.

The following table, which includes both derivatives and non-derivative cash instruments, identifies the amounts in the respective income statement line items attributable to the Corporation’s sales and trading revenue in Global Markets, categorized by primary risk, for 2019, 2018 and 2017. This table includes debit valuation adjustment (DVA) and funding valuation adjustment (FVA) gains (losses). Global Markets results in Note 24 – Business Segment Information are presented on a fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) basis. The table below is not presented on an FTE basis.




Sales and Trading Revenue

	Market making and similar activities		Net Interest Income			Other ⁽¹⁾		Total
(Dollars in millions)	2019
Interest rate risk	$	916	$	1,831		$	121	$	2,868
Foreign exchange risk	1,300		54			43		1,397
Equity risk	3,565		(638		)	1,574		4,501
Credit risk	1,158		1,800			511		3,469
Other risk	123		75			57		255
Total sales and trading revenue	$	7,062	$	3,122		$	2,306	$	12,490

	2018
Interest rate risk	$	784	$	1,696		$	259	$	2,739
Foreign exchange risk	1,486		11			14		1,511
Equity risk	3,874		(662		)	1,644		4,856
Credit risk	1,063		1,861			588		3,512
Other risk	50		202			53		305
Total sales and trading revenue	$	7,257	$	3,108		$	2,558	$	12,923

	2017
Interest rate risk	$	429	$	1,846		$	248	$	2,523
Foreign exchange risk	1,409		12			9		1,430
Equity risk	2,598		(427		)	1,904		4,075
Credit risk	1,685		1,945			578		4,208
Other risk	79		170			75		324
Total sales and trading revenue	$	6,200	$	3,546		$	2,814	$	12,560


⁽¹⁾	Represents amounts in investment and brokerage services and other income that are recorded in Global Markets and included in the definition of sales and trading revenue. Includes investment and brokerage services revenue of $1.7 billion, $1.7 billion and $2.0 billion in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Credit Derivatives

The Corporation enters into credit derivatives primarily to facilitate client transactions and to manage credit risk exposures. Credit derivatives derive value based on an underlying third-party referenced obligation or a portfolio of referenced obligations and generally require the Corporation, as the seller of credit protection, to make payments to a buyer upon the occurrence of a predefined credit event. Such credit events generally include bankruptcy of the referenced credit entity and failure to pay under the obligation, as well as acceleration of indebtedness and payment repudiation or moratorium. For credit derivatives based on a portfolio of referenced credits or credit indices, the Corporation may not be required to make payment until a specified amount of loss has occurred and/or may only be required to make payment up to a specified amount.

Credit derivatives are classified as investment and non-investment grade based on the credit quality of the underlying referenced obligation. The Corporation considers ratings of BBB- or higher as investment grade. Non-investment grade includes non-

rated credit derivative instruments. The Corporation discloses internal categorizations of investment grade and non-investment grade consistent with how risk is managed for these instruments.

Credit derivative instruments where the Corporation is the seller of credit protection and their expiration at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are summarized in the following table.




Credit Derivative Instruments

	Less than One Year		One to Three Years		Three to Five Years		Over Five Years		Total
	December 31, 2019
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Value
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	—	$	5	$	60	$	164	$	229
Non-investment grade	70		292		561		808		1,731
Total	70		297		621		972		1,960
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	35		—		—		—		35
Non-investment grade	344		—		—		—		344
Total	379		—		—		—		379
Total credit derivatives	$	449	$	297	$	621	$	972	$	2,339
Credit-related notes:
Investment grade	$	—	$	3	$	1	$	639	$	643
Non-investment grade	6		2		1		1,125		1,134
Total credit-related notes	$	6	$	5	$	2	$	1,764	$	1,777
	Maximum Payout/Notional
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	55,827	$	67,838	$	71,320	$	17,708	$	212,693
Non-investment grade	19,049		26,521		29,618		12,337		87,525
Total	74,876		94,359		100,938		30,045		300,218
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	56,488		—		62		76		56,626
Non-investment grade	28,707		657		104		60		29,528
Total	85,195		657		166		136		86,154
Total credit derivatives	$	160,071	$	95,016	$	101,104	$	30,181	$	386,372

	December 31, 2018
	Carrying Value
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	2	$	44	$	436	$	488	$	970
Non-investment grade	132		636		914		1,691		3,373
Total	134		680		1,350		2,179		4,343
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	105		—		—		—		105
Non-investment grade	472		21		—		—		493
Total	577		21		—		—		598
Total credit derivatives	$	711	$	701	$	1,350	$	2,179	$	4,941
Credit-related notes:
Investment grade	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	532	$	536
Non-investment grade	1		1		1		1,500		1,503
Total credit-related notes	$	1	$	1	$	5	$	2,032	$	2,039
	Maximum Payout/Notional
Credit default swaps:
Investment grade	$	53,758	$	95,699	$	95,274	$	20,054	$	264,785
Non-investment grade	24,297		33,881		34,530		14,426		107,134
Total	78,055		129,580		129,804		34,480		371,919
Total return swaps/options:
Investment grade	60,042		822		59		72		60,995
Non-investment grade	24,524		1,649		39		70		26,282
Total	84,566		2,471		98		142		87,277
Total credit derivatives	$	162,621	$	132,051	$	129,902	$	34,622	$	459,196

The notional amount represents the maximum amount payable by the Corporation for most credit derivatives. However, the Corporation does not monitor its exposure to credit derivatives based solely on the notional amount because this measure does not take into consideration the probability of occurrence. As such, the notional amount is not a reliable indicator of the Corporation’s exposure to these contracts. Instead, a risk framework is used to define risk tolerances and establish limits so that certain credit risk-related losses occur within acceptable, predefined limits.

Credit-related notes in the table above include investments in securities issued by CDO, collateralized loan obligation (CLO) and credit-linked note vehicles. These instruments are primarily classified as trading securities. The carrying value of these

instruments equals the Corporation’s maximum exposure to loss. The Corporation is not obligated to make any payments to the entities under the terms of the securities owned.

Credit-related Contingent Features and Collateral

The Corporation executes the majority of its derivative contracts in the OTC market with large, international financial institutions, including broker-dealers and, to a lesser degree, with a variety of non-financial companies. A significant majority of the derivative transactions are executed on a daily margin basis. Therefore, events such as a credit rating downgrade (depending on the ultimate rating level) or a breach of credit covenants would typically require an increase in the amount of collateral required of the counterparty, where applicable, and/or allow the Corporation to

take additional protective measures such as early termination of all trades. Further, as previously discussed on page 103, the Corporation enters into legally enforceable master netting agreements which reduce risk by permitting closeout and netting of transactions with the same counterparty upon the occurrence of certain events.

Certain of the Corporation’s derivative contracts contain credit risk-related contingent features, primarily in the form of ISDA master netting agreements and credit support documentation that enhance the creditworthiness of these instruments compared to other obligations of the respective counterparty with whom the Corporation has transacted. These contingent features may be for the benefit of the Corporation as well as its counterparties with respect to changes in the Corporation’s creditworthiness and the mark-to-market exposure under the derivative transactions. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Corporation held cash and securities collateral of $84.3 billion and $81.6 billion and posted cash and securities collateral of $69.1 billion and $56.5 billion in the normal course of business under derivative agreements, excluding cross-product margining agreements where clients are permitted to margin on a net basis for both derivative and secured financing arrangements.

In connection with certain OTC derivative contracts and other trading agreements, the Corporation can be required to provide additional collateral or to terminate transactions with certain counterparties in the event of a downgrade of the senior debt ratings of the Corporation or certain subsidiaries. The amount of

additional collateral required depends on the contract and is usually a fixed incremental amount and/or the market value of the exposure.

At December 31, 2019, the amount of collateral, calculated based on the terms of the contracts, that the Corporation and certain subsidiaries could be required to post to counterparties but had not yet posted to counterparties was $2.3 billion, including $913 million for Bank of America, National Association (BANA).

Some counterparties are currently able to unilaterally terminate certain contracts, or the Corporation or certain subsidiaries may be required to take other action such as find a suitable replacement or obtain a guarantee. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the liability recorded for these derivative contracts was not significant.

The following table presents the amount of additional collateral that would have been contractually required by derivative contracts and other trading agreements at December 31, 2019 if the rating agencies had downgraded their long-term senior debt ratings for the Corporation or certain subsidiaries by one incremental notch and by an additional second incremental notch.




Additional Collateral Required to be Posted Upon Downgrade at December 31, 2019

(Dollars in millions)	One incremental notch		Second incremental notch
Bank of America Corporation	$	480	$	491
Bank of America, N.A. and subsidiaries ⁽¹⁾	222		353


⁽¹⁾	Included in Bank of America Corporation collateral requirements in this table.

The following table presents the derivative liabilities that would be subject to unilateral termination by counterparties and the amounts of collateral that would have been contractually required at December 31, 2019 if the long-term senior debt ratings for the Corporation or certain subsidiaries had been lower by one incremental notch and by an additional second incremental notch.




Derivative Liabilities Subject to Unilateral Termination Upon Downgrade at December 31, 2019

(Dollars in millions)	One incremental notch		Second incremental notch
Derivative liabilities	$	57	$	783
Collateral posted	42		411

Valuation Adjustments on Derivatives

The Corporation records credit risk valuation adjustments on derivatives in order to properly reflect the credit quality of the counterparties and its own credit quality. The Corporation calculates valuation adjustments on derivatives based on a modeled expected exposure that incorporates current market risk factors. The exposure also takes into consideration credit mitigants such as enforceable master netting agreements and collateral. CDS spread data is used to estimate the default probabilities and severities that are applied to the exposures. Where no observable credit default data is available for counterparties, the Corporation uses proxies and other market data to estimate default probabilities and severity.

Valuation adjustments on derivatives are affected by changes in market spreads, non-credit related market factors such as interest rates and foreign exchange rates that affect the expected exposure, and other factors like changes in collateral arrangements and partial payments. Credit spreads and non-credit factors can move independently. For example, for an interest rate swap, changes in interest rates may increase the expected exposure, which would increase the counterparty credit valuation adjustment (CVA). Independently, counterparty credit spreads may tighten, which would result in an offsetting decrease to CVA.

The Corporation enters into risk management activities to offset market driven exposures. The Corporation often hedges the counterparty spread risk in CVA with CDS. The Corporation hedges other market risks in both CVA and DVA primarily with foreign exchange and interest rate swaps. In certain instances, the net-of-hedge amounts in the table below move in the same direction as the gross amount or may move in the opposite direction. This movement is a consequence of the complex interaction of the risks being hedged, resulting in limitations in the ability to perfectly hedge all of the market exposures at all times.

The table below presents CVA, DVA and FVA gains (losses) on derivatives, which are recorded in market making and similar activities, on a gross and net of hedge basis for 2019, 2018 and 2017. CVA gains reduce the cumulative CVA thereby increasing the derivative assets balance. DVA gains increase the cumulative DVA thereby decreasing the derivative liabilities balance. CVA and DVA losses have the opposite impact. FVA gains related to derivative assets reduce the cumulative FVA thereby increasing the derivative assets balance. FVA gains related to derivative liabilities increase the cumulative FVA thereby decreasing the derivative liabilities balance. FVA losses have the opposite impact.




Valuation Adjustments Gains (Losses) on Derivatives ⁽¹⁾

	Gross			Net			Gross			Net			Gross			Net
	2019						2018						2017
Derivative assets (CVA)	$	72		$	45		$	77		$	187		$	330		$	98
Derivative assets/liabilities (FVA)	(2		)	46			(15		)	14			160			178
Derivative liabilities (DVA)	(147		)	(135		)	(19		)	(55		)	(324		)	(281		)

⁽¹⁾

At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, cumulative CVA reduced the derivative assets balance by $528 million, $600 million and $677 million, cumulative FVA reduced the net derivatives balance by $153 million, $151 million and $136 million, and cumulative DVA reduced the derivative liabilities balance by $285 million, $432 million and $450 million, respectively.